DOCSLIB.ORG

Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution Fordham International Law Journal Volume 30, Issue 1 2006 Article 4 Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution: How Will the Clash Between “Human Rights” and ”Islamic Law” Be Reconciled in Future Legislative Enactments and Judicial Interpretations? Mohamed Y. Mattar∗ ∗ Copyright c 2006 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution: How Will the Clash Between “Human Rights” and ”Islamic Law” Be Reconciled in Future Legislative Enactments and Judicial Interpretations? Mohamed Y. Mattar Abstract This Article endeavors to answer the question, are the provisions on “human rights” and “Is- lamic Law” in the new Iraqi constitution compatible? The new Iraqi Constitution recognizes the concept of “human rights” in accordance with Iraq’s international obligations, establishes an inde- pendent “Supreme Commission for Human Rights,” limits the work of governmental intelligence agencies in accordance with human rights, and prohibits tribal customs that contradict human rights. At the same time, the Constitution makes some references to Islamic Shari’ah: it estab- lishes Islam as the official religion of the State, recognizes Islam as a source of legislation, rec- ognizes Iraq as a part of the Muslim world, guarantees the Islamic identity of its majority, allows Iraqis to choose their personal status law according to Islamic Law, and requires that the Federal Supreme Court contain jurists of Islamic Law. This Article endeavours to answer the question by briefly examining the various provisions of the Iraqi Constitution that cover the rights of the Iraqi people. UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF THE NEW IRAQI CONSTITUTION: HOW WILL THE CLASH BETWEEN "HUMAN RIGHTS" AND "ISLAMIC LAW" BE RECONCILED IN FUTURE LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS AND JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS? Mohamed Y. Mattar* INTRODUCTION The new Iraqi Constitution ("Iraqi Constitution") recog- nizes the concept of "human rights"1 in accordance with Iraq's international obligations,2 establishes an independent "Supreme * Mohamed Y. Mattar is Adjunct Professor of Law and Executive Director of The Protection Project at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Mattar received his LL.B. from the Alexandria University Faculty of Law, his M.C.L. from the University of Miami School of Law, and his LL.M. and SJ.D. from Tulane University School of Law. The Protection Project conducted a capacity building program in Iraq on "Preparing Iraqi Women as Leaders, Advocates and Participants in the Political Process" during 2004-2006. 1. Few references to "human rights" are made in Arab or Islamic constitutions. See, e.g., CONSTITUTION OF AFGHANISTAN 1382 [2004] art. 6 ("The State is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive society based on social justice, protection of human dignity, protection of human rights"); CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA 1996 art. 32 ("The fundamental human and citizen's rights and liberties are guaranteed"); CONSTITUTION OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT 1400 [1980] art. 53 ("The right to political asylum shall be granted by the State to every foreigner persecuted for defending the people's interests, human rights, peace or justice"); THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 1368 [1989] art. 14 ("[T]he government of the Is- lamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in con- formity with ethical norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to re- spect their human rights"); CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF PALESTINE [Third Draft] 2003 art. 20 ("Human rights and liberties are binding and must be respected"); CONSTI- TUTION OF THE TUNISIAN REPUBLIC 1959 art. 5 ("The Republic of Tunisia shall guarantee fundamental freedoms and human rights in their universality, comprehensiveness, complimentarily and independence"); CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN 1994 art. 6 ("The Republic of Yemen confirms its adherence to the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the Arab League, and dogma of international law which are generally recognized"). See also SAUDI ARABIA BA- SIC LAw OF GOVERNMENT 1412 [1992] art. 26 ("The state protects human rights in accor- dance with the Islamic Shari'ah"). 2. CONST. IRAQ art. 8. "Iraq shall observe the principles of good neighborliness... and respect its international obligations." Article 44 of an earlier draft provided that, "[a]ll individuals have the right to enjoy the rights stated in international human rights 126 UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS IN IRAQI BILL OF RIGHTS 127 Commission for Human Rights,"3 limits the work of governmen- tal intelligence agencies in accordance with human rights,4 and prohibits tribal customs that contradict human rights.5 At the same time, the Constitution makes some references to Islamic Shari'ah: it establishes Islam as the official religion of the State,6 recognizes Islam as a source of legislation,7 recognizes Iraq as a part of the Muslim world,' guarantees the Islamic identity of its majority,9 allows Iraqis to choose their personal status law ac- cording to Islamic Law, 10 and requires that the Federal Supreme Court contain jurists of Islamic Law.11 Are the provisions on "human rights" and "Islamic Law" compatible? This article en- deavors to answer this question by briefly examining the various provisions of the Iraqi Constitution that cover the rights of the Iraqi people. I. A LIST OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND A POSITIVE ROLE OF THE IRAQI GOVERNMENT In Section Two, 12 the Constitution13 enumerates various rights to which the Iraqi people are entitled. These rights are agreements and treaties endorsed by Iraq that don't run contrary to the principles and rules of this convention." DRAr CONSTITUTION OF IRAQ [Associated Press trans.] art. 44. Article 44 must be interpreted in light of Article 5 (2) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ("ICESR"), which provides: No restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any country in virtue of law, conventions, regulations or custom shall be admitted on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent. G.A. Res. 2200A, art. 5(2), 21 U.N.GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966), [hereinafter ICESCR], available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/ menu3/b/ascescr.htm. Unfortunately, this explicit recognition of rights of Iraqis in accordance with international human rights law was deleted in the final draft. 3. CONST. IRAQ art. 102. 4. See id. art. 9. 5. See id. art. 45. 6. See id. art. 2. 7. See id. 8. See id. art. 3. 9. See id. art. 2. 10. See id. art. 41. 11. See id. art. 92. 12. The Constitution contains a Preamble and six Sections. Section 1 states the "Fundamental Principles;" Section 2 covers "Rights and Liberties;" Section 3 is devoted to "Federal Powers;" Section 4 addresses "Powers of the Federal Governments;" Section 5 defines the "Power of the Regions;" and Section 6 contains "Final and Transitional Provisions." 13. For a discussion of the Constitutional history of Iraq, see Nathan J. Brown, 128 FORDHAMINTERNATIONALLAWJOURNAL [Vol. 30:126 divided into two parts: Part One of the Section is divided into "[c] ivil and political rights" and "[e] conomic, social and cultural rights;" Part Two makes reference to several freedoms that are likewise to be protected under the Constitution. 4 The Civil and Political rights are: (1) the right to equality before the law;' 5 (2) the right to equal opportunity; 16 (3) the right to life; 7 (4) the right to privacy;18 (5) the right to national- ity;19 (6) the right to access to justice;20 (7) the right to political participation; 2' (8) the right to freedom from inhumane treat- ment;2 2 (9) the right to freedom of religion; 23 (10) the right to freedom from political and religious coercion;24 (11) the right 26 to be free from slavery;25 (12) the right to freedom of speech; (13) the right to assembly;27 (14) the right to freedom of move- ment; and (15) the right to asylum for a non-Iraqi.29 The economic, social, and, cultural rights are: (1) the right Constitutionalism, Authoritarianism, and Imperialism in Iraq, 53 DRAKE L. REv. 923, 925-31 (2005). 14. While Section 2 is the main section that covers "Rights and Liberties," other sections must also be consulted in defining these rights and liberties. In addition, al- though the Constitution distinguishes between rights and liberties, they are used here interchangeably. Compare CONST. IRAQ arts. 14-36 (enumerating "Rights") with id. arts. 37-46 (enumerating "Liberties"). 15. Id. art. 14. 16. Id. art. 16. This is not limited to employment, as the case under Article 7(c) of the ICESCR. ICESCR, art. 7(c), supra note 2. 17. Id. art. 15. 18. Id. art. 17 (providing right to residential privacy), 40 (guaranteeing communi- cation privacy). 19. Id. art. 18. 20. Id. art. 19. Article 19 includes the right to trial, the right to defense, the right to an attorney, and the right to due process. It is noted that Article 132 provides for the principle of compensation for political prisoners and families of martyrs. Id. art. 132. 21. Id. arts. 20, 39. Article 39 is based on Article I of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ("ICCPR"), which provides that, "all peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development." G.A. Res. 2200A, art.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Government and Administration of Jordan
    Government and administration of Jordan Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Awamleh, Fahed Said, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 16:17:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348089 GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION ; OF JORDAN by Fah'ed S* ; Awarnl eh ■ A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the . ' DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION . In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of ; : MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF'ARIZONA . STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: / ; ? Paul Kelso Date Thesis Director : v • : ACESmEPGSMEm v ' ' ' ' I wish to-express, my gratitude and deep appreciation to all the peopier who contributed to the successful completion of this : thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Iraq: Travel Documents and Other Identity Documents
    l Report Iraq: Travel documents and other identity documents Report Iraq: Travel documents and other identity documents LANDINFO –16DECEMBER 2015 1 About Landinfo’s reports The Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo, is an independent body within the Norwegian Immigration Authorities. Landinfo provides country of origin information to the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (Utlendingsdirektoratet – UDI), the Immigration Appeals Board (Utlendingsnemnda – UNE) and the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Reports produced by Landinfo are based on information from carefully selected sources. The information is researched and evaluated in accordance with common methodology for processing COI and Landinfo’s internal guidelines on source and information analysis. To ensure balanced reports, efforts are made to obtain information from a wide range of sources. Many of our reports draw on findings and interviews conducted on fact-finding missions. All sources used are referenced. Sources hesitant to provide information to be cited in a public report have retained anonymity. The reports do not provide exhaustive overviews of topics or themes, but cover aspects relevant for the processing of asylum and residency cases. Country of origin information presented in Landinfo’s reports does not contain policy recommendations nor does it reflect official Norwegian views. © Landinfo 2016 The material in this report is covered by copyright law. Any reproduction or publication of this report or any extract thereof other than as permitted by current Norwegian copyright law requires the explicit written consent of Landinfo. For information on all of the reports published by Landinfo, please contact: Landinfo Country of Origin Information Centre Storgata 33A P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Iraq
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION IRAQ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) October 2005 This report has been produced by UNHCR on the basis of information obtained from a variety of publicly available sources, analyses and comments. The purpose of the report is to serve as a reference for a breadth of country of origin information and thereby assists, inter alia, in the asylum determination process and when assessing the feasibility of returns to Iraq in safety and dignity. The information contained does not purport to be exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, and incomplete, inaccurate or incorrect information cannot be ruled out. The inclusion of information in this report does not constitute an endorsement of the information or views of third parties. Neither does such information necessarily represent statements of policy or views of UNHCR or the United Nations. In particular the use of ethnic-sectarian terms such as ‘Shiite’, ‘Sunni’ or ‘Kurd’ does not constitute an endorsement of sectarianism but merely reflects the current realities on the ground (i.e. these groups should not be considered homogenous entities). ii Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ III LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 A. INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Religion and State in Jordan: (Historical Perspective)
    International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, PP 47-55 ISSN 2454-7646 (Print) & ISSN 2454-7654 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-7654.0401003 www.arcjournals.org The Relationship between Religion and State in Jordan: (Historical Perspective) Hani Ahmed Shboul* Al Balqa'a Applied University, Assalt- Jordan *Corresponding Author: Hani Ahmed Shboul, Al Balqa'a Applied University, Assalt- Jordan Abstract: Since its establishment, the Jordanian state has been characterized as a civil, not religious in the theocratic sense. The state has not established on a religious basis, nor has its legitimacy been based on a ‘religious ideology’. However, in contrast, it was not established on the basis of radical secularism, which entangles a confrontational spirit with conservative and religious trends in the society. Jordan has maintained a ‘balance’ between civil and religious requirements, and preserves this trait since its inception to this time, and through generations of successive kings: Abdullah I, Talal, Hussein and Abdullah II. The country did not come out from this public line at any stage, and this balance remained a key feature of Jordan’s policy. This study aims at identifying the type of relationship between religion and state in Jordan, in other words, how the Jordanian state manages its relationship with religion. Keywords: Jordan, King, Civil State, Balance, Secular, Religion. 1. INTRODUCTION Since the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921 by its founder, Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein, the state has achieved a stable and unchanged ‘balance’ in its relationship with religion (Islam)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism in the Middle East: the Development of Jordanian National Identity Since the Disengagement of 1988
    Durham E-Theses Nationalism in the Middle East: The development of Jordanian national identity since the disengagement of 1988 ABDUL-HADI, AHMAD,OMAR,BAHJAT How to cite: ABDUL-HADI, AHMAD,OMAR,BAHJAT (2016) Nationalism in the Middle East: The development of Jordanian national identity since the disengagement of 1988, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11770/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Nationalism in the Middle East: The development of Jordanian national identity since the disengagement of 1988 Name: Ahmad Omar Bahjat Abdul-Hadi A Thesis submitted for a Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy At The school of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2016 1 2 Abstract This thesis attempts to explain the development of national identity in Jordan in the post-disengagement period since 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • “Global War on Terror” Darryl Li
    Darryl Li / A Universal Enemy? DRAFT – 6 August 2009 A UNIVERSAL ENEMY?: LEGAL REGIMES OF EXCLUSION AND EXEMPTION UNDER THE “GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR” * DARRYL LI This essay argues that the ongoing U.S.-driven “Global War on Terror” stands apart from similar state campaigns in its special focus on confronting “foreign fighters” – armed transnational non-state Islamists operating outside their home countries – in places where the U.S. is no less foreign. This global hunt for foreign fighters animates diverse attempts to exclude similarly “out of place” Muslim migrants and travelers from legal protection by reshaping laws and policies on interrogation, detention, immigration, and citizenship. Yet at the same time, certain other outsiders – namely the U.S. and its allies – enjoy various forms of exemption from local legal accountability. This essay illustrates this braided logic of exclusion and exemption by juxtaposing the problems of extraordinary rendition and military contractor impunity in both post-war Bosnia- Herzegovina and post-invasion Iraq. This framework – which predates and will likely outlast the Bush administration – undermines the rule of law and state-building efforts and occludes crucial questions surrounding the legitimacy of how U.S. global power is exercised. This essay employs treaties, Bosnian, Iraqi, and U.S. statutes, cases, and regulations to reframe post-Cold War debates about nation-building and post-9/11 arguments about the laws of war. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 I. FOREIGN FIGHTER, MUSLIM OUT OF PLACE, UNIVERSAL ENEMY: THE ENDURING LOGIC OF THE “GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR”.................................................................................... 5 A. The Foreign Fighter as Figure of Threat.................................................................... 8 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    ISSN 2029-1701 Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys ISSN 2335-2035 (Online) VISUOMENĖS SAUGUMAS IR VIEŠOJI TVARKA PUBLIC SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER 2016 (17) Scientific articles CULTURAL SECURITY, NATION-BUILDING AND THE STATE IN JORDAN Agnieszka Syliwoniuk-Wapowska* *Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska, Faculty of Economics and Technical Sciences, Chair of Economics and Management, Department of National Security ul. Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland Telephone (+48) 83 344 99 00 E.mail: [email protected] Annotation. The main goal of the article is to show the relationships between the policy of nation-building and cultural security in Jordan. Both the phenomena have an essential meaning for the political stability of the Hashemite Kingdom, which will be shown in the paper. The policy of nation- building is intensely promoted by the state authorities and there are many steps that are taken to create a solid national identity. In Jordan nation-building is about overcoming divisions which exist within the society and integrating people into one national community which is based on cetrain values and joint interests and, at the same time, accepts plurality. It should be noticed that some of the aforementioned initiatives also fall within the scope of the state’s security policy in the sense that they are important from the point of view of esuring cultural security. Keywords: Jordan, state security, cultural security, policy of nation-building, national identity, state policy INTRODUCTION The history of the Jordanian statehood dates back to the first half of the XX century. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 and for over two decades it remained dependent on Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Political Participation in Jordan
    MENA - OECD Governance Programme WOMEN’S Political Participation in JORDAN © OECD 2018 | Women’s Political Participation in Jordan | Page 2 WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN JORDAN: BARRIERS, OPPORTUNITIES AND GENDER SENSITIVITY OF SELECT POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS MENA - OECD Governance Programme © OECD 2018 | Women’s Political Participation in Jordan | Page 3 OECD The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. It is an international organization made up of 37 member countries, headquartered in Paris. The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems within regular policy dialogue and through 250+ specialized committees, working groups and expert forums. The OECD collaborates with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change and sets international standards on a wide range of things, from corruption to environment to gender equality. Drawing on facts and real-life experience, the OECD recommend policies designed to improve the quality of people’s. MENA - OECD MENA-OCED Governance Programme The MENA-OECD Governance Programme is a strategic partnership between MENA and OECD countries to share knowledge and expertise, with a view of disseminating standards and principles of good governance that support the ongoing process of reform in the MENA region. The Programme strengthens collaboration with the most relevant multilateral initiatives currently underway in the region. In particular, the Programme supports the implementation of the G7 Deauville Partnership and assists governments in meeting the eligibility criteria to become a member of the Open Government Partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • OVERVIEW of the STATUS of WOMEN LIVING WITHOUT a SAFETY NET in IRAQ 22 May 2018 Public Theme Report Country Information Service
    OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF WOMEN LIVING WITHOUT A SAFETY NET IN IRAQ 22 May 2018 Public theme report Country Information Service 1 (61) Report MIG-1811583 06.03.00 22.05.2018 MIGDno-2018-40 Abstract This report is an overview of the situation of women living without a safety net provided by family or marriage in Iraq, and legal infringements against them which are not directly related to the armed conflict in the country. Furthermore, the report takes a brief look at the overall situation of women in Iraqi society. The community-based culture in Iraq has a major influence on the individual’s situation. Men have the main responsibility for their families and family honour, and most women are dependent on men for cultural reasons. Although there has been some change in attitudes, women’s lives are restricted by cultural norms. Women also face discrimination in the labour market and education. Women who violate these cultural norms can become victims of so-called honour violence. Living alone is not generally accepted in Iraq because it is considered inappropriate behaviour. Women can also face other legal infringements. In practice, a single woman has very poor chances of making a living independently. The report is based on various public sources, such as reports published by international organisations and research institutes and complementary news material, which the Finnish Immigration Service had access to at the time of writing this report. MIG-1811583 2 (61) Contents 1. Overview .................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Status of women in Iraq .......................................................................................................... 5 2.1. General information on the status of women in Iraq ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The World's Stateless 2020
    THE WORLD’S STATELESS DEPRIVATION OF NATIONALITY The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) is an independent non-proft organ- isation dedicated to promoting inclusive societies by realising and protecting the right to a nationality for all. Established in August 2014, ISI is the frst and only human rights NGO dedicated to working on statelessness at the global level. ISI is incorporated in the Netherlands, where it has Public Beneft Organisation (PBO) status. © Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, March 2020 [email protected] - www.institutesi.org Cover photo © by David Kuko from Pexels ISBN: 9789082836660 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, translated or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion. Whilst the authors, editors and publisher have tried to ensure the accuracy of this publication, the publisher, authors and editors cannot accept responsibility for any errors, omissions, misstatements, or mistakes and accept no responsibility for the use of the information presented in this work. Disclaimer: All contributions in this publication refect the views of their respective au- thors. They do not necessarily refect the views of the institutions they work for or are afliated with, nor of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion or the other authors who have contributed to this report. All text with no attribution
    [Show full text]
  • The Federal Government's Second Report on the Global Status Of
    The Federal Government’s Second Report on the Global Status of Freedom of Religion Reporting period 2018 – 2019 The wooden structure 7.5 metres high known as the “Ring for Peace” stands in the Luitpoldpark in Lindau on Lake Constance. It was erected to commemorate the 10th World Assembly of the NGO Religions for Peace in August 2019. Gisbert Baarmann, the sculptor who created the artwork, integrated 36 different kinds of wood from all over the world into it. The meeting in the Allgäu region in southern Germany brought together some 900 representatives of religious faiths from around 100 countries. © picture alliance / dpa / Carolin Gißibl 2 Federal Government Commissioner for Global Freedom of Religion and Member of the German Parliament, Markus Grübel. © RFB Dear readers, When an argument developed between a Christian agricultural worker and her co-workers in June 2009, little did she know that everything would change for her from that day. What happened next in that province in South Asia was to determine her life from that moment on and have massive repercussions worldwide. On the day in question, her fellow workers told her she was “un- clean” because of her faith. An argument ensued, in the course of which she was accused of blasphemy. It was claimed that she had insulted the Prophet Muhammad. In the days that followed, she was threatened by a mob and then arrested by the police and charged with blasphemy. In 2010, she was sentenced to death. When, years later, the sentence was overturned, protests erupted. Protesters called for the sentence to be upheld and the worker put to death.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalization of the Foreign Athlete a Comparative Study of Iraqi, Emirati, French and Pjaee, 17 (9) (2020) South Koreanlegislation
    NATURALIZATION OF THE FOREIGN ATHLETE A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRAQI, EMIRATI, FRENCH AND PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020) SOUTH KOREANLEGISLATION. NATURALIZATION OF THE FOREIGN ATHLETE A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRAQI, EMIRATI, FRENCH AND SOUTH KOREAN LEGISLATION. M.D. Mohammed TaherQasim AL-Awjar Director of the Professional Master's Program in Sports Law College of Law - American University in the Emirates Prof. RaadMiqdadMahmood College of Law - University of Tikrit - Iraq Prof. RaadMiqdadMahmood; ,M.D. Mohammed TaherQasim AL-Awjar Naturalization of the foreign athlete A comparative study of Iraqi, Emirati, French and South Korean legislation. -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(9). ISSN 1567-214x Abstract Naturalization in general is the person's acquisition of a nationality that is proven to him after birth, even if some of the elements of acquiring it after birth, as the lesson is to fully enter into the nationality and to what extent this was achieved at the time of birth or at a later date. The acquired nationality differs from the original nationality in terms of the time it was acquired, and what unites them is the need for a link between the individual and the state granting the nationality. The nationality laws that are the subject of comparison in the research did not agree on a specific formula that defines the legal nature of the naturalization of a foreign athlete, and the most likely opinion is that the naturalization of a foreign athlete is naturalization based on the performance of a useful service for the country as stipulated in some of the nationality laws in question, such as the Iraqi, Emirati and French laws.
    [Show full text]