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European Planning Studies Relational Concepts of Space and Place: Issues for Planning Theory and Practice This article was downloaded by: [Consorci de Biblioteques Universitaries de Catalunya] On: 10 February 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 789296667] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK European Planning Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713417253 Relational concepts of space and place: Issues for planning theory and practice Stephen Grahama; Patsy Healeya a Centre for Research in European Urban Environments, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK To cite this Article Graham, Stephen and Healey, Patsy(1999) 'Relational concepts of space and place: Issues for planning theory and practice', European Planning Studies, 7: 5, 623 — 646 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09654319908720542 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654319908720542 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. European Planning Studies, Vol. 7, No. 5, 1999 623 Relational Concepts of Space and Place: Issues for Planning Theory and Practice STEPHEN GRAHAM and PATSY HEALEY [Paper fast received, January 1998; in final form, April 1998] ABSTRACT This paper seeks to conceptualize and explore the changing relationships between planning action and practice and the dynamics of place. It argues that planning practice is grappling with new treatments of place, based on dynamic, relational constructs, rather than the Euclidean, deterministic, and one-dimensional treatments inherited from the 'scientific' approaches of the 1960s and early 1970s. But such emerging planning practices remain poorly served by planning theory which has so far failed to produce sufficiently robust and sophisticated conceptual treatments of place in today's globalizing' world. In this paper we attempt to draw on a wide range of recent advances in social theory to begin constructing such a treatment. The paper has four parts. First, we criticize the legacy of object-oriented, Euclidean concepts of planning theory and practice, and their reliance on 'containered' views of space and time. Second, we construct a relational understanding of time, space and cities by drawing together four strands of recent social theory. These are: relational theories of urban time-space, dynamic conceptualizations of 'multiplex' places and cities, the 'new' urban and regional socio-economics, and emerging theories of social agency and institutional ordering. In the third section, we apply such perspectives to three worlds of planning practice: land use regulation, policy frameworks and development plans, and the development of 'customized spaces' in urban 'regeneration'. Finally, by way of conclusion, we suggest some pointers for practising planning in a relational way. 1. Introduction In a world of tumultuous economic, social, cultural, technological and physical change, how can we best conceptualize the dynamics of places and the role of planning action in shaping them? With globalization apparently 'stretching' and deepening the relations between places, tying them into multiple webs of capital, technology, data and services, human interaction, Downloaded By: [Consorci de Biblioteques Universitaries Catalunya] At: 11:37 10 February 2011 and ways of thinking, at proliferating spatial scales, how might spatial planners translate new understandings of socio-spatial relations into their practices? In this paper, we explore these questions, using recent advances in social theory to develop a relational perspective to the conceptualization of places in planning practices. We argue that, while in both planning practice and planning thought there are changes underway in the approach to planning action, and in the treatment of place, there has so far been little critical attention to the way socio-spatial relations are being conceived. Whilst we would not want to return to rather sterile debates about 'procedural' and 'substantive' Stephen Graham and Patsy Healey, Centre for Research in European Urban Environments, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. Tel: + 44-(0)191-222-5831; Fax: + 44-(0)191-222-8811; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 0965-4313/99/050623-24 © 1999 Taylor & Francis Ltd 624 Stephen Graham and Patsy Healey planning theory, it is clear that much more attention has been paid to conceptualizing and theorizing the new 'communicative' turn in the procedural bases of planning (e.g. Forester, 1993; Harper & Stein, 1995), than to the changing socio-spatial nature of the places being 'planned' (although see Filion, 1996; Lauria & Whelan, 1995; King, 1996; for notable attempts to address both). As a result, planners in practice are having difficulty grasping the complex dynamics of contemporary urban change. While a concern for the qualities of places, both at the level of the urban region and at the fine-grain of urban neighbourhoods, is presently attracting much policy attention, planners are often responding by reviving old conceptions of socio-spatial relations, rather than addressing the paradigmatic challenges which make these conceptions more and more problematic. Specifically, the spaces of cities are still commonly conceived in object-centred ways, and the time-space of the city is still often conceptualized as a 'container' bounding the activities which go on there. It is worth looking at these two points in detail. /./ Object-Centred, Euclidean Conceptions of Place The first problem is that many planners in practice continue to maintain the reductionist assumption that cities and places can be considered unproblematically as single, integrated, unitary, material objects, to be addressed by planning instruments. We would argue that Melvin Webber's assertion, way back in 1967, that "in both the urban sciences and in urban planning the dominant conception of the metropolitan area and of the city sees each as a unitary place" (Webber, 1964, p. 81; emphasis added) still has a remarkably powerful resonance today. Such perspectives are a legacy of the rationalizing modernist and 'scientific' approaches of the late 1950s and early 1960s, based strongly on social meta-narratives which implied that universal social 'progress' could be possible, through directed, planned change (Boyer, 1983). At this time, planners assumed that cities were physically-integrated places amenable to local land use and development policies. This physically-integrated structure was presented as a surface upon which economic and social activity took place. The planner's task was to manage the structure to remove economic, social and environmental problems. The population, social structure, and economic and environmental dynamics were all assumed to be tightly inter- locked within the space of the city, with a functional relationship between activities, physical form and land uses (Chapin, 1965). Space, distance, and the city, in effect, were reified as automatic and determinating forces directly shaping the social and economic world in some simple, linear, cause and effect way. The desired socio-spatial order of the city, and hence its associated socio-economic world, was then expressed and promoted in a master plan (comprehensive plan/development plan). These ideas were supported by the philosophy of instrumental rationality, by the institu- tional politics of hierarchical, technocratic (and usually highly masculinized) power, and by notions of physical and environmental determinism (King, 1996). Human life was seen to be Downloaded By: [Consorci de Biblioteques Universitaries Catalunya] At: 11:37 10 February 2011 shaped by the environment and location within which it occurred. The frictional effects of distance on transportation and communication severely limited external influences. The economic and social lives of city residents were assumed to equate unproblematically with this almost completely physical and locational conception of cities and urban life. As Webber continued, "most planners share a conviction that the physical and locational variables are key determinants of social and economic behaviour and of social welfare" (Webber, 1964, p. 85). The result is that policies become "ipso facto constructed in response to areal problems and take the form of providing physical solutions" (Cooke, 1983, p. 39). Of course, planning theory has moved on considerably from this extreme modernist, environmental determinist, and objectifying doctrine of the 1960s. Post-modern, post-struc- turalist and post-Fordist theories
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