Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina Arthur E. Bogan North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Workbook Sponsors North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences North Carolina State University North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission North Carolina Department of Transportation North Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership 2002 Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina i Acknowledgments I wish to thank the North Carolina Department of Transportation for funding the workshop that initiated this workbook. V. Charles Bruton, Phil Harris, Tim Savidge and Topsy Skinner, all of NCDOT, are gratefully acknowledged for all of their assistance and patience in pulling this workshop together. Tim Savidge initiated the idea of the workshop and has been instrumental in facilitating its occurrence. Mrs. W.T. Edmondson is thanked for granting permission to reproduce figures of her late husband’s second edition of Ward and Whipple, Freshwater Biology. Jonathan Raine greatly assisted in the development of the color plates. Wendy Lovelady, Exhibits Department of the NCSM, assisted and trained me with the scanning of slides and the final printing of the color plates. John M. Alderman, Judith A. Johnson and Brian T. Watson of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission prepared tables 2 and 3. John Alderman and Tim Savidge, NC Department of Transportation both reviewed and expanded the information on the distribution of species in North Carolina. Paul Parmalee is thanked for permitting the use of the color slides reproduced from The Freshwater Mussels of Tennessee (Parmalee and Bogan, 1998). Cindy Bogan once again has been patient in teaching me some of the finer points of the use of Word and has helped format the whole workbook. Valeria Rice, NCSM, has patiently assisted with the preparation of materials and specimens for this workshop. Ian Bogan assisted with the photography and Sean Bogan assisted with the reformatting of two tables. A special financial allocation from the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Renewable Resources Extension Act Funds to Greg Cope, Arthur Bogan, John Alderman and Tim Savidge funded the reproduction costs of this workbook. This is a product of the NC Museum of Natural Sciences, NC State University, NC Cooperative Extension Service, NC Wildlife Resources Commission, NC Department of Transportation, and the NC Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership. Contact Information for the Workbook Distribution: Dr. W. Gregory Cope, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633 919-515-5296 (phone); 919-515-7169 (fax); email: [email protected] Contact Information for Technical Questions: Dr. Arthur E. Bogan, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Research Laboratory, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607 919-733-7450 ext 753 (phone); 919-715-2294 (fax); email: [email protected] Citation for this publication Bogan, A.E. 2002. Workbook and key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina. North Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership, Raleigh, NC 101 pp, 10 color plates. Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina ii Table of Contents Page Key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina ...............................................................4 Species Accounts: Corbiculidae.......................................................................................................................18 Unionidae...........................................................................................................................19 Glossary .............................................................................................................................88 Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................92 Introduction to the literature on the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina..................................................................................................................98 Websites for freshwater mollusks of North America ......................................................101 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Morphology of a Unionid shell and landmarks....................................................1 Figure 2. Internal shell landmarks of Corbiculidae and Sphaeriidae...................................2 Figure 3. Shell shape and beak sculpture.............................................................................3 Color Plates 1-10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. List of native freshwater unionid bivalves of North Carolina .............................11 Table 2. Distribution of Unionidae in North Carolina’s Atlantic Slope River basins............................................................................................................13 Table 3. Distribution of Unionidae in North Carolina’s Interior Basin river drainages........................................................................................................15 Table 4. Status list of North Carolina freshwater bivalves ................................................16 Table 5. A working list of the relationships of North Carolina Elliptio ............................17 Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina iii Page left blank on purpose. Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 1 Figure 1. Morphology of a freshwater unionid shell, illustrating structures and terminology. a. exterior of right valve; b. interior of left valve (Reproduced from Burch 1975:5, fig. 2). Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 2 Figure 2. Internal shell features of left (a) and right (b) valves of Corbicula fluminea and of left (c) and right (d) valves of Pisidium variabile, representing the Sphaeriidae. C2, C3, C4 are the cardinal teeth; AI, AII, AIII are the anterior lateral teeth; PI, PII, PIII are the posterior lateral teeth. Reprinted from Mackie (2001) with the author’s permission. Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 3 Figure 3. Illustrations of shell shape and beak sculpture. Shell shape descriptions: (A) rhomboidal; (B) triangular or trigonal; (C) round; (D) quadrate; (E and F) oval or ovoid; and (G) elliptical. Posterior shell-ridge morphology: (H) posterior ridge convex; and (I) posterior ridge concave. Concentric ridge structures of umbos: (J) single-looped concentric ridges; (K) double-looped concentric ridges; (L) coarse concentric ridges; and (M) fine concentric ridges. (Reproduced from McMahon and Bogan 2001). Bogan, 2002, Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina 4 Key to the freshwater bivalves of North Carolina 1 a. shell with a very sharp posterior ridge, shaped like a marine mussel, Mytilus, generally less than 30 millimeters, and attached to a hard substrate with byssal threads (pl. 10, fig. 58)[Not known from NC at this time].........Dreissena polymorpha b. animal without byssal threads attaching adult animal to substrate, with or without teeth but not with above shape...........................................................................2 2 (1b) a. valves with cardinal teeth and two sets of lateral teeth (pl. 10, fig. 56, 57)....................3 b. valves with one set of lateral teeth and pseudocardinal teeth or without teeth (Unionidae) .............................................................................................................4 3 (2a) a. valves with serrated lateral teeth (Fig. 2; pl. 10, fig. 56, 57) ............Corbicula fluminea b. valves with smooth lateral teeth (Fig. 2) [See Burch 1975b]...................... Sphaeriidae 4 (2b) a. origin of shell is from rivers or lakes draining into the Atlantic Ocean ...................... 5 b. origin of shell is from rivers or lakes draining into the Mississippi River Basin......................................................................................................................... 31 ATLANTIC COAST 5 (4a) a. shell with hinge teeth absent or greatly reduced.......................................................... 6 b. shell with pseudocardinal teeth present, with or without lateral teeth ...................... 11 6 (5a) a. umbo not projecting above the hinge-line ................................................................... 7 b. umbo projecting above the hinge-line ......................................................................... 8 7 (6a) a. ventral margin slightly concave to straight (pl. 8, fig. 48) ................................................................................................. Utterbackia imbecillis b. ventral margin rounded (pl. 2, fig. 7) ........................................ Anodonta couperiana 8 (6b) a. beak sculpture double looped, shell uniformly thin..................................................... 9 b. beak sculpture consists of concentric bars................................................................. 10 9(8a) a. beak sculpture ridges all of the same height, common (pl.7, fig. 40) ........................... ................................................................................................... Pyganodon cataracta b. beak sculpture ridges with pronounced bump or raised area in the bottom of the loop, introduced (pl. 7, fig. 41)............................................... Pyganodon grandis