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A Study of In-Group and Out-Group Attitudes in an Italo-Mexican Community, Chipilo

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A Study of In-Group and Out-Group Attitudes in an Italo-Mexican Community, Chipilo i A Study Of In-Group And Out-Group Attitudes In An Italo-Mexican Community, Chipilo. by Olga Tararova A Thesis presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Latin American and Caribbean Studies Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Olga Tararova, January, 2012. ii ABSTRACT A STUDY OF IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP ATTITUDES IN AN ITALO- MEXICAN COMMUNITY, CHIPILO. Olga Tararova Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Rosario Gómez This thesis explores the current situation of the minority language, Veneto, in the bilingual Italo-Mexican community, Chipilo, located close to Puebla, in central Mexico. The study analyzes the attitudes of bilingual Spanish-Veneto speakers of Italian descent towards their language and the attitudes of monolingual Spanish speakers towards the former group. Using quantitative and qualitative data, particularly the interviews and the questionnaires, the study seeks to determine the possible outcomes of these attitudinal relations and the affect they have on the future of the Veneto language. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank a number of people with the accomplishment of this project. First of all, my advisor, Rosario Gómez, for the enormous amount of time dedicated to my work, for late emails and responses, for endless revisions and suggestions. Also, I would like to thank my committee members and readers, Laura Colantoni and Michol Hoffman, for their support and willingness to always help when I needed it the most. I am also grateful to the graduate coordinator of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program, Dr. Gordana Yovanovich, for listening to all my concerns, and the desire to resolve problems, while also proving valuable advice. I would also like to thank my family, especially my mother and a grandmother, who have accompanied me in this journey, encouraging me every second, sharing their time and evenings with me, and being always present in my life. I doubt I will be able to reach this ultimate goal without their support and appreciation. Finally, I am grateful to the people who have helped to conduct the research in Chipilo, particularly, Eduardo Crivelli, Karina Fascinetto, Aurelio Sevenello, Edgar Rene, and Fidel Galeazzi. Special thanks to the family of Eduardo Crivelli for adopting me, especially to his nonna and a sister, Olivia Crivelli, for frequent gatherings, and “hanging out”. Also, I am grateful to Fidel Galeazzi for introducing me to his grandfather, José Agustín Zago, a local historian, to whom I had luck to interview. Tante grazhie! This project will not be the same without you! iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii List of Figures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The concept of Chipileño ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Chapter 1: Socio- historical background ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 i. Italian roots ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ii. Italian immigration to Mexico -------------------------------------------------------------- 8 iii. Life in Mexico -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 iv. Chipiloc in XIX-XX century --------------------------------------------------------------- 14 v. Current situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 Chapter 2: Literature review ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 i. Attitudes/theories of attitudes --------------------------------------------------------------- 20 a) Attitudes towards bilingualism -------------------------------------------------------- 22 b) Attitudes towards minority groups ---------------------------------------------------- 27 c) Attitudes towards speakers’ identity ------------------------------------------------- 34 ii. Language maintenance ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Chapter 3: Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 i. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 v ii. Participant eligibility and background ------------------------------------------------------- 39 iii. Methods and Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 a) Interviews ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 b) Questionnaires ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 iv. Sample questions and Data analysis (SPSS) ------------------------------------------------- 47 a) Coding participants ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 v. Research questions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Chapter 4: Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 i. Chipilo, its past and its current situation ----------------------------------------------------- 55 ii. Attitudes towards Chipileño identity --------------------------------------------------------- 61 iii. Attitudes towards teaching Veneto in schools ---------------------------------------------- 69 iv. Attitudes towards Chipileños by Mexicans ------------------------------------------------- 74 v. Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans ------------------------------------------- 91 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 105 i. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 ii. Attitudes towards Chipileño identity -------------------------------------------------------- 107 iii. Attitudes towards teaching Veneto in schools --------------------------------------------- 108 iv. Attitudes towards Chipileños by Mexicans ------------------------------------------------ 111 v. Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans ------------------------------------------ 112 Possible questions for further studies ---------------------------------------------------------------- 115 vi Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119 Appendix A Summary of the Participants ---------------------------------------------------------- 127 Appendix B Sociolinguistic Questionnaire --------------------------------------------------------- 129 vii List of Tables Table 1.0: Summary of participants ----------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Table 5: Identity and Veneto by gender ------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Table 6: Identity and Veneto by age ---------------------------------------------------------------- 62 Table 7: Identity and Veneto by education level --------------------------------------------------- 63 Table 8: Identity and Veneto by gender and age --------------------------------------------------- 65 Table 9: Identity and Veneto by gender and education level -------------------------------------- 67 Table 10: Attitudes to Veneto in schools by gender ------------------------------------------------ 69 Table 11: Attitudes to Veneto in schools by age ---------------------------------------------------- 70 Table 12: Attitudes to Veneto in schools by education level -------------------------------------- 71 Table 13: Attitudes to Veneto in schools by gender and age -------------------------------------- 72 Table 14: Attitudes to Veneto in schools by gender and education level ------------------------ 73 Table 15: Attitudes of Mexicans towards Chipileños by ethnicity and gender ------------------ 75 Table 16: Attitudes of Mexicans towards Chipileños by ethnicity and age ---------------------- 78 Table 17: Attitudes of Mexicans towards Chipileños by ethnicity and education level -------- 80 Table 18: Attitudes of Mexicans towards Chipileños by ethnicity, gender and age ------------- 82 Table 19: Attitudes of Mexicans towards Chipileños by ethnicity, gender and education level 87 Table 20: Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans by ethnicity and gender ------------ 91 Table 21: Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans by ethnicity and age ---------------- 93 Table 22: Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans by ethnicity and education level -- 95 Table 23: Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans by ethnicity, gender and age------- 97 Table 24: Discrimination against Chipileños by Mexicans by ethnicity, gender and education level -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 viii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Map of Veneto region of Italy ------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study is to observe the current situation of the immigrant language Veneto in an Italo-Mexican bilingual community – Chipilo, close to Puebla
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