A Kereskedelmi Televíziózás Magyarországon

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A Kereskedelmi Televíziózás Magyarországon Kolosi Péter: A KERESKEDELMI TELEVÍZIÓZÁS MAGYARORSZÁGON Színház- és Filmművészeti Egyetem Budapest, 2005. szeptember 5. 2 Ha beengeded a televíziót az otthonodba, az életed többé már nem lesz ugyanolyan. (Daily Mirror, 1950.) 3 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK BEVEZETŐ........................................................................................................................ 5 NEMZETKÖZISÉG ÉS NEMZETI SAJÁTOSSÁGOK, AZ EURÓPAI TELEVÍZIÓS RÉGIÓK ............................................................................................................................. 8 A JOGI SZABÁLYOZÁS ................................................................................................ 10 A NÉZETTSÉG................................................................................................................ 17 Alapvető fogalmak a nézettségmérésben.......................................................................... 19 A nézettséget meghatározó alapvető tényezők ................................................................. 20 a műsor tartalma és formája...................................................................................... 21 a műsorkörnyezet...................................................................................................... 22 a műsor sugárzási időpontja...................................................................................... 23 az adott csatorna átlagos nézettsége.......................................................................... 24 a műsor idején más csatornán látható műsorok nézettsége....................................... 26 A nézettségmérés módszere.............................................................................................. 27 A kereskedelmi televíziók fő célcsoportja........................................................................ 28 A nézettségmérés megbízhatósága ................................................................................... 29 A TÉVÉMŰSOROK FAJTÁI, MŰFAJOK, FORMÁTUMOK ...................................... 33 A televíziós műfajok......................................................................................................... 34 Fikciós műfajok ........................................................................................................ 35 A játékfilm ........................................................................................................ 36 A tévéfilm ......................................................................................................... 36 A tévésorozat (drama series)............................................................................. 37 A minisorozat (mini series, event series).......................................................... 38 A sitcom (half hour series)................................................................................ 38 A napi sorozat, azaz a szappanopera................................................................. 39 A telenovella ..................................................................................................... 40 Az animáció ...................................................................................................... 40 A videoklip ....................................................................................................... 41 A nem fikciós műfajok.............................................................................................. 41 A hír és információs műfajok ............................................................................... 42 A híradó ............................................................................................................ 42 A bulvármagazin............................................................................................... 45 A sztármagazin.................................................................................................. 46 A heti hírmagazin.............................................................................................. 46 A tematikus magazinok..................................................................................... 47 A dokumentum- és a riportfilm......................................................................... 47 A vitaműsorok................................................................................................... 48 A reggeli magazinműsorok............................................................................... 49 A sportközvetítések........................................................................................... 50 A szórakoztató műfajok ........................................................................................ 52 A délutáni talk showk ....................................................................................... 52 A bírósági show ................................................................................................ 54 4 A vetélkedők ..................................................................................................... 54 A főműsoridős showműsor ............................................................................... 55 A késő esti talk show ........................................................................................ 55 A tehetségkutató műsorok................................................................................. 56 A reality, azaz a valóságshow........................................................................... 56 A napi valóságshow .......................................................................................... 58 A heti valóságshow........................................................................................... 61 A docusoap........................................................................................................ 62 A reality docusoap ............................................................................................ 62 A műsorelőzetes (on air promoció)................................................................................... 63 A call tv és az egyéb bevételgeneráló megjelenések ........................................................ 64 A teleshopping .................................................................................................................. 65 A televíziós formátumok................................................................................................... 66 A TELEVÍZIÓ MŰSORRENDJÉNEK KIALAKÍTÁSA (SCHEDULING) .................. 69 A szezonalitás ................................................................................................................... 80 A pihentetés ...................................................................................................................... 81 Az ismétlés........................................................................................................................ 82 A televíziós esemény (television event) ........................................................................... 84 A TELEVÍZIÓ MŰSORAINAK PROMÓCIÓJA ÉS MARKETINGJE A NÉZŐ FELÉ87 A TELEVÍZIÓS SZEMÉLYISÉG ................................................................................... 89 A TELEVÍZIÓ SZERVEZETI FELÉPÍTÉSE.................................................................. 92 az értékesítés elkülönülése................................................................................................ 92 a “programközpont”.......................................................................................................... 93 a hírigazgatóság ................................................................................................................ 94 a produkció, azaz a gyártás ............................................................................................... 95 a kutatás ............................................................................................................................ 95 diverzifikáció .................................................................................................................... 96 A TELEVÍZIÓZÁS JÖVŐJE ........................................................................................... 97 FELHASZNÁLT IRODALOM...................................................................................... 105 5 BEVEZETŐ Amikor 2002. szeptemberében Magyarországra is elérkezett a Big Brother, egyszerre minden megváltozott: a régóta piacvezető RTL Klub elvesztette pozícióját, és a TV2, amely kezdeti sikerei után csak kudarcot kudarcra halmozott elkezdett, szárnyalni. Nem mondhatjuk persze, hogy erre senki sem számított: mindenki tudta, hogy a Big Brother olyan csodafegyver a nézettségi versenyben, amely ellen nincs védekezés. Amikor bevetették, mégis sokkszerűen ért mindenkit. Néhány hét sem telt bele, és úgy tűnt, minden, amit a televíziózásról tudtunk, amit addig szinte kőbe vésett szabálynak fogadtunk el, megkérdőjeleződött. Semmi nem tűnt igaznak többé, amit arról gondoltunk, hogy milyen legyen egy műsor ahhoz, hogy tömegeket érdekeljen, hogy hogyan nézzen ki egy programstruktúra, hogy az igazán nézőcsábító legyen, hogy milyen hosszú lehet valami, hogy még ne legyen unalmas, hogy mivel lehet naponta milliókat a képernyők elé ültetni. Bizonytalanok voltunk minden olyan kérdésben, amelyre naponta kell pontos és megbízható választ adni, ha sikeres televíziót akarunk csinálni. Nem volt többé olyan kérdés, amelyre a hagyományosan adható jó válasz továbbra is igaz lett volna. Teltek a hetek, és lassan még az a kijelentés is hamisnak bizonyult, ami szeptemberben döbbenetes
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