DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Neuroethics Publications Center for Neuroscience & Society 12-7-2008 Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy Henry Greely University of Stanford, [email protected] Philip Campbell Nature.com, [email protected] Barbara Sahakian University of Cambridge, [email protected] John Harris University of Manchester, [email protected] Ronald C. Kessler Harvard Medical School See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs Part of the Pharmacology Commons Recommended Citation Greely, H., Campbell, P., Sahakian, B., Harris, J., Kessler, R., Gazzaniga, M., & Farah, M. J. (2008). Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/ neuroethics_pubs/42 Reprinted from Nature, December 2008. Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/456702a This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/42 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy Abstract In this article, we propose actions that will help society accept the benefits of enhancement, given appropriate research and evolved regulation. Prescription drugs are regulated as such not for their enhancing properties but primarily for considerations of safety and potential abuse. Still, cognitive enhancement has much to offer individuals and society, and a proper societal response will involve making enhancements available while managing their risks. Keywords cognitive neuroscience, enhancement, neuroethics Disciplines Pharmacology Comments Reprinted from Nature, December 2008. Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/456702a Author(s) Henry Greely, Philip Campbell, Barbara Sahakian, John Harris, Ronald C. Kessler, Michael Gazzaniga, and Martha J. Farah This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/42 Advance Online Publication|doi:10.1038/456702a|Published online 7 December 2008 COMMENTARY Towards responsible use of cognitive- enhancing drugs by the healthy Society must respond to the growing demand for cognitive enhancement. That response must start by rejecting the idea that ‘enhancement’ is a dirty word, argue Henry Greely and colleagues. oday, on university campuses around the world, students are striking deals to Tbuy and sell prescription drugs such as Adderall and Ritalin — not to get high, but to get higher grades, to provide an edge over their C. GALLAGHER/SPL fellow students or to increase in some meas- urable way their capacity for learning. These transactions are crimes in the United States, punishable by prison. Many people see such penalties as appro- priate, and consider the use of such drugs to be cheating, unnatural or dangerous. Yet one survey1 estimated that almost 7% of students in US universities have used prescription stimu- lants in this way, and that on some campuses, Adderall is one of several drugs up to 25% of students had used them in the increasingly used to enhance past year. These students are early adopters of cognitive function. a trend that is likely to grow, and indications suggest that they’re not alone2. In this article, we propose actions that will campus to divert to enhancement use. be proven safe and effective, but if one is it will help society accept the benefits of enhance- A newer drug, modafinil (Provigil), has also surely be sought by healthy middle-aged and ment, given appropriate research and evolved shown enhancement potential. Modafinil is elderly people contending with normal age- regulation. Prescription drugs are regulated as approved for the treatment of fatigue caused by related memory decline, as well as by people such not for their enhancing properties but pri- narcolepsy, sleep apnoea and shift-work sleep of all ages preparing for academic or licensure marily for considerations of safety and potential disorder. It is currently prescribed off label for a examinations. abuse. Still, cognitive enhancement has much wide range of neuropsychiatric and other medi- to offer individuals and society, and a proper cal conditions involving fatigue5 as well as for Favouring innovation societal response will involve making enhance- healthy people who need to stay alert and awake Human ingenuity has given us means of enhanc- ments available while managing their risks. when sleep deprived, such as physicians on night ing our brains through inventions such as writ- call6. In addition, laboratory studies have shown ten language, printing and the Internet. Most Paths to enhancement that modafinil enhances aspects of executive authors of this Commentary are teachers and Many of the medications used to treat psychi- function in rested healthy adults, particularly strive to enhance the minds of their students, atric and neurological conditions also improve inhibitory control7. Unlike Adderall and Rita- both by adding substantive information and by the performance of the healthy. The drugs most lin, however, modafinil prescriptions are not showing them new and better ways to process commonly used for cognitive enhancement at common, and the drug is consequently rare on that information. And we are all aware of the present are stimulants, namely Ritalin (methy- the college black market. But anecdotal evidence abilities to enhance our brains with adequate phenidate) and Adderall (mixed amphetamine and a readers’ survey both suggest that adults exercise, nutrition and sleep. The drugs just salts), and are prescribed mainly for the treat- sometimes obtain modafinil from their physi- reviewed, along with newer technologies such ment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cians or online for enhancement purposes2. as brain stimulation and prosthetic brain chips, (ADHD). Because of their effects on the cat- A modest degree of memory enhancement should be viewed in the same general category echolamine system, these drugs increase exec- is possible with the ADHD medications just as education, good health habits, and informa- utive functions in patients and most healthy mentioned as well as with medications devel- tion technology — ways that our uniquely inno- normal people, improving their abilities to oped for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease vative species tries to improve itself. focus their attention, manipulate information such as Aricept (donepezil), which raise levels Of course, no two enhancements are equiva- in working memory and flexibly control their of acetylcholine in the brain8. Several other lent in every way, and some of the differences responses3. These drugs are widely used thera- compounds with different pharmacological have moral relevance. For example, the ben- peutically. With rates of ADHD in the range of actions are in early clinical trials, having shown efits of education require some effort at self- 4–7% among US college students using DSM positive effects on memory in healthy research improvement whereas the benefits of sleep do criteria4, and stimulant medication the stand- subjects (see, for example, ref. 9). It is too early not. Enhancing by nutrition involves changing ard therapy, there are plenty of these drugs on to know whether any of these new drugs will what we ingest and is therefore invasive in a way 702 NATURE|Advance Online Publication|doi:10.1038/456702a|Published online 7 December 2008 OPINION that reading is not. The opportunity to benefit presumption that mentally competent adults ceutical enhancement as well? And if we answer from Internet access is less equitably distributed should be able to engage in cognitive enhance- ‘no’ to this question, could coercion occur indi- than the opportunity to benefit from exercise. ment using drugs. rectly, by the need to compete with enhanced Cognitive-enhancing drugs require relatively classmates and colleagues? little effort, are invasive and for the time being Substantive concerns and policy goals Questions of coercion and autonomy are are not equitably distributed, but none of these All technologies have risks as well as benefits. particularly acute for military personnel and provides reasonable grounds for prohibition. Although we reject the arguments against for children. Soldiers in the United States Drugs may seem distinctive among enhance- enhancement just reviewed, we recognize at and elsewhere have long been offered stimu- ments in that they bring about their effects by least three substantive ethical concerns. lant medications including amphetamine altering brain function, but in reality so does any The first concern is safety. Cognitive enhance- and modafinil to enhance alertness, and in intervention that enhances cognition. Recent ments affect the most complex and important the United States are legally required to take research has identified beneficial neural changes human organ, and the risk of unintended side medications if ordered to for the sake of their engendered by exercise10, nutrition11 and sleep12, effects is therefore both high and consequen- military performance19. For similar reasons, as well as instruction13 and reading14. In short, tial. Although regulations governing medicinal namely the safety of the individual in question cognitive-enhancing drugs seem morally equiv- drugs ensure that they are safe and effective for and others who depend on that individual in alent to other, more familiar, enhancements. their therapeutic indications,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Explanation of Conflict of Interest Disclosure Parts: Part One: All
    Explanation of Conflict of Interest Disclosure Parts: Part One: All Financial Involvement with a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company, a company providing clinical assessment, scientific, or medical companies doing business with or proposing to do business with ACNP over past 2 years (Jan. 2011-Present) Part Two: Income Sources & Equity of $10,000 or greater Part Three: Financial Involvement with a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company, a company providing clinical assessment, scientific, or medical products or companies doing business with or proposing to do business with ACNP which constitutes more than 5% of personal income (Jan. 2011-Present): Part Four: Grants from pharmaceutical or biotechnology company, a company providing clinical assessment, scientific, or medical products directly, or indirectly through a foundation, university, or any other organization (Jan. 2011-Present) Part Five: My primary employer is a pharmaceutical/biotech/medical device company. 2012 Program Committee Disclosures Anissa Abi-Dargham: Part 1: Pfizer; Otsuka; Takeda; Sunovion; Shire; Roche; Pierre Favre; Part 2: Pierre Favre William Carlezon: Part 1: Referring to 2010-2011: Scientific Advisory Board, Myneurolab.com; Consultant, Concert Pharmaceuticals; Consultant, Lantheus Medical Imaging; Consultant, Transcept Pharmaceuticals, (Spouse) Senior Scientist, EMD Serono; Part 2: (Spouse) Senior Scientist, EMD Serono, Part 3: (Spouse) Senior Scientist, EMD Serono Cameron Carter: Part1: GlaxoSmithKline research; Part 4: GlaxoSmithKline Karl Deisseroth: Part
    [Show full text]
  • IMH Colloquium Serie
    Interdisciplinary Colloquium Series for 2008 - 2009 Sponsored by the UBC INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH Sept. 10 Barbara Sahakian: Cognition in Depression and Mania WED. Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology, Dept. of Psychiatry and MR/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Co-sponsored by National Core for Neuroethics. 2nd talk on TH., Sept. 11, as part of its inaugural ceremonies. Oct. 2 Marten deVries: Minds, Media, & Early Education: Public Mental Health & Media Approaches for Children Under Difficult Conditions & Disaster Professor of Social Psychiatry and Head of Center for Public Mental Health, Maastricht University; Founder, International Inst. Psycho-social and Socio-ecological Research (IPSER) Co-sponsored by Div. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2nd talk Fri., Oct. 3, noon, at Children’s Hospital: the Dr. Hira Panikkar Memorial Lecture: Babies, Brains & Culture: Health & Development in the Context of Cultural Diversity; Cases from East Africa Nov. 6 Joseph Trimble: Infusing Psychology Courses with Diversity Content: Truths, Half-Truths, and Anecdotes in Cross-Cultural Psychology Professor, Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Dept. of Psychology; Director, Office of Institutional Assessment, Research, and Testing, Western Washington University Co-sponsored by the National Core for Neuroethics. 2nd talk Fri., Nov. 7, noon, Neuroethics Conference Room (Koerner S117): Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research with Ethnocultural Populations Dec. 11 Steven Marans: Childhood Trauma: Challenges to Listening and Responding Harris Prof. of Child Psychiatry & Prof. of Psychiatry, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine and Director, National Center for Children Exposed to Violence Co-sponsored by Div. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2nd talk Fri., Dec. 11, noon, at Children’s Hospital: Hands on Problem-Solving in Listening and Responding to Traumatized Children Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • Year in Review 2018
    Year in Review 2018 International Neuroethics Society Message from the President I was honored to become President of the International Neuroethics Society in November 2017 and to have a chance to build on the excellent work of my predecessors, Judy Illes, Barbara Sahakian, and Steve Hyman. I set out three goals for my two years as President: • To increase opportunities in the Society for INS members • To boost the public role of the INS in discussions, scholarly and public, of neuroethics and • To increase INS membership. I am pleased to report that we have increased the opportunities for members to take part in the Society’s activities with new committees and task forces. We have reached out to the public through, for example, our public event at the Annual Meeting on ‘My Brain Made Me Buy It? The Neuroethics of Advertising’ and our essay competition in which our members were invited to write for the lay reader. Building our membership, however, has been a little more challenging. Neuroethics is in some ways a niche field but with advances in brain research raising ever more social and ethical dilemmas, it is vital that scientists, philosophers and clinicians become involved. I am eager to get more regional INS meetings, giving opportunities for members to get together apart from the one annual meeting and to spread the word about neuroethics. We have made good progress here in 2018 with events in Oxford, UK; Milwaukee, USA; and Sydney, Australia. We have been developing new partnerships with other like-minded organizations and participating in conferences around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Networks of Expertise and Evidence for Public Policy Annual Report 2015 the Centre for Science and Policy in 2015
    Networks of Expertise and Evidence for Public Policy Annual Report 2015 The Centre for Science and Policy in 2015 The policy challenges facing our world today demand ever-greater foresight, ingenuity and a willingness to collaborate across sectors. As this report illustrates, “Over the seven years since its launch, the Centre for Science the Centre for Science and Policy has been helping its network to navigate and Policy has pioneered new ways of bringing academia and challenges from climate resilience to new forms of healthcare; from national government together to tackle policy challenges. CSaP has security to shaping innovation in the public interest. successfully promoted long-term thinking and more robust networks of expertise and evidence for public policy. The maturity of CSaP’s unique network of academics As he moves on to chair CSaP’s Advisory Council, I and policy makers is demonstrated by the breadth would like to express my gratitude to David for his Dr Robert Doubleday and depth of our work during 2015. Our network inspirational work in founding the Centre. Executive Director Centre for Science and Policy 2015 is the year in which the Centre came of age. Having now encompasses over 200 Fellows and more than served as its founding director from 2009 to 2015, I am 1100 researchers and, during the year, we welcomed In 2016, a year set to be every bit as challenging for delighted CSaP is playing a central role in supporting the more than 2500 participants to 43 events. governments as 2015 has been, CSaP’s role in brokering links between research and policy will be University’s mission, and that the Centre is in the excellent These achievements are testimony to the vision of more important than ever.
    [Show full text]
  • Panel and Study Groups
    Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 38, S1–S78 & 2012 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology All rights reserved 0893-133X/12 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org S1 Monday, December 03, 2012 Conclusions: The signaling differences identified in this study have important implications in screening different KOR agonists and antago- nists having distinctly different ligand directed signaling properties. Mini Panel Disclosure: C. Chavkin, Part 1: Consulting for Trevena 2010-2011, 1. Renaissance in Opioid Biology: From Preclinical Concepts to Part 2: Contract with Trevena 2010-2011. Clinical Practice 1.2 The Place of Opiates in the Cortico-basal Ganglia Reward 1.1 Molecular Basis for Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism: Circuit Implications of Ligand-directed Signaling for the Development of Novel Antidepressants Suzanne Haber* Charles Chavkin* University of Rochester, Rochester, New York University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Background: Reward is a central component for driving incentive- based learning, appropriate responses to stimuli, and habit Background: Preclinical studies have demonstrated the role of formation. Pathology in this circuit is associated with several stress-induced dynorphin release in mediating a component of the diseases including addition. The ventral medial prefrontal cortex anxiogenic and aversive effects of stress exposure. These results (vmPFC), orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC), dorsal anterior cingulate suggest that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists or low cortex (dACC), striatum, ventral pallidum, and midbrain dopamine efficacy partial agonists may promote stress-resilience in humans neurons are at the center of the circuit associated with reward in and may potentially be useful in treating certain forms of mood general and, in particular addiction. Connectivity between these disorders exacerbated by stressful experience. In rodent models, areas forms a complex neural network that mediates different stress-induced stimulation of dynorphin release produces aversion, aspects of reward processing, that can lead to habit formation.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2012 Newsletter
    Newsletter “To advance education and research in the science of psychopharmacology for the public benefit” June 2012 2012 SUMMER MEETING, SUNDAY 22 TO WEDNESDAY 25 JULY, HARROGATE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE Full details of sessions are on the website, together with registration facilities http://bap.org.uk/summermeetinghome.php?meetingID=5 Highlights: The 2012 Guest Lecture, presented by Dr Nora Volkow, Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Plenary Mental Health Session, “The best treatment for treatment-resistant patients with psychiatric disorders and possibilities for developing clinical research”, including presentations from Stephen Stahl, Guy Goodwin, Gavin Malloch and Kathryn Adcock 9 invited symposia covering cutting-edge clinical and non-clinical psychopharmacology: Drugs as tools in neuropsychiatry: Ketamine; New tricks for old drugs: Opiates, addiction and beyond; Advances in understanding brain corticosteroid responses to stress: relevance to depression; Cognitive impairment in depression: A target for treatment?; New treatment strategies for targeting drug addictions – A translational perspective; Functional imaging markers for monitoring treatment: Mechanisms and efficacy; Schizophrenia Treatment: What’s wrong with it and what might work better; Epigenetics and psychiatry - current understanding and therapeutic potential; Rethinking the compulsive aspects of addiction: From bench to bedside 2 dedicated Poster Sessions Post-doc Symposium, “Neurodevelopmental models of psychiatric disease: back to the future” Satellite
    [Show full text]
  • International Neuroethics Society
    Neuroethics Society www.neuroethicssociety.org — September, 2009 Call for Papers Foretell an Extended Neuroethics Literature Martha J. Farah, N.S. Newsletter Editor Over the summer we received two "Calls neuroethics, neuroaesthetics, the neuro- purview of neuroethics? What roles do for Papers," or CFPs, as they are known humanities, and neurohistory to name but print and digital media play in the devel- in the humanities world. We reprint a few. We are seeking essays for an ed- opment and distribution of this trend? them in their entirety here, because we ited collection that analyze and interro- Why and how do the humanities and the think they will be of interest to NS mem- gate this recent neuroscientific turn in the social sciences need the neurosciences? bers and because they make interesting humanities and social sciences. We are What can the neurosciences learn from reading in their own rights! particularly interested to hear from re- this trend in the humanities and the social searchers who apply the neuro- to their sciences? How might these fields combine NS members come mostly from back- own disciplinary work. into a discipline of their own? grounds in the natural and social sciences, Essays might engage with the following Related fields include: but if these CFPs are an indication, schol- questions: why has there been a shift to Neuroaesthetics ars in the humanities are also developing using neuroscience as an epistemological Social Neuroscience (neuro- an interest in neuroscience and its influ- framework and/or theoretical
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroethics Event Calendar Members Are Encouraged to Submit Event Listings for Consideration to [email protected]
    Neuroethics Society www.neuroethicssociety.org — Volume 2, Number 3 May, 2008 Writing Prize in Neuroethics: Winners Announced Megan Kaufman, NS Assistant Administrator The Neuroethics Society is nal’s sixth bi-annual issue is centered Geneva University Medical School, proud to announce the winners of the around neuroethics with the NS publiciz- Heather Knapp of the University of Neuroethics Prize in Writing, jointly ing the call for papers and helping to se- Washington, Mike Kuhar of Emory Uni- sponsored by the Society and the edito- lect winners for the writing contest. Bo rial board of the Penn Bioethics Journal Peng described the nature of the collabo- Continued on page 2 (PBJ). Awards went to the top three ration: “We often have themed issues for neuroethics-themed articles submitted by the journal such as public health, organ undergraduates to PBJ, the nation’s pre- transplantation, and international bio- miere undergraduate bioethics journal, ethics, so with the growing nature of neu- published and edited by students at the roethics, it was very appropriate to cre- University of Pennsylvania. The editorial ate this issue. We received a number of board at the Journal initially reviewed all neuroethics and other bioethics papers the submitted articles and nominated from undergrads at ten different schools three outstanding pieces for review by a and ran them through our normal review committee of Neuroethics Society mem- process with the editorial board. We bers. The committee selected the winner were left with 3 papers to be judged for and two runners up, each receiving a the writing prizes.” prize for their work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Young Univ Gallery the Martlet | Winter 2016
    THE YOUNG UNIV GALLERY WINTER 2016 | THE MARTLET Over the past months, the College has created a photographic record of almost 50 Old Members aged 35 or under called The Young Univ Gallery. The gallery highlights many of the important, unusual and impressive journeys taken by our young alumni. All of the portraits will be on display in College from March 2017. The project aims to inspire current and prospective students by showing the wide range of paths open to them on leaving College. All of the portraits will also be on display on a dedicated website, along with extensive biographies, interviews and a short fi lm about the project. We hope everyone will be inspired by The Young Univ Gallery. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OXFORD ISSUE 6 SPRING 2017 THE YOUNG UNIV GALLERY CELEBRATING INSPIRATIONAL OLD MEMBERS UNDER 35 ALSO IN THIS ISSUE VETERAN JOURNALIST AND BROADCASTER RAJDEEP SARDESAI (1986) ISSUE 6 THE ASSASSIN IN THE COMPUTING ROOM: PRINCE YUSUPOV AND THE ‘MAD MONK’ SHOOTING THE PAST WITH ALEX VON TUNZELMANN (1996) FROM THE EDITOR University College Oxford OX1 4BH elcome to the Spring 2017 issue of The Martlet, the magazine for www.univ.ox.ac.uk members of University College Oxford. I would like to express my sincere thanks to those Old Members, students, Fellows, staff and www.facebook.com/universitycollegeoxford WFriends of the College who contributed to this issue. www.twitter.com/univoxford Enormous thanks also to Dr David Bell, Emeritus Fellow, and Justin Bowyer, Social Registered Charity no. 1141259 Media Manager, who provided copy-editing support for this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Finance: Investors, Corporations, and Markets
    $95.00 USA/$114.00 CAN (continued from front flap) KOLB SERIES IN FINANCE Behavioral Finance contains the latest information Essential Perspectives Nofsinger Baker from some of the leading practitioners and academics in this fi eld. Engaging and accessible, this book provides a clear understanding of how people make fi nancial BEHAVIORAL decisions and their effects on today’s markets. BEHAVIORAL FINANCE ehavioral fi nance has increasingly become part of mainstream fi nance—helping to H. KENT BAKER, PH D, CFA, CMA, is The Robert W. Kolb Series in Finance is an unparalleled source of informa- provide explanations for our economic University Professor of Finance and Kogod B FINANCE decisions by combining behavioral and cognitive tion dedicated to the most important issues in modern fi nance. Each book Research Professor at the Kogod School of focuses on a specifi c topic in the fi eld of fi nance and contains contributed psychological theory with conventional economics Business, American University. He has published chapters from both respected academics and experienced fi nancial profes- Investors, Corporations, and fi nance. extensively in leading academic and professional sionals. As part of the Robert W. Kolb Series in Finance, Behavioral Finance fi nance journals including the Journal of Finance, Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key themes associated and Markets Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, this reliable resource—part of the Robert W. Kolb with this growing fi eld and how they can be applied to investments, corpora- FINANCE BEHAVIORAL Financial Management, Financial Analysts Journal, Series in Finance—provides a comprehensive view tions, markets, regulations, and education.
    [Show full text]
  • “CHILDREN” by Amelia Buttress a Dissertation
    THE CHEMICAL LIVES OF “CHILDREN” by Amelia Buttress A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland August 2014 ABSTRACT Stimulants and ADHD have become nearly synonymous in recent decades. The now common practice of prescribing stimulants to children has fueled the long-standing controversy surrounding the legitimacy of what is commonly known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The need to medically justify stimulant use has sharpened the debate between those who argue for the disorder’s medical validity and those who describe the disorder as a social construction. Historical inquiry into ADHD has maintained this dichotomy, retroactively fusing psycho-stimulants and children, and reifiing rather than challenging a false choice between medical and constructivist explanations of the disorder. This dissertation reexamines the significance of psychostimulants to two doctors in their work with children. Charles Bradley and Leon Eisenberg have, in recent years, figured prominently in historical accounts of ADHD as pioneering advocates of psychopharmalogical treatment of children with hyperactive and inattentive children, in particular with stimulants. Scholars have selectively mined the published works of these two doctors to either validate or contest a biomedical explanation of ADHD and, thus, the appropriateness of pharmacologic treatment. However, each man wrote during distict periods in American intellectual history, and their interpretation of the issues of the day influenced how they framed the results of their studies. A careful reading of the published works of Bradley and Eisenberg in light of their broader historical, intellectual and therapeutic contexts illuminates how both men derived a much wider range of uses for and i interpretations of stimulants as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for a range of children’s disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Capital and Wellbeing Final Project Report
    Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Making the most of ourselves in the 21st century Making the most of ourselves in 21st FINAL PROJECT REPORT FINAL PROJECT Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Making the most of ourselves in the 21st century Printed in the UK on recycled paper with a minimum HMSO score of 75 First published October 2008. The Government Office for Science. © Crown copyright. URN 113-08-Fo/b. FINAL PROJECT REPORT 7700-DIUS-Mental Capital and Wellbeing COV A/W.indd 1 10/10/08 13:48:27 Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Making the most of ourselves in the 21st century This report is intended for: Policy makers and a wide range of professionals and researchers whose interests relate to mental capital and wellbeing. The report focuses on the UK but is also relevant to the interests of other countries. This report should be cited as: Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project (2008). Final Project report. The Government Office for Science, London. 7700-DIUS-Final Project Report5.indd 2 10/10/08 14:17:38 The Government Office for Science (GO-Science) would like to thank the Project’s Science Co-ordination Team who oversaw the technical aspects of the Project, who were involved in much of the work, and who were particularly involved in writing this final report. They were led by Professor Cary Cooper, CBE and are Professor John Field, Professor Usha Goswami, Professor Rachel Jenkins and Professor Barbara Sahakian. GO-Science would also like to thank: Professor Philip Dewe, Professor Eugene Paykel, Professor Felicia Huppert and Mr Chris Riley who also contributed to this final report; Professor Leon Feinstein, Professor Tom Kirkwood and Professor Michiel Kompier who led parts of the first phase of the Project; and the company shiftN who worked on the futures and systems aspects.
    [Show full text]