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Men's Involvement in Gender and Development Policy and Practice: Beyond Rhetoric

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Men's Involvement in Gender and Development Policy and Practice: Beyond Rhetoric Men's Involvement in Gender and Development Policy and Practice: Beyond Rhetoric Edited by Caroline Sweetman O Oxfam First published by Oxfam GB in 2001 ©OxfamGB2001 ISBN 0 85598 466 X A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • With the prior written permission of the publisher; or • With a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • For quotation in a review of the work; or • Under the terms set out below. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. Available from Bournemouth English Book Centre, PO Box 1496, Parkstone, Dorset, BH12 3YD, UK tel: +44 (0)1202 712933; fax: +44 (0)1202 712930; email: [email protected] and from the following agents: USA: Stylus Publishing LLC, PO Box 605, Herndon, VA20172-0605, USA tel: +1 (0)703 661 1581; fax: +1 (0)703 661 1547; email: [email protected] Southern Africa: David Philip Publishers, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735, South Africa tel: +27 (0)21 674 4136; fax: +27 (0)21 674 3358; email: [email protected] For details of local agents and representatives in other countries, consult our website: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/publications.html or contact Oxfam Publishing, 274 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DZ, UK tel. +44 (0) 1865 311 311; fax +44 (0) 1865 312 600; email [email protected] Printed by Oxfam Print Unit Oxfam GB is a registered charity, no. 202 918, and is a member of Oxfam International. This book converted to digital file in 2010 Contents Introduction 1 Men's roles, gender relations, and Caroline Sweetman sustainability in water supplies: some lessons from Nepal 52 Shibesh Chandra Regmi and Ben Fawcett Men, women, and organisational culture: perspectives from donors 4 Anne Coles Tackling male exclusion in post- industrialised settings: lessons from the UK 56 Middle-aged man seeks gender team 11 Sue Smith Chris Roche Challenging machismo to promote sexual Men in the kitchen, women in the office? and reproductive health: Working on gender issues in Ethiopia 16 working with Nicaraguan men 59 Feleke Tadele Peter Sternberg Gender training with men: experiences Men and child-welfare services in and reflections from South Asia 20 the UK 68 Kamla Bhasin Sandy Ruxton Gender training with men: experiences 'Sitting on a rock': men, socio-economic and reflections from East Africa 35 change, and development policy in Milton Obote Joshua Lesotho 71 Caroline Sweetman Male involvement in perpetuating and challenging the practice of female genital About the contributors 80 mutilation in Egypt 44 Nadia Wassef in Introduction Caroline Sweetman The papers published in this volume are a that 'male exclusion' and 'feminisation of selection of the contributions that were employment' are in fact two sides of the same presented at a seminar entitled 'Beyond coin. Notions of'men's work' and 'women's work', Rhetoric: Male Involvement in Gender and and conventional assumptions about masculinity Development Policy and Practice', which and femininity, are manipulated by businesses was held at Queen Elizabeth House, University and industry to ensure a cheap and malleable of Oxford, UK, from 9 to 10 June 2000. workforce. The seminar was convened by Oxfam GB, with For the past twenty years, studies by feminist the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research on economists have shown how manufacturing Women, Queen Elizabeth House. It was the and service sectors exploit conventional fifth and final seminar in a series entitled assumptions about men's and women's roles to 'Men, Masculinities, and Gender Relations in pay women 'pin-money' instead of a living Development' which had begun in September wage. The justification' for paying women low 1998. The series was instigated by the wages is that they and their children are University of Bradford, the University of East supported by male breadwinners; but in reality, Anglia, and Oxfam GB, and was sponsored by many of the women and girls who have taken the Economic and Social Research Council jobs in export-processing zones and call-centres (ESRC) of Great Britain. over the past decades are breadwinners Oxfam GB began publishing on the topic of themselves, desperate to support their families. on men and masculinity in 1997, with the Meanwhile, narrow notions of men's work and publication of an issue of its international male pride and status lead many men who are journal, Gender and Development. As editor of the laid off from heavy industry to simply give up. journal, I was motivated to commission this (An exception is men from minority or migrant issue because I had been interested in the topic communities, whose desperation often forces since working and living in Lesotho, where them to perform menial jobs often assumed to changing patterns of male and female income- be women's work, in European and North generation make it very obvious that 'gender' is American cities.) The result of this process is a not solely an issue for women.1 Over the past global system where profits are maximised for decade, Oxfam GB has, like some other inter- owners and share-holders of businesses; the national development agencies, placed increasing families of workers exist on poverty-line wages; emphasis on assessing how, when, and where it exhausted, predominantly female carers are should be working to address men's gender being pressured into a double day; and most issues, in the interests of fulfilling its organisa- 'excluded' men do not assist their working tional mandate to relieve poverty and suffering. partners by taking over the housework and childcare. In such contexts of crisis and social Global statistics continue to show that women dislocation, women all too often pay the are disproportionately poorer than men, and ultimate, appalling price for men's frustration their political and social marginalisation has not and loss of status, in terms of domestic violence ended anywhere in the world. However, the and abuse. This analysis clearly demonstrates insights that gender analyses can offer need to the link between anti-poverty strategies and be applied much more consciously and feminist agendas. rigorously to relations between women and men, and to men's own experience. Research The papers published here from the final from many different areas of the world — in seminar explore the ways in which development both North and South — confirms that men, as organisations have addressed gender and well as women, are being impoverished by an development in the past, the problems that they unjust and unsustainable economic model. have faced, and possible ways of working which Gender analysis offers a key to understanding will take account of the concerns indicated Men's involvement in gender and development policy and practice: beyond rhetoric above. The presenters of papers at the final Specialists in gender and organisational change seminar were invited to respond to one or both need to deepen their analysis of the ways in of two key questions: which gender identity affects our effectiveness as professionals, and to learn from pioneers of • In what sectors and contexts should gender change, both women and men. and development work involve men as In the afternoon of the first day, a panel of beneficiaries? speakers discussed the issue of 'Gender • What issues face men who work in activities Training and Men'. Gender training has been which have a commitment to gender equality seen as a key — often, as the key — to effecting and/or a feminist perspective? changes in gender relations in grassroots communities and in development organisations The final seminar opened with a paper from themselves. In her paper, Kamla Bhasin of the Anne Coles, concerning the approach to gender FAO discussed her technique of demonstrating issues adopted by the UK Department for to the senior male policy-makers whom she International Development (DFID). She trains that qualities that are conventionally characterised men's and women's approaches to associated with either women or men are far working on gender issues. She was followed by from being associated with one sex only. She Professor Ibrahim Shao of the University of argued that, rather than seeing gender and Tanzania, on his experience of promoting development as the particular concern of gender equality in a Southern research specialist researchers and activists, it is the only institution. In the panel which followed, entitled sane way of understanding our world, where 'Linking personal commitment to organ- both women and men are disadvantaged by isational policy', Chris Roche of Oxfam GB unsustainable development models which argued that, despite debates on institution- manipulate conventional notions of masculinity alising gender equity in recent years, gender and femininity to ensure the continuing and development policy makers have an oppression of poor people, the South, and the imperfect understanding of the issues facing environment. Milton Obote Joshua, a trainer men who work to promote gender equality in and academic from Egerton University, Kenya, development organisations. What makes men described his experience of breaking down want to work to promote gender equality? Is it men's resistance to ideas of gender equality altruism, or do they have something to gain? through training in grassroots communities. As a whole, the seminar series was Day Two of the seminar opened with a numerically dominated by contributions from panel on 'Development Policy, Masculinity, women, and the final event was no exception.
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