DOCSLIB.ORG

Threads of Protest and Resistance: the Impact of Social Movements on the Development of Laws Protecting Women’S Rights in Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Threads of Protest and Resistance: the Impact of Social Movements on the Development of Laws Protecting Women’S Rights in Bangladesh Threads of Protest and Resistance: The Impact of Social Movements on the Development of Laws Protecting Women’s Rights in Bangladesh A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Md. Mahbub Or Rahman Bhuyan August 2020 © 2020 Md. Mahbub Or Rahman Bhuyan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Threads of Protest and Resistance: The Impact of Social Movements on the Development of Laws Protecting Women’s Rights in Bangladesh by MD MAHBUB OR RAHMAN has been approved for the Department of Sociology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Thomas Vander Ven Professor of Sociology Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract BHUYAN, MD. MAHBUB OR RAHMAN, M.A., August 2020, Sociology Threads of Protest and Resistance: The Impact of Social Movements on the Development of Laws Protecting Women’s Rights in Bangladesh Director of Thesis: Thomas Vander Ven Women's rights movements (WRMs) and legal and social protections for women in Bangladesh have developed in a complex fashion over the last 50 years. The laws have arisen and continue to develop in conflict with long-held traditions that uphold discriminatory practices and enable violence against women (VAW). This thesis explores the calls for legal measures, protests, and movements at local, national and international levels contributed to the changes in the laws enacted to address gendered oppression. Using "Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT)," this paper analyzes the national and international resources the Women Rights' Organizations (WROs) use for mobilization and the accomplishments they gained so far by persuading the state to enact/amend pertinent laws, in particular, the "Prevention of Oppression against Women and Children Act-2000 (POWC ACT- 2000)." This study employs qualitative content analysis to examine the emergence, mobilization, negotiation process and success of WRM in framing VAW laws and trace the impact of local-global resources for mobilization in the success of the WRMs. Findings suggest that although WRM primarily was organized by some social reformers, systematic movements by WROs started after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The study finds that before every VAW policy formation, one or more WRMs took place, revealing the correlation between WRM and VAW policy change. The study finds that both national and international resources are primarily attributable to VAW policy formation through local-global pressure and waged unequivocally in the country's legal framework. 4 Dedication To the innumerable departed souls of women and children who were killed after being raped. 5 Acknowledgments At first, I would like to thank my thesis Chair Professor Dr. Thomas Vander Ven of the Department of Sociology, Ohio University, for his phenomenal contribution to my thesis work. He helped me from brainstorming the thesis, forming the committee and reviewing the drafts. Dr. Vander Ven allowed me to meet him anytime I want despite his tremendous pressure of various academic and administrative roles. He supported me with necessary materials, research training, and other relevant technical support. I truly believe that my MA research would not be the same without his unconditional help. I am also grateful to the other members of my thesis committee. I pay my gratitude to Dr. Stephen J. Scanlan for his useful feedback, constant support and motivation. He allowed me to audit his social movement class, which provided me important insights about movement and helped write my thesis. His thorough review, keen observation and valuable comments helped me write this thesis confidently. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Haley Duschinski for offering me guidance, instruction, and sharing her knowledge and experience about violence against women from the South Asian perspective. Besides my committee, I am also thankful to Dr. Howard T. Welser, Dr. Debra A. Henderson and Dr. Holly Ningard for their kind support and valuable insights into my research. I would also like to thank all of my mentors, friends and the women’s rights activists/leaders/researchers of Bangladesh who advised me to formulate my thesis and sent me relevant and useful study materials. I also acknowledge the sincere help of the staff of my department and the library of Ohio University. Finally, I must recognize the contributions of my wife Afroza Akter Akhi and son Afnan Abdullah Ayaan for sacrificing their time, providing constant support and keeping me motivated. 6 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Background ....................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 Research Questions………………………………………………………………15 Capter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework.……………………….…….. 17 Literature Review……………………………………….……………..…………17 Theoretical Framework………………………………….……………………….19 Chapter 3: Data and Method……………………………………….…………………….21 Chapter 4: Research Findings………………………………………………………….. .23 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................................ .37 References………………………………………………………………………………..40 Appendix A: List of Data Sources .................................................................................... 50 7 List of Tables Page Table 1 Profile of major women's rights organizations of Bangladesh…...……………13 Table 2 Evolution of Violence against Women Policies by the influence of WRM…...25 8 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Major VAW issues included into POWC Act 2000 .......................................... 15 Figure 2. Major VAW related offences and the punishments in the POWC Act 2000 .... 29 9 Chapter 1: Background Introduction Modern social movements were largely developed with the emergence of nation- states to pressure the governments to enact laws according to the demand of different groups of a country (Porta and Tarrow 1986). Social movements can influence political decisions, put emerging issues on the policy discussion and pressure policymakers to enact policies (Kingdon 1984; McAdam and Su 2002; Weldon 2002). Similarly, Women's Rights Movements emerged as a means to establish women's rights and protest any form of VAW issue. WRM, in particular, gained momentum at the end of the nineteenth century in the name of 'Global Feminism' to safeguard women from men's violence (Walby 2002:540). This paper aims to begin a conversation toward those ends. It seeks to provide a chronicle of how WRAs and WROs, in general, mobilized to enact VAW policies, and particularly, exploring the role of national and international mobilization resources in WRMs in Bangladesh in framing policies addressing VAW. WROs in Bangladesh seek equal women's rights through social and political change (Anam 2014). WRMs were visible after the 1980s and continuously demanded framing VAW policies (Khan 2014). In response to those WRMs, the government of Bangladesh has taken many legislative actions to prevent women's violence so far. Bangladesh is a signatory country to many international women's rights organizations such as International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, (ICCPR), 1966; Optional Protocol to the CRC on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, 2000; Convention on the Political Rights of Women, 1953. Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages, 1962; The Optional Protocol to CEDAW 2000. To advance women's rights issues, Bangladesh has also adopted some actions and declarations like the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the World Conference on Education for All (EFA). Apart from these international organizations, Bangladesh is also a signatory country to regional organizations and statutes, such as the SAARC Convention on Prevention of Trafficking 10 of Women and Children in Prostitution, 2002 (CiC-BD 2010). Stemming from the guidelines of these organizations and WRO demands, the government of Bangladesh has enacted many policies and VAW laws. These include the Dowry Prohibition Act- 1980, the Family Courts Ordinance- 1985 and the Nari O Shishu Nirjatan Daman Ain-2000 (Prevention of Oppression against Women and Children Act-2000) to ensure women's rights and protect them from various forms of violence. To understand the impact of WRM on policy formation, I examine the evolution of the prevailing law on violence against women in Bangladesh, the POWC Act-2000 and explore the significant WRM during these policy shifts. Moreover, I study the different channels through which women's rights activists pressured the government in framing the importance of the laws on violence against women and the need for meaningful change. I build my study on Boyle and Preves (2000), who maintain that the enactment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • APWLD Herstory 1986-2017 APWLD HERSTORY
    APWLD Herstory 1986-2017 APWLD HERSTORY Published by Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD) 1986-2017 2019 Chiang Mai, Thailand Celebrating over 30 years of advocacy, activism and movement ISBN: 978-616-92225-4-5 building to advance women’s human rights in the Asia Pacific Region Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development 4 5 Writers and editors: Judy M. Taguiwalo and Trimita Chakma Contributors: Sanam Amin, Ya Gan, Marion Cabrera and Prisana Booth Layout designer: Aileen Familara Photos: Margaret Schuler’s website, The Story of Women, Law and Development (https://www.wld-history.net) and APWLD archive. Foreword from APWLD Regional Coordinator Notes from the Editors As I read through the publication, I could not stop picturing the very first Judy Taguiwalo APWLD Member and consultant meeting of our founding members. I felt like I could feel their breath, hear their voices and see their facial expressions as they critically understand, analyse and envision a new feminist future for women in Asia Pacific, and APWLD’s Herstory was initially about documenting the stories collectively chart out feminist strategies to realise that vision. It is very of the organisation’s founding members in time for its 30th clear that APWLD was founded based on the firm feminist principles and anniversary in 2016. But it took almost five years for the project the trust in the power of grassroots, people’s movements and solidarity. I to be completed and the story has expanded beyond the stories of have never realised how radical APWLD’s founding commitment to use the founding mothers.
    [Show full text]
  • Dzmodernizingdz ISLAM the IMAM DISCOURSE in BANGLADESH By
    DzMODERNIZINGdz THE IMAM DISCOURSE IN BANGLADESH by Almas Zakiuddin B.A. The University of Karachi, 1969 M.A. The University of Karachi, 1980 M.A. The University of Toronto, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (ǯ and Gender Relations) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January, 2012 © Almas Zakiuddin, 2012 Abstract International development policies and practices are curiously silent on the subject of religion. It is an overt silence, in the sense that religion appears to be deliberately omitted from consideration. There is an implicit assumption that societies in the South will adopt the secular project of political modernity already perfected in and by the North. The paradox, however, as my dissertation demonstrates, is that development and religion are deeply imbricated at various local, national and transnational sites of power-knowledge. I adopt Foucauldian Dz dz and a post-colonial, post-modern, feminist theoretical framework to focus on Bangladesh, a Dzdz Muslim nation-state, as a case study of this paradox. My investigations reveal that international development organizations, in conjunction with a patriarchal Bangladeshi state, are targeting and trans(forming) tens of thousands of male Muslim imams as socio-political and religious authority figures or DzLeaders of Influencedz Dz in dz. I propose that in this newly constituted discourse, male Muslim imams are being instilled with new forms of authority and influence not only in relation to Islam, but ǯ ǤIn embracing the development project, trained imams are constituted simultaneously not only as non- modern men who are a potential challenge to the development mission, but as subjects being given opportunities to strengthen their gender and religious authority in the service ǡDz dz.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Ashes and Hope
    Between Ashes and Hope Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Blind Spot of Bangladesh Nationalism Between Ashes and Hope Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Blind Spot of Bangladesh Nationalism Edited by Naeem Mohaiemen Translations & Additional Editing Hana Shams Ahmed Farah Mehreen Ahmad Jyoti Rahman Tazreena Sajjad Photo Editor Zaid Islam Drishtipat Writers' Collective This anthology © 2010 Drishtipat Writers’ Collective, Bangladesh. All rights reserved. Texts © the authors. Images © the photographers. Unless otherwise noted. Photographs Shahidul Alam Naeem Mohaiemen Brian Palmer Ittukgula (Shuvasish) Chakma Wasfia Nazreen Tanvir Murad Topu Hana Shams Ahmed Samari Chakma Jannatul Mawa Momena Jalil Cover Photo: Naeem Mohaiemen Cover Correction: Arifur Rahman Graphics: Khayrul Hasan ISBN: 978-984-33-1982-1 Drishtipat Writers’ Collective www.drishtipat.org/dpwriters [email protected] Printed by Arka, Dhaka Price Bangladesh: BDT 350 Rest of the World: US$ 18 Drishtipat is a non-profit, non-partisan volunteer organization committed to safeguarding human rights in Bangladesh through action-oriented projects that provide direct assistance to those individuals whose voices are unheard. Drishtipat Writers' Collective (DWC) is a subsidiary organization of Drishtipat, whose projects include the blog Unheard Voices (www.unheardvoice.net/blog). Manusher Jonno Foundation is mandated to work in solidarity with poor and marginalized people to help them in gaining more control of their lives as well as creating an environment where both duty bearers and rights
    [Show full text]
  • A Current Listing of Contents
    WOMEN'S STUDIES LIBRARIAN EMINIST ERIODIC S A CURRENT LISTING OF CONTENTS VOLUME 18, NUMBER 4 WINTER 1999 Published by Phyllis Holman Weisbard Women's Studies Librarian University ofWisconsin System 430 Memorial Library /728 State Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (608) 263-5754 EMINIST ERIODIC S A CURRENT LISTING OF CONTENTS Volume 18,Number4 Winter 1999 Periodical literature is the cutting edge of women's scholarship, feministtheory, and much of women's cuiture, FeministPeriodicals: A Current Listing ofContents is published by the Office of the University of Wisconsin System Women's Studies Librarian on a quarterly basis with the intent of increasing public awareness of feminist periodicals. It is our hope that Feminist Periodicals will serve several purposes: to keep the reader abreast of current topics in feminist literature; to increase readers' familiarity with a wide spectrum of feminist periodicals; and to provide the requisite bibliographic information should areader wish to subscribe toajournal or to obtain a particular article at her library or through interlibrary loan. (Users will need to be aware of the limitations of the new copyright law with regard to photocopying of copyrighted materials.) Tableo! contents pages from current issues of major feminist journals are reproduced in each issue of Feminist Periodicals, preceded by a comprehensive annotated listing of all journals we have selected. As publication schedules vary enormously, not every periodical will have table of contents pages reproduced in each issue of FP. The annotated listing provides the following information on each journal: 1. Year of first publication. 2. Frequency of publication. 3. U.S. subscription price(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Assessment of Nijera Kori, Sanna Engdahl, 2014
    Fall 2014/2015 NIJERA GENDER ASSESSMENT OF NIJERA KORI KORI Building a gender equal organization | Sanna Engdahl Acknowledgments I would like to thank Nijera Kori and The Swallows India Bangladesh for giving me the opportunity to do this internship and for this learning experience. I would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all of those who made it possible to complete this report. A special thanks to the staff at the Kumarkhali field office who allowed me to follow their everyday work, answered all my questions and welcomed me with wide arms and lots of laughter. To Jenny, Emma and Isabelle who made me laugh and who without this internship would not have been the same. List of content Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Data and data collection ................................................................................................................... 1 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Structure of the study ....................................................................................................................... 2 Framework of gender assessment ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • E:\September 2015\DSS SEPTEMBER
    Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed Research Journal) July to September 2015 ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Imapct Factor - 0.745 (2014) 1 AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index 01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ............................................................................................................................................. 01 02. j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ..........................................................................06/07 03. oZUm©`H$ _ S>b .............................................................................................................................. 08 04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...........................................................................................................................10/11 (Science / ndkmZ) 05. Comparative study of XRD analysis of BaZr.27 Ti.73 O3 (pure ) .............................................................12 and BaZr.27 Ti.73 O3 (1% Cu doped ) (Rashmi Jain) 06. Weed: Flora And Distribution In Leguminous Plant Fields Of Takhatpur Block ...............................14 Bilaspur District (C.G.) (Indu Kaushal) 07. 4-Hydroxy Coumarin 3-Carboxy-P-Chloro Anilide As Fungicide .........................................................16 (Dr. Seema Negi, Indu Kaushal) 08. Studies On Floral Diversity In The Tribal Areas Of Shahdol District (M.P.) India ...............................18 (Dr. Radheshyam Napit, Dr. Uma singh) 09. Anti Cancerous Plants Of Amarkantak Region Of Shahdol Division, .................................................21 Madhya Pradesh,
    [Show full text]
  • Dzmodernizingdz ISLAM the IMAM DISCOURSE in BANGLADESH by Almas Zakiuddin B.A
    DzMODERNIZINGdz THE IMAM DISCOURSE IN BANGLADESH by Almas Zakiuddin B.A. The University of Karachi, 1969 M.A. The University of Karachi, 1980 M.A. The University of Toronto, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (ǯ and Gender Relations) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January, 2012 © Almas Zakiuddin, 2012 Abstract International development policies and practices are curiously silent on the subject of religion. It is an overt silence, in the sense that religion appears to be deliberately omitted from consideration. There is an implicit assumption that societies in the South will adopt the secular project of political modernity already perfected in and by the North. The paradox, however, as my dissertation demonstrates, is that development and religion are deeply imbricated at various local, national and transnational sites of power-knowledge. I adopt Foucauldian Dz dz and a post-colonial, post-modern, feminist theoretical framework to focus on Bangladesh, a Dzdz Muslim nation-state, as a case study of this paradox. My investigations reveal that international development organizations, in conjunction with a patriarchal Bangladeshi state, are targeting and trans(forming) tens of thousands of male Muslim imams as socio-political and religious authority figures or DzLeaders of Influencedz Dz in dz. I propose that in this newly constituted discourse, male Muslim imams are being instilled with new forms of authority and influence not only in relation to Islam, but ǯ ǤIn embracing the development project, trained imams are constituted simultaneously not only as non- modern men who are a potential challenge to the development mission, but as subjects being given opportunities to strengthen their gender and religious authority in the service ǡDz dz.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sociology of Shari'a: Case Studies from Around the World
    Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies 1 Adam Possamai James T. Richardson Bryan S. Turner Editors The Sociology of Shari’a: Case Studies from around the World Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies Volume 1 Series Editors Lori G. Beaman, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Anna Halafoff, Deakin University, Vic, Australia Lene Kühle, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark Processes of globalization have resulted in increasingly culturally and religiously diverse societies. In addition, religion is occupying a more prominent place in the public sphere at the turn of the 21st Century, despite predictions of religious decline. The rise in religious diversity, and in the salience of religious identity, is posing both challenges and opportunities pertaining to issues of governance. Indeed, a series of tensions have arisen between state and religious actors regarding a variety of matters including burial rites, religious education and gender equality. Many of these debates have focused on the need for, and limits of, religious freedom especially in situations where certain religious practices risk impinging upon the freedom of others. Moreover, different responses to religious pluralism are often informed by the relationship between religion and state in each society. Due to the changing nature of societies, most have needed to defi ne, or redefi ne, the boundaries of religious freedom refl ected in laws, policies and the design and use of public spaces. These boundaries, however, continue to be contested, debated and reviewed, at local, national and global levels of governance. All books published in this Series have been fully peer-reviewed before fi nal acceptance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Current Listing of Contents
    a current listing of contents Volume 6, Number 3 Published by Susan Searing, Women's Studies Librarian-at-Large, University of Wisconsin System 112A Memorial Library 728 State Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (608) 263- 5754 a current listing of contents Volume 6,Number 3 Fa11 1986 Periodical literature is the cutting edge of women's scholarship, feminist theory, and much of women's culture. Feminist Periodicals: A Current Listing of Contents is published by the Office of the University of Wisconsin System Women's Studies Librarian on a quarterly basis with the intent of increasing public awareness of feminist periodicals. It is our hope that Feminist Periodicals will serve several purposes: to keep the reader abreast of current topics in feminist literature; to increase readers' fami 1i arity with a wide spectrum of feminist periodicals; and to provide the requisite bibliographic information should a reader wish to subscribe to a journal or to obtain a particular article at her library or through interlibrary loan. (Users will need to be aware of the limitations of the new copyright law wi th regard to photocopying of copyrighted materia1 s .) Table of contents pages from current issues of major feminist journals are reproduced in each issue of Femi nist Periodicals, preceded by a comprehensive annotated 1i sti ng of a1 1 journals we have selected. As publ ication schedules vary enormously, not every periodical wi1 1 have table of contents pages reproducd in each issue of FP. The annotated listing provides the following information on each josnal : Year of first publication. Frequency of publ ication.
    [Show full text]
  • Afsana Aziz Nitol ID: 16303022 Department of English And
    Nitol 1 Taslima Nasreen: Looking at Nasreen’s exploration of female sexuality, Nasreen as a feminist in the context of Bangladeshi women’s movement and Nasreen as a woman poet. Afsana Aziz Nitol ID: 16303022 Department of English and Humanities August 2018 Nitol 2 Taslima Nasreen: Looking at Nasreen’s exploration of female sexuality, Nasreen as a feminist in the context of Bangladeshi women’s movement and Nasreen as a woman poet. A Thesis Submitted to The Department of English and Humanities Of BRAC University By Afsana Aziz Nitol ID: 16303022 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English August 2018 Nitol 3 Acknowledgement With this dissertation, my journey as an undergraduate student of the Department of English and Humanities at BRAC University ends. Trough this dissertation, I have tried to challenge myself by choosing a topic I was not quite familiar with. I hope my attempts and dissertation have lived up to the expectations of my supervisor. Firstly, I acknowledge my gratitude to my supervisor Dr Firdous Azim, Professor of English and the Chairperson of the Department of English and Humanities at BRAC University, who encouraged me to push my limits and made me aware whenever I was losing track. I thank her for making me believe that I was capable of doing better. It was possible for me to complete the dissertation because of her, because I admit, I was losing motivation every now and then. Secondly I would like to thank Dr Rifat Mahbub, former Professor of the Department of English and Humanities at BRAC University, who was assigned as my supervisor initially.
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Development Review, Vol
    University of Birmingham Law, gender, and development Bedford, Kate DOI: 10.1515/ldr-2019-0066 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Bedford, K 2020, 'Law, gender, and development: potent hauntings', Law and Development Review, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 229–264. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0066 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Men's Involvement in Gender and Development Policy and Practice: Beyond Rhetoric
    Men's Involvement in Gender and Development Policy and Practice: Beyond Rhetoric Edited by Caroline Sweetman O Oxfam First published by Oxfam GB in 2001 ©OxfamGB2001 ISBN 0 85598 466 X A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • With the prior written permission of the publisher; or • With a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • For quotation in a review of the work; or • Under the terms set out below. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. Available from Bournemouth English Book Centre, PO Box 1496, Parkstone, Dorset, BH12 3YD, UK tel: +44 (0)1202 712933; fax: +44 (0)1202 712930; email: [email protected] and from the following agents: USA: Stylus Publishing LLC, PO Box 605, Herndon, VA20172-0605, USA tel: +1 (0)703 661 1581; fax: +1 (0)703 661 1547; email: [email protected] Southern Africa: David Philip Publishers, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735, South Africa tel: +27 (0)21 674 4136; fax: +27 (0)21 674 3358; email: [email protected] For details of local agents and representatives in other countries, consult our website: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/publications.html or contact Oxfam Publishing, 274 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DZ, UK tel.
    [Show full text]