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Review of the Netherlands’ Contribution to the Humanitarian Response to the Syria Crisis: 2011-2014

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Review of the Netherlands’ Contribution to the Humanitarian Response to the Syria Crisis: 2011-2014 King’s Research Portal Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Giesen, P., & Leenders, R. (2015). Review of the Netherlands’ contribution to the humanitarian response to the Syria Crisis: 2011-2014. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Internal Inspection Humanitarian Assistance. http://iob-evaluatie.nl/sites/iob-evaluatie.nl/files/Deelstudie%20Syri%C3%ABcrisis%20%E2%80%93%20IOB- evaluatie%20humanitaire%20hulp.pdf Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. 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Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Review of the Netherlands’ contribution to the humanitarian response to the Syria Crisis: 2011-2014 COUNTRY STUDY FOR EVALUATION OF DUTCH HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 2009-2014 April 2015 HumanitarianStrategy Consult Amsterdam Peter Giesen Reinoud Leenders This study was commissioned by the Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB), Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors. IOB Country Study Syria Crisis 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 SyriainCrisis 1 1.2 Goals, Scope and Structure of the Study 3 1.3 Approach and Limitations 4 2. THE NETHERLANDS RESPONSE TO THE SYRIA CRISIS 6 2.1 Foreign Policy Response 6 2.2 Humanitarian Response 10 2.3 Asylum and Resettlement Response 12 2.4 Analysis 14 2.4.1 Foreign Policy 14 2.4.2 Humanitarian Response 14 2.4.3 Asylum and Resettlement 16 3. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN SYRIA 17 3.1 Overview 17 3.2 Key Sectors of Humanitarian Concern 18 3.3 Key Humanitarian Actors 18 3.4 Formal Coordination Mechanisms 20 3.5 Results 22 3.5.1 SHARP: Timeliness and Responsiveness 22 3.5.2 People reached 23 3.5.3 Gaps 25 3.6 Cross-line and Cross-border Assistance 26 3.6.1 UN Security Council Resolutions 2139 and 2165 26 3.6.2 UN-led Aid reaching opposition-held areas since UNSCR 2165 27 3.6.3 NGO Cross-Border Assistance 28 3.6.4 Netherlands NGOs and Cross-Border Assistance 29 3.7 Key Challenges 31 3.7.1 Insufficient Funding 32 3.7.2 Humanitarian Principles and Access 32 3.7.3 Coordination Challenges 35 4. SYRIAN REFUGEES AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN LEBANON 38 4.1 Context 38 4.2 Humanitarian Response 39 4.2.1 Appeals and Funding 41 4.2.2 Lebanon Government Policies 42 4.2.3 UNHCR 44 4.2.4 Coordination 44 4.2.5 UNHCR Partnerships 46 4.2.6 Partner selection and project approval 47 4.2.7 Needs Assessments 48 4.2.8 Monitoring 49 4.2.9 Predictability and Timeliness 50 4.3 Results 51 4.3.1 Protection 51 4.3.2 Shelter 52 4.3.3 Cash 52 4.3.4 Other Sectors 53 4.3.5 Coverage 53 4.3.6 Standards 54 4.4 Conclusions and Key challenges 55 4.4.1 Effectiveness 55 4.4.2 Partnerships 55 IOB Country Study Syria Crisis 1 4.4.3 Coordination 56 4.4.4 Sustainability 56 5. SYRIAN REFUGEES AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN JORDAN 58 5.1 Context 58 5.1.1 Arrivals and Registration 59 5.2 Humanitarian Response 62 5.2.1 Appeals and Funding 62 5.2.2 Jordanian Government Policies 64 5.2.3 UNHCR 66 5.2.4 Coordination 66 5.2.5 UNHCR Partners 67 5.2.6 Partner Selection 68 5.2.7 Needs assessments 68 5.2.8 Monitoring 70 5.3 Results 70 5.3.1 Protection 71 5.3.2 Shelter 72 5.3.3 Livelihoods 72 5.3.4 Coverage 74 5.3.5 Standards 75 5.4 Conclusions and Key Challenges 76 5.4.1 Effectiveness 76 5.4.2 Sustainability 77 6. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 78 6.1 The Protracted Syrian Crisis 78 6.2 Syria 78 6.3 Lebanon and Jordan 79 6.4 Policy Implications 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 APPENDIX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE 99 APPENDIX 2: PARTNER INTERVIEW TOOL 112 APPENDIX 3: PARTNER PROFILES 113 APPENDIX 4: DORCAS 119 IOB Country Study Syria Crisis 2 ABBREVIATIONS ACF Action Contre la Faim ACU Assistance Coordination Unit AJACS Access to Justice and Community Security Project CBO Community Based Organization CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CHF Cooperative Housing Foundation CRSF Comprehensive Regional Strategic Framework DEVCO Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development (European Commission) DfID Department for International Development (UK) DRC Danish Refugee Council DSH Directorate for Stability and Humanitarian Assistance ECHO European Union Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator ETC Emergency Telecommunications Cluster FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FoS Friends of Syria FSA Free Syrian Army HA humanitarian action HC/RC Humanitarian Coordinator /Regional Coordinator HCT Humanitarian Country team IAF Islamic Action Front IATF Inter-Agency Task Force ICC International Criminal Court ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICVA International Council of Voluntary Agencies IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IEHK Interagency Emergency Health Kits IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent IHH Human Rights and Freedoms Humanitarian Aid Foundation IMC International Medical Corps IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee IRD International Relief and Development ISIS Islamic State in Iraq and Syria ITS Informal Tented Settlement JOD Jordanian Dinar JRP Jordan Resilience Plan KAP Knowledge, Attitude and Practices LCPS Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies LCRP Lebanon Crisis Response Plan LHIF Lebanon Humanitarian Inter-Agency Forum MoFAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates MoI Ministry of Interior MoPH Ministry of Public Housing MoPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation MoSA Ministry of Social Affairs MSF (OCA) Medecins Sans Frontieres (Operational Centre Amsterdam) MSF (OCG) Medecins Sans Frontieres (Operational Centre Geneva) MSNA Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment n.d. no date given NFI Non-Food Items NRC Norwegian Refugee Council IOB Country Study Syria Crisis 3 PDES Policy Development and Evaluation Service (UN) PKK Kurdistan Workers Party PYD Democratic Union Party RAIS Refugee Assistance Information System Res Rep Resident Representative RHC Regional Humanitarian Coordinator ROV Refugee Outreach Volunteer RRP Regional Response Plan SAMS Syrian American Medical Society Foundation SARC Syrian Arab Red Crescent Society SCI Save the Children International SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based Violence SHARP Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan SHRC Syria Higher Relief Committee SINA Syria Integrated Needs Assessment SJAC Syria Justice and Accountability Centre SNAP Syria Needs Assessment Project SNC Syrian National Coalition SRAD Syrian Refugee Assistance Directorate SRCD Syrian Refugee Coordination Department SVW Stichting Vluchtelingen Werk (Foundation for Refugee Work) UCAP Unconditional Cash Programme UN-OCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Force UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi UNOSAT United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UNSMIS United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization VAF Vulnerability Assessment Framework VASyr Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees VDC Violations Documentation Centre WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WCH War Child Holland WFP World Food Programme WVI World Vision International WWW Who is doing What Where IOB Country Study Syria Crisis 4 Executive summary This report examines the Netherlands contribution to the humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis and the impact on neighbouring countries in the period 15 March 2011 to 31 December 2014. Data and other types of information used for the analysis are actual until 31 December. The study addresses the key question To what extent and how has the central objective of the Netherlands’ humanitarian assistance policy, i.e. to provide humanitarian assistance in an effective way, been realised? The scope of this study is dominated by the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) within Syria and the Syria Regional Response Plan (RRP) in neighbouring countries, coordinated respectively by the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), which received the bulk of Netherlands humanitarian funding. Netherlands humanitarian policy, although not deliberately serving political objectives, is analyzed in the context of broader foreign, asylum and resettlement policy consideration. The Netherlands foreign policy response to the Syrian crisis was largely consistent and principled, and based on international law, human rights and humanitarian principles.
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