Bat, Bird of Prey & Barn Owl Surveys for Proposed Wind

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

BAT, BIRD OF PREY & BARN OWL SURVEYS FOR PROPOSED WIND TURBINE

Brynawelon, Tegryn, Llanfyrnach

Pembrokeshire

SA35 0BN

DATE: 23RD- 30TH SEPTEMBER 2013

Name: DC21 Group Ltd Dene House, North Road, Kirkburton, Huddersfield, HD8 0RW. Tel: +44 1484 607808 On behalf of :- Client: Mr O’Brien, Brynawelon, Tegryn, Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire SA35 0BN Contact Nos: 01239 810878 & 07967 010014

Grid Reference: SN22242 34820 – turbine positions

Report: Wind Turbine Protected Species Survey for Bats, birds of prey and barn owls

Report ref: SA35 0BN/Frenni Fach, Llanfyrnach/O’Brien/Ashton Smith Walked Transects: 23rd September 2013 Deployed bat detectors on site for 5 nights: Date of survey: 1. 23rd to 30th September 2013

Anna Sutcliffe, B.Sc. (Hons.), MIEEM. CCW licence 35227:OTH:CSAB:2011 and Steve Surveyed by: Sutcliffe accredited agent

DC21 Group through Charles Ashton of Ashton Smith Architect/Agent: Email : [email protected] Planning ref and For one medium sized 50Kw turbine. date:

Issue: Revision: Stage: Date: Prepared by: Approved by:

Draft report for 1 08.10.13 A Sutcliffe S Sutcliffe review

Report finalisation WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Report finalisation

License N/a

Disclaimer

This document has been prepared by Biodiversity Solutions Limited for Mr O’Brien solely as a Protected Species Survey for birds of prey and bats. Biodiversity Solutions Limited accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the Client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

We Mr O’Brien have read the contents of this document and understand our legal obligations regarding any protected species and habitats that may be present at this Site.

Signed ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date …………………………………………….. 2013

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN Executive Summary

DC21 Group through their agents Ashton-Smith Assoiates contracted Anna Sutcliffe of Biodiversity Solutions Ltd [qualifications found in Appendix 6] to carry out surveys on behalf of Mr O'Brian at Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach to ascertain the protected species use of the site over a period of 5 nights combined with one transect during the month of September 2013. The results are to inform the planning authority of the risks to these protected species from the two turbines once erected and operational.

Turbine details – One turbine of 50Kw. Height to hub= 36.6m with a blade diameter of 19.2m, classified as medium turbines, are proposed.

The turbine site is to be on a heavily grazed field with no hedges.

The turbine site is 30m from each site feature. The features are:

Heathland with scattered small trees Overgrazed fields with evergreen trees on the west of the track [dark blue] that runs next to the field Pipistrelle roost at associated property

Wet valley and heathland plus scrub

 Low evergreen trees on the west  Open heather moorland to the east with very occasional 1-2m trees WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN  Pipistrelle bat roost in the on the clients associated property245m away from turbine site  Sunken lane

Planning permission is sought for one turbine in the middle of the field.

Activity surveys – continuous 2.5 hrs transect circuits were walked on the 23rd September in good calm and dry weather. The transect followed each of the lanes adjacent to the site and northwards towards road.

One period of 5 nights deployment of bat detectors between 23rd September to the morning of the 30th September 2013.

Bat detector locations are noted on the map and are on: a. at the edge of the turbine site to the east for 3 nights and the west for two nights. The detector was not in the middle of the field because of the horses

The survey intensity was planned using information from the Wind Turbine section of the Bat Survey Guidelines written by Lisa Hundt:BCT 2nd Edition and then adjusted to suit the site through detailed discussions with Natural Resources Wales.

Results in summary:-  The transect was completed in good weather  One of the nights during the deployment were interrupted by light drizzle and heavy mist which was a local phenomenon but on the whole the weather was dry, the temperatures never dropped below 12oC and the wind was between than 8-19miles per hour[F1-4]  No barn owls or tawny owls were observed on the transect visit - a tawny owl was calling from the woodland to the south west.  No noctules or any other bat species were recorded on site by the detectors although two records in the local records centre information sweep show that noctule bats are within 5Km of the site, the nearest being at Cwm Blaen 9 miles away. There are no significant areas of mature trees close by

Conclusion  The conclusion from the surveys is that the collision risk of bats with turbines is low during calm to light winds when the risk is very low or negligible . Nevertheless as the local topography slopes upwards to the east and bats were foraging over the heather in this area we recommend that the turbine site is at least 50m from the eastern boundary of the field.  in medium to strong winds for 99.9% of the year most bats are most likely to hug the sunken lane even more closely and not venture into the middle of the field or any other open space.

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN 1.0 Introduction

This bat survey was to advise on the potential effect on bats of the proposed erection of one medium sized turbine at Frenni Fach near Tegryn, Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire SA35 0BN. [See figure 1 & 2 below.]

Map 1 - Aerial photograph of the habitat around the turbine field

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Map 2 – map showing location of the turbine site

Aims - The aim of the survey is to provide more specific information about the use of the proposed turbine site and its immediate surroundings by bats and other protected species. The 2013 survey was completed in September. The information will help inform the planning authorities in their assessment of the likely impact of these turbines on protected species and the surrounding habitats.

Proposed work is to erect one medium sized turbines of 50Kw. Height to hub= 36.6m with a blade diameter of 19.2m, so effectively 46.2m high and 19.2m wide.

1.1 Desk Study – a desk study was completed in 2013 highlighting the protected species in the area and the protected sites which may or may not be affected by the installation of more wind turbines in the area. For the purposes of this survey the West Wales Biodiversity Information Centre provided results for a 5Km radius search of all protected species.

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN 2.0 Habitat Survey - an extended Phase 1 survey has been completed at a different date

3.0 Site description

The turbine site is to be on a heavily grazed field with no hedges.

 There is a small group of evergreen trees on the western boundary  Open heather moorland to the east with very occasional 1-2m trees  There are stone lanes to both sides of the field - partially sunken below the field level.  The field is fenced with a few groups of gorse along the boundary  The clients associated property is 245m to the south east - there is a pipistrelle bat roost here.

Map 3 – close up aerial of site showing

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

4.0 Surveys and site assessment

4.1 Turbine field survey- methods

Protected Species – On the same date as the start of the detector deployment on the 23rd September, the field was surveyed during the day for badger activity and signs of any potential for other protected species. The field is currently grazed by two horses.

A survey of the bird species on site was conducted.

A bat transect walk is conducted on that evening for c.2.5 hours

The transect covered the field edges in a continuous slow walk. The transect was to assess how and to what extent bats were using the actual proposed turbine site and the adjacent edges and nearby habitats.

Before the bat activity transect was started the remote detector were put in place. One was not placed in the middle of the field because of the risk of damage by the horses. The manned transect evening however did assess the bat behaviour around the field

The transect route was walked slowly and continuously during the evening as well as stops of several minutes at key points such as the group of fir trees and along the heather interface. Where possible, the species, behaviour and number of bats were recorded.

Equipment used : Anabat SD2 and Petersen heterodyne detector were employed on the transects.

4.2 Remote recording

One Songmeter [SM2+] was deployed on site – three nights on the east side and two on the west track side.

The sites for the Songmeter and microphone are marked on Figure 3 with yellow stars.

Duration of deployment - 5 days from the 23rd to the 27th and one night on the 30th September.

5.0 Survey Limitations This report is based on the evidence collected on the survey dates and can only provide a snap shot of the site’s use by bats.

Remote recording can only be used to gauge levels of bat activity, not bat numbers - one bat can be the source of high levels of recorded activity if it chooses to feed in such an area for a WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN considerable time, conversely so many bats were swarming around the area that estimates were difficult - but they were in their hundreds.

Bat detectors may not detect the full range of species present or their relative abundance; some species are more detectable than others due to differences in call strength and feeding behaviour.

The transect however is a good tool for estimating numbers of bat using the site and for assessing what they are doing on site.

The weather conditions for a walk round survey is chosen to optimise the potential for getting some bat activity.

During high winds and wet weather exposed turbine sites are very unlikely to have any bat activity at all.

6.0 Results

Desk Study

The WWBIC report shows a large number of bat records at in the 5Km radius of the turbine site as well as red kite and buzzard nesting close by. Several badger records but no signs in the field.

The species of bats recorded within the 5Km sweep of the site has a good variety and includes: whiskered, natterers, soprano and common pipistrelle and brown long-eared bats. Maternity roosts

Noctules?

Barbastelles

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Transect and remote recording

The transect and the deployment period of weather was good from the point of view of potential bat activity. The period chosen will have represented the most activity that the site is likely to have in the season.

The following information is summarised from data in Appendix 3.

Only two species of bat were recorded using the area surrounding the turbine sites

Soprano pipistrelle – Pipistrellus pygmaeus Common pipistrelle – Pipistrellus pipistrellus

A single Noctule bat Nyctalus noctula was observed flying along the western lane and away along the wet scrubby valley in this area.

Soprano pipistrelle were the most numerous and on 24th/25th and 26/27th (to a lesser extent) there were quite large numbers of bats recorded. This is exactly the same date as a large cranefly emergence event which occurred at several other nearby sites on that night attracting very large numbers of bats.

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN The activity level observed during the transect walk suggested that the bats disperse over the heathland about an hour after initial emergence and it was possible to both see and record bats over this area as it got towards dark. No bats were observed over the field at all.

Interpretation of results

The presence of probable pipistrelle roosts at both Brynawelon and at the farm to the south west of the field suggests that the general area is good for feeding bats.

The observed activity of pipistrelle's feeding along lanes shortly after emergence is very typical of many locations as is their dispersal into the wider countryside with an hour or so of leaving their roost. In that sense the activity levels are fairly normal.

The exceptional and widespread cranefly emergence and consequent abundance of food is almost certainly associated with the pasture land and on the evenings of 24th and 25th September it is highly likely that the bats would have been feeding over the fields. At other sites on those days we observed many hundreds of common pipistrelles feeding at low level taking advantage of this very short lived phenomenon. Observations at other sites on these nights also showed that the bats rarely flew higher than 2m.

Conclusion

The findings of this survey work are that :-

The common pipistrelle, is one of the species that has been identified as potentially most at risk from impacts on local populations by wind turbines (Natural England, 2009; Rydell et al, 2010a). At this site it was not as abundant as Soprano pipistrelle but was still abundant on two nights.

The field at Frenni Fach is fairly exposed although has some shelter to the east where the heathland runs uphill. During windy conditions the field is unlikely to have many bat visits although the lanes may well become even more important to the local animals.

During strong winds insects seek shelter and bats use the protection of hedges and woodland or tall banks to forage for these insects and at such times we would expect the bats to head down into the valleys rather than onto the exposed heath and fields.

Any bats using the shelter of the lanes, the patch of trees and low banks [0.2mhigh] will potentially be just over 45m from the turbine blades [29m diameter], a distance that will not put bats at significant risk.

We consider that collision risk to bats at the proposed turbine siting location is likely to be small and can be specifically minimised by ensuring the siting is at least 50m from the western boundary

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Summary

 We consider that the proposed turbines are likely to present little ecological impact on the bats in the area.

 Whilst there is a substantial literature on the effects of large wind turbines from the USA and Europe, there is little published evaluation of collision risk or other ecological effects of any small or medium sized turbine developments in the UK. A BTO study (Chamberlain et al) suggests that small bladed fast turning turbines present greater risks to birds whilst a Canadian study (Barclay et al) found that taller towers presented greater risks to migrating bats (not relevant to UK populations) but lower risks to birds.

 Personal experience from numerous surveys of this type in similar environments, is that any potential (and as yet unproven) risk of harm to bats can be reduced by excluding muck spreading, and grazing livestock from the immediate vicinity of the turbine site during medium strength winds; both can be strong attractants for aerial insect feeding predators. During medium to high winds bats will not use the site and in low winds the turbines do not turn or do so slowly.

Recommended actions  Do not plant hedges around the turbine field  Do not improve the biodiversity of the field  Do not spread muck on the field while the turbine is operational  Do not plant trees near the site

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Appendices

Appendix 1 Weather conditions - Table 1

Temperature Wind force DATES Wet/ Dry Cloud/humidity oC and direction

1. 23rd/24th 14-11 Dry ESE 8mph 1/8 & 97% September

th th 2. 24 /25 S 2mph to 13-12 Dry, 4/8 & 94% September NNW 3mph

3. 25th/26th 14 Dry E 4mph 1/8 % 89% September

4. 26th/27th Dry, light 15<12 ESE 13mph 4/8 & 95% September shower

5. 28th/29th 12 Dry E13 5/8 & 85% September

5. 29th/30th 14<12 Dry E 10 5/8 & 75% September

30th/1st Oct 16 Dry ESE12 6/8 & 97%

Transect

23rd September 14 Dry ESE8 1/8 & 97%

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Appendix 2

Frenni Fach- remote recordings and Walk over surveys

NB - recordings are the number of passes by a bat and not the number of bats Soprano Common Dates Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle 23/24th September 2013 1900-1930hrs 1930-2000hrs 2000-2030hrs 96 16 2030-2100hrs 4 1 2100-2130hrs 2130-2200hrs 2200-2230hrs 2230-2300hrs 2300-2330hrs 5 2330-2400hrs 2400-0030hrs 0030-0100hrs 0100-0130hrs 0130-0200hrs 0200-0230hrs 0230-0300hrs 0300-0330hrs 0330-0400hrs 0400-0430hrs 0430-0500hrs 0500-0530hrs 0530-0600hrs 2 5 0600-0630hrs 1 120

100 80 60 40 20 0 Soprano Pipistrelle Common Pipistrelle

1930hrs 2030hrs 2130hrs 2230hrs 2330hrs 0030hrs 0130hrs 0230hrs 0330hrs 0430hrs 0530hrs 0630hrs

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1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600

23/24th September 2013 WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Soprano Common Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle 24/25th September 2013 1900-1930hrs 1930-2000hrs 2000-2030hrs 159 22 2030-2100hrs 119 35 2100-2130hrs 84 26 2130-2200hrs 32 17 2200-2230hrs 9 2 2230-2300hrs 7 1 2300-2330hrs 1 2330-2400hrs 1 2 2400-0030hrs 49 70 0030-0100hrs 62 20 0100-0130hrs 67 34 0130-0200hrs 19 3 0200-0230hrs 10 2 0230-0300hrs 14 10 0300-0330hrs 26 30 0330-0400hrs 25 5 0400-0430hrs 109 14 0430-0500hrs 96 16 0500-0530hrs 44 8 0530-0600hrs 43 15 0600-0630hrs

180

160 140 120 100 80 60 Soprano Pipistrelle 40 20 Common Pipistrelle 0

0530hrs 1930hrs 2030hrs 2130hrs 2230hrs 2330hrs 0030hrs 0130hrs 0230hrs 0330hrs 0430hrs 0630hrs

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0500 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0600

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Soprano Common Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle 25/26th September 2013 1900-1930hrs 1930-2000hrs 2000-2030hrs 119 59 2030-2100hrs 96 37 2100-2130hrs 6 8 2130-2200hrs 2 4 2200-2230hrs 4 6 2230-2300hrs 6 0 2300-2330hrs 11 1 2330-2400hrs 27 13 2400-0030hrs 16 24 0030-0100hrs 8 32 0100-0130hrs 10 88 0130-0200hrs 10 85 0200-0230hrs 23 60 0230-0300hrs 7 7 0300-0330hrs 2 1 0330-0400hrs 3 2 0400-0430hrs 26 13 0430-0500hrs 4 1 0500-0530hrs 1 0530-0600hrs

140 0600-0630hrs

120 100 80 60 40 Soprano Pipistrelle 20 Common Pipistrelle 0

2230hrs 2030hrs 2130hrs 2330hrs 0030hrs 0130hrs 0230hrs 0330hrs 0430hrs 0530hrs

1930hrs

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2200 2000 2100 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 1900

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Soprano Common Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle 26/27th September 2013 1900-1930hrs 1930-2000hrs 2000-2030hrs 8 8 2030-2100hrs 2100-2130hrs 2130-2200hrs 2200-2230hrs 2230-2300hrs 2300-2330hrs 2330-2400hrs 2400-0030hrs 15 0030-0100hrs 3 14 0100-0130hrs 0130-0200hrs 0200-0230hrs 0230-0300hrs 0300-0330hrs 0330-0400hrs 0400-0430hrs 0430-0500hrs 0500-0530hrs 0530-0600hrs

16 0600-0630hrs

14 12 10

8 6 Soprano Pipistrelle 4 Common Pipistrelle 2

… … … … … … … … … …

…

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2300 2000 2100 2200 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 1900

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN

Soprano Common Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle 28th/29thSeptember 2013 1900-1930hrs 1 18 1930-2000hrs 11 46 2000-2030hrs 3 46 2030-2100hrs 1 4 2100-2130hrs 2130-2200hrs 2200-2230hrs 2230-2300hrs 2300-2330hrs 1 2330-2400hrs 2400-0030hrs 0030-0100hrs 0100-0130hrs 0130-0200hrs 0200-0230hrs 0230-0300hrs 0300-0330hrs 1 0330-0400hrs 0400-0430hrs 0430-0500hrs 0500-0530hrs 0530-0600hrs

0600-0630hrs 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Soprano Pipistrelle 5 0 Common Pipistrelle

1930hrs 2030hrs 2130hrs 2230hrs 2330hrs 0030hrs 0130hrs 0230hrs 0330hrs 0430hrs 0530hrs

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1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN 29/30th September 2013 No bats recorded

Soprano Common Walk Round Data Times Pipistrelle Pipistrelle Noctule 23rd September 2013 1930 -2000hrs 16 3 3 2000-2030hrs 57 21 2030-2100hrs 11 0

Note - All bats seen were in the lanes at each side of the field.

Appendix3 –surveyor information

Surveyor Licence No Number of years name Experience

Bat torch binoculars Thermal detectors imager

Anna BSc Hons 5 years intensely Anabat yes yes no Sutcliffe with bats MCIEEM Batbox 30+ years surveying Duet 35227:OTH:CSAB:2011 & researching a wide variety of SM2+ species of birds, mammals and plants

Steve Accredited agent on Anna 50years of Anabat yes yes no Sutcliffe Sutcliffe’s licence conservation of species and habitat Peterssen management as well as species surveys particularly land and seabirds. 3 years of bat surveys but spasmodic WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN experience with bats and Tom McOwatt since the 1970’s

Appendix 4 – References

A LOCAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN FOR PEMBROKESHIRE, Pembrokeshire Biodiversity Partnership.

List of Pembrokeshire LBAP species, Pembrokeshire Biodiversity Partnership, 2009.

List of Pembrokeshire LBAP habitats, Pembrokeshire Biodiversity Partnership, 2009.

Habitat management for bats, A guide for land managers, land owners and their advisors. JNCC, 2001.

WWBIC reports for 1km and 2km (bats).

JNCC (2004) Joint Nature Conservancy Council (2004) Bat Workers Manual 3rd Ed.

BCT (2007) – Bat Conservation Trust (2007) Bat Surveys – Good Practice Guidance

EN (2004) – English Nature (2004) Bat Mitigation Guidelines

NE (2009) – Natural England (2009) Bats and onshore wind turbines Interim Guidance Technical Information Note (TIN051). And Natural England, Rydell et al, 2010a

BATS AND WIND TURBINES Developer Guidance – Assessing the impacts of wind turbines and wind farms on bats

Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey Nature Conservancy Council 1990

WIND TURBINE SURVEY FOR BATS AND birds of prey on Frenni Fach above Llanfyrnach Pembrokeshire CLIENT: Mr O’Brien of Brynawelon, Llanfyrnach SA35 0BN Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotor size and tower height. Robert M.R. Barclay,a E.F. Baerwald,a J.C. Gruvera. aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. BTO Research Report 401, Appraisal of Scottish Natural Heritage’s

Wind Farm Collision Risk Model and its Application. Dan Chamberlain, Steve Freeman, Mark Rehfisch, Tony Fox, Mark Desholm

Windfarms and Birds : An analysis of the effects of windfarms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site selection issues RHW Langston & JD Pullan, RSPB/BirdLife in the UK 2003

WINDFARMS AND BIRDS: Calculating a theoretical collision risk assuming no avoiding action. GUIDANCE NOTE SERIES SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2010

Use of Avoidance Rates in the SNH Wind Farm Collision Risk Model GUIDANCE NOTE SERIES SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE 2010

BoCC3 (2009) Eaton MA, Brown AF, Noble DG, Musgrove AJ, Hearn R, Aebischer NJ, Gibbons DW, Evans A and Gregory RD (2009) Birds of Conservation Concern 3: the population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. British Birds 102, pp296–341.