DOCSLIB.ORG

'Old Western Men': a Religious Mode of Response to the Conditions Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Old Western Men': a Religious Mode of Response to the Conditions Of The ‘Old Western Men’: A Religious Mode of Response to the Conditions of ‘Secular’ Modernity, 1900-1970 Daniel Michael George Frampton Ph.D. University of East Anglia School of Art, Media and American Studies Submitted September 2017. “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” 2 Abstract This thesis forwards the concept of the ‘Old Western Men’, a phrase borrowed from C. S. Lewis, who used this term to assert the presence of a ‘Great Divide’ in history. Modernity, he believed, was essentially secular, unlike what had preceded it. In this sense, he was in opposition to it as a Christian. This thesis’s unique contribution to the current literature is that it applies Lewis’s identification of the Old Western Men to a broader spectrum of intellectuals and artists, previously referred to, more narrowly, as the ‘Catholic literary revival’. This Ph.D. locates such a revival within a broader ‘religious mode of response’ to modernity, which such men of letters as Lewis believed to be fundamentally materialistic; meaning that modernity denied the existence of an objective spiritual reality. Chapter one describes the general concept of the Old Western Men, including how it confronted secular modernity by attempting to reconcile mind with matter as part of an intellectual via media (middle way); it will also examine the importance that some intellectuals invested in the concept of imaginative understanding. Chapter two focuses on an Old Western emphasis on the ‘More-Than-World’ within the world, one that was essentially sacramental, having come to reconcile reason with the imagination. Chapter three forwards the Old Western notion of thinking ‘christianly’ by cultivating a divine indifference to worldly catastrophe. This also entails examining the concept of self- sanctification, as well as how the Old Western Men responded to the violence of their century by inviting the supernatural into their lives. Chapter four concludes the thesis by examining the spiritual/cultural device of Christendom as a redemptive discourse combatting European nationalism and racialism. 3 4 For my grandparents, George and Elizabeth “Betty” Frampton. 5 6 Contents List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................ 10 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 12 Afterword ..................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter One: Via Media – A Thomist ‘Middle Way’......................................................... 35 De Descriptione Temporum – the ‘Great Divide’ ......................................................... 35 ‘Old Western Men’ ....................................................................................................... 36 The ‘Western’ Element: ‘to think christianly’ ............................................................... 40 Thomism and the ‘word made flesh’ ............................................................................ 42 Losing the Sacred .......................................................................................................... 46 The ‘Chelsea Group’ ..................................................................................................... 48 Via Media ...................................................................................................................... 53 Evelyn Waugh’s St. Helena ........................................................................................... 55 Christopher Dawson ..................................................................................................... 57 Method vs. Ideology ..................................................................................................... 59 Romantic Religion ......................................................................................................... 60 The Influence of G. K. Chesterton on C. S. Lewis .......................................................... 66 The Historical Imagination ............................................................................................ 68 Chapter One Conclusion ............................................................................................... 88 Chapter Two: The ‘More-Than-World’ within the world ................................................. 89 A Thomist Sense of Wonder ......................................................................................... 89 A Loss of Enchantment ................................................................................................. 92 Reaffirming ‘Faërie’ .................................................................................................... 101 Tolkien’s ‘Perilous Realm’ ........................................................................................... 103 Mirkwood ................................................................................................................... 108 Paul Nash .................................................................................................................... 113 ‘Legend’ ...................................................................................................................... 122 ‘The Ethics of Elfland’: The Meaning of the Sinister ................................................... 125 Montague Rhodes James ........................................................................................... 126 Chapter Two Conclusion ............................................................................................. 137 Chapter Three: Cultivating the Eternal Perspective ....................................................... 139 Divine Indifference ..................................................................................................... 139 Christopher Dawson and Augustine of Hippo ............................................................ 141 Dawson’s ‘Theology of History’ .................................................................................. 144 7 The ‘Long Defeat’ ....................................................................................................... 147 Enduring the ‘Long Defeat’ ........................................................................................ 150 Middle-earth’s Theology of History: Providence and Free Will ................................. 153 Self-Sanctification ...................................................................................................... 158 Aspiring to Sanctity: Faramir ...................................................................................... 161 The Song of Roland .................................................................................................... 165 Roy Campbell ............................................................................................................. 168 Dawson and the Oxford Movement .......................................................................... 169 Campbell’s Fierceness ................................................................................................ 171 Toledo, 1936 .............................................................................................................. 175 Eusebio ....................................................................................................................... 176 Enlistment into the Catholic Church .......................................................................... 180 Guy Crouchback: il Santo Inglese ............................................................................... 182 Gervase Crouchback .................................................................................................. 186 A Flame Burning Anew ............................................................................................... 189 Saint Chesterton ........................................................................................................ 192 Chapter Three Conclusion .......................................................................................... 194 Chapter Four: The Redemptive Discourse of Christendom ........................................... 195 T. S. Eliot ..................................................................................................................... 198 Notes towards the Definition of Culture ................................................................... 199 Fear of the State ........................................................................................................ 201 A Question of Loyalties .............................................................................................. 209 Christendom: ‘the only league of nations that ever had a chance’ ........................... 211 A Very English Catholicism ......................................................................................... 216 Roman Britain vs. Teutonic Britain ............................................................................ 221 Dawson and Eliot ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Connections Between Sámi and Basque Peoples
    Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Kent Randell 2012 Siidastallan Outside of Minneapolis, Minneapolis Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota “D----- it Jim, I’m a librarian and an armchair anthropologist??” Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Hard evidence: - mtDNA - Uniqueness of language Other things may be surprising…. or not. It is fun to imagine other connections, understanding it is not scientific Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Documentary: Suddenly Sámi by Norway’s Ellen-Astri Lundby She receives her mtDNA test, and express surprise when her results state that she is connected to Spain. This also surprised me, and spurned my interest….. Then I ended up living in Boise, Idaho, the city with the largest concentration of Basque outside of Basque Country Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota What is mtDNA genealogy? The DNA of the Mitochondria in your cells. Cell energy, cell growth, cell signaling, etc. mtDNA – At Conception • The Egg cell Mitochondria’s DNA remains the same after conception. • Male does not contribute to the mtDNA • Therefore Mitochondrial mtDNA is the same as one’s mother. Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Four generation mtDNA line Sisters – Mother – Maternal Grandmother – Great-grandmother Jennie Mary Karjalainen b. Kent21 Randell March (c) 2012 1886, --- 2012 Siidastallan,parents from Kuusamo, Finland Linwood Township, Minnesota Isaac Abramson and Jennie Karjalainen wedding picture Isaac is from Northern Norway, Kvaen father and Saami mother from Haetta Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, village.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Description of This Tour
    CA21 Basque Pyrénées CosyLa and budgetCaminade walking holidays in France Season From end of April to mid-October. We recommend you to book this tour 3 or 4 months before the departure date if you plan to walk it in summer time. Great demand and few rooms! Difficulty: grade 4 You walk more than 8 hours a day in mountains. Total ascent a day could be more than 1,000 m. It’s quite challenging and you must have a high level of fitness. The trail is well marked with red and white GR signs except on some summits where there is no waymarking and no track in spring. But it easy to follow the line of crests towards the next pass and quickly you will see the path again! Itinerary 7-day and 6-night self-guided walking holidays Day 1 : Arrival at SAINT JEAN PIED DE PORT. The chief town of Basse Navarre is located at the base of the Roncevaux pass in a charming and lush pocket. The upper part of the city, encircled by fortified walls and the citadel – a fortification which had been built to prevent the Spanish invasions – were developed on the two banks of the Nive River. The city holds a rich patrimony which includes la prison des Evêques (Bishops’ Jail), la maison des états de Navarre, and the Romanesque bridge…that you shall not want to miss. Half-board accommodation in a two-star hotel. Day 2 : SAINT JEAN PIED DE PORT - ST ETIENNE DE BAÏGORRY (7 hour walk – Ascent : 900 meters).
    [Show full text]
  • Roots of European Civilisation
    Roots of European Civilisation Barbarians and the Dark Ages © Andrzej Anders 2007 Fall of the Roman Empire in the West Barbarian Kingdoms ● After the fall of the Roman Empire various Germanic tribes settled in its former territories: – Ostrogoths (Italy) (later they were replaced with Lombards) – Visigoths (Spain, Southern France) – Franks (North France,, Netherlands, part of Germany) – Burundians (region of Worms, later Burgundy, Switzerland) – Anglo-Saxons (England) Theodoric the Great King of Italy ● Ruler of Italy 493 – 526 A.D ● Regent (and de facto ruler) of Visigoths 511 – 526 (Spain and south of France) ● He practiced Arianism – after Catholic Justin I become Emperor in Constantinople it meant conflict with the Empire ● He was enlightened ruler, he tried to restore glory of Italy – activity of philosopher Beothius and historian Cassiodorus St. Appolinare in Ravenna Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism Conflict between Catholicism and Arianism ● Both Gothic tribes (Visigoths and Ostrogoths were practicing Arianism. ● Local „Roman” population was basically Catholic ● Gothic rule was not supported by local population despite its success (untill Visigths turned Catholic) ● Catholic faith helped Franks to size power from Goths. Baptism of Clovis c. 1500 Karol Wielki i Karolingowie ● Merovingian Dynasty divided France into little kingdoms ● Very soon Merovingian Kings started to play only ceremonial role – country was ruled by Mayors ● Mayor Peppin the Middle made his position hereditary. ● His son Charles Martel become the most powerful ruler in Western Europe, though he was not a King. He also won the Battle of Tours saving Europe from Arabs ● From Charles Martel the dynasty is called Carolingian ● Son of Charles Martel proclaimed himself King of Francs Battle of Poitiers (Tours) – 732 r Charlemagne ● Ruled 768 – 814 A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with John Arcudi, by Debbie Elkin, for the Bridgeport Public
    Historical Collections, Bridgeport Public Library Oral History Project: “Bridgeport Working: Voices from the 20th Century” John Arcudi (JA) interviewed by Dr. Debbie Elkin (I), December 16, 1997 Transcript Part 1: Early life in Saugatuck-Westport, Connecticut; Italian American family; the Depression Part 2: Yale University in the 1930’s and 1940’s; Family Part 3: WWII Service with SHAEF and General Patton Part 4: Decision to go to law school; Family influences Part 5: Decision to open law practice in Bridgeport; Early work with unions; American Veterans Committee (AVC) Part 6: Political influences at Yale and from home experience; Unemployment Compensation Commission Part 7a: Unemployment Compensation Commission Part 7: Labor law practice in Bridgeport; Work with AFL, Mine, Mill and Smelters, Union, IUE, and ILGW Part 8: Immigration law practice Part 9: International Institute Part 10: Council of Italian Americans Society, Triancria Society, Italian Community Center, Columbus Day Parade, Italian dialects and regionalism Historical Collections, Bridgeport Public Library Oral History Project: “Bridgeport Working: Voices from the 20th Century” John Arcudi (JA) interviewed by Dr. Debbie Elkin (I), December 16, 1997 I: Would you mind saying your name for the tape? JA: John Arcudi. I: Thank you. Would you mind telling me something about your childhood? JA: Well, I was born in Westport, Connecticut and educated in the Westport Public Schools. My parents -- we lived above a grocery and meat market that my parents ran. Born May 26, 1921, whatever that means. I graduated from Staples High School in 1938. I went to Yale and graduated Yale, with a major in Economics, in 1942, did a term of law school, went off to war, served in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlo Magno Europa2c
    Corso di laurea in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Prova finale di laurea Charlemagne Rex Pater Europæ Relatore Prof. Antonio Trampus Correlatore Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureando Giacomo D’Ippolito Matricola 823388 Anno Accademico 2013/2014 Index Introduction pp. 4-5 Chapter I The history of a king 1.The Franks pp. 7-10 2 The birth of Charlemagne pp. 10-11 3 The special position pp. 12-13 4 The Pippinids pp. 13-15 5 The warlike nature of Charlemagne pp. 15-18 5.1 The invasion of the Italian peninsula pp. 18-22 5.2 The governance of the new territories: Capitulare Italicum pp. 22-24 5.3 The wars against the pagans: Saxons, Arabs and Avars pp. 24-36 6 The relation with the Roman Church: what brought to the coronation of Charlemagne in Rome pp. 37-41 7 The management of the Frankish territories: Spring Assembly, count and missus dominicus pp. 42-46 8 The situation of the inland revenue: how it was organised pp. 46-47 9 The modern aspects of Carolingian justice pp. 47-50 10 An interesting cultural innovation pp. 50-53 Chapter II The reasons to consider Charlemagne the ancestor of the European Union 1 A founding myth pp. 55-56 2 The Franco-German axis: a timeless element pp. 56-61 3 An unofficial recognition pp. 61-63 4 Elements in common: justice and currency pp. 63-66 Chapter III The point of view of the historians: what they think of Charlemagne as father of Europe 1 Le Goff and the Roman Empire pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Master List
    Code Title Poem Poet Read by Does Note the CD Contain AIK Conrad Aiken Reading s N The Blues of Ruby Matrix Conrad Aiken Conrad Aiken Time in the Rock (selections) Conrad Aiken Conrad Aiken A Letter from Li Po Conrad Aiken Conrad Aiken BEA(1) The Beat Generation (Vol. 1) Y San Francisco Scene (The Beat Generation) Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac The Beat Generation (McFadden & Dor) Bob McFadden Bob McFadden Footloose in Greenwich Village Blues Montage Langston Hughes Langston Hughes / Leonard Feather Manhattan Fable Babs Gonzales Babs Gonzales Reaching Into it Ken Nordine Ken Nordine Parker's Mood King Pleasure King Pleasure Route 66 Theme Nelson Riddle Nelson Riddle Diamonds on My Windshield Tom Waits Tom Waits Naked Lunch (Excerpt) William Burroughs William Burroughs Bernie's Tune Lee Konitz Lee Konitz Like Rumpelstiltskin Don Morrow Don Morrow OOP-POP-A-DA Dizzy Gillespie Dizzy Gillespie Basic Hip (01:13) Del Close and John Del Close / John Brent Brent Christopher Columbus Digs the Jive John Drew Barrymore John Drew Barrymore The Clown (with Jean Shepherd) Charles Mingus Charles Mingus The Murder of the Two Men… Kenneth Patchen Kenneth Patchen BEA(2) The Beat Generation (Vol.2) Y The Hip Gahn (06:11) Lord Buckley Lord Buckley Twisted (02:16) Lambert, Hendricks & Lambert, Hendricks & Ross Ross Yip Roc Heresy (02:31) Slim Gaillard & His Slim Gaillard & His Middle Middle Europeans Europeans HA (02:48) Charlie Ventura & His Charlie Ventura & His Orchestra Orchestra Pull My Daisy (04:31) David Amram Quintet David Amram Quintet with with Lynn Sheffield Lynn Sheffield October in the Railroad Earth (07:08) Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac / Steve Allen The Cool Rebellion (20:15) Howard K.
    [Show full text]
  • Lordship of Negroponte
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png Lordship of Negroponte From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Lordship of Negroponte Nigropont Client state* 1204–1470 → ← The Latin Empire with its vassals and the Greek successor states after the partition of the Byzantine Empire, c. 1204. The borders are very uncertain. Capital Chalkis (Negroponte) Venetian officially, Language(s) Greek popularly Roman Catholic Religion officially, Greek Orthodox popularly Political structure Client state Historical era Middle Ages - Principality 1204 established - Ottoman Conquest 1470 * The duchy was nominally a vassal state of, in order, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Latin Empire (from 1209), the Principality of Achaea (from 1236), but effectively, and from 1390 also de jure, under Venetian control The Lordship of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Italian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies (terzieri) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice. From ca. 1390, the island became a regular Venetian colony as the Kingdom of Negroponte (Regno di Negroponte). Contents • 1 History o 1.1 Establishment o 1.2 Succession disputes o 1.3 Byzantine interlude o 1.4 Later history • 2 List of rulers of Negroponte o 2.1 Triarchy of Oreos o 2.2 Triarchy of Chalkis o 2.3 Triarchy of Karystos • 3 References • 4 Sources and bibliography History Establishment According to the division of Byzantine territory (the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae), Euboea was awarded to Boniface of Montferrat, King of Thessalonica.
    [Show full text]
  • Abel on Walsh, 'Last Stands: Why Men Fight When All Is Lost'
    H-War Abel on Walsh, 'Last Stands: Why Men Fight When All Is Lost' Review published on Thursday, January 14, 2021 Michael Walsh. Last Stands: Why Men Fight When All Is Lost. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2020. 368 pp. $28.99 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-250-21708-0. Reviewed by Jonathan Abel (Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth) Published on H-War (January, 2021) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey (Air University) Printable Version: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=56033 “It Doesn’t Matter ... Whether the Stories Really Happened: What Matters Is That They Are True” Michael Walsh’s Last Stands: Why Men Fight When All Is Lost is a new entry into the popular history market, aimed at securing an audience interested in military history and military affairs. It relates the stories of fifteen battles, ranging from classical Greece to World War II, from the author’s perspective. These serve as case studies of the author’s thesis, which purports to be to reawaken the masculinity of the West, and of America specifically. The result is a problematic text that does little more than epitomize the pop culture history of America after 1950 and impregnate it with the author’s troublesome views. Walsh’s stated theme is to use his case studies to illustrate examples of masculinity: “this book is a testament ... to the concept of manliness itself” (p. 2). However, this waxes and wanes throughout the text. Some chapters, like the ones on Thermopylae and Roncevaux Pass, make frequent recourse to masculinity, while it is largely absent in others, like those on Masada/Warsaw and Rorke’s Drift/Khartoum.
    [Show full text]
  • A Choice of Illusions: Belief, Relativism, and Modern Literature
    A Choice of Illusions: Belief, Relativism, and Modern Literature Alastair Morrison Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2015 © 2015 Alastair Morrison All rights reserved ABSTRACT A Choice of Illusions: Belief, Relativism, and Modern Literature Alastair Morrison This dissertation considers how defenses of traditional faith in Britain have adapted to new frontiers of cultural relativism and religious difference. Its contention is that poetry has become central to such defenses. Relativistic thinking would seem to dispose against metaphysical belief; poetry, as a parallel claimant for cultural and expressive particularity, and as a sensuously non-empirical rhetorical medium, offers a way of muffling the dissonance that might otherwise arise from positioning difference and particularity as pretext for claims of universal truth. This study traces formal and rhetorical innovations from the Victorian crisis of faith forward to literary modernism, with a brief conclusion contemplating related developments in more contemporary poetry and religious thought in Britain. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii 1. Introduction: Belief, Relativism, and Modern Literature 1 i. works cited 11 2. Unction on the Tightrope: Religion as Culture in Victorian Britain 12 ii. works cited 60 3. T.E. Hulme: What Choice in Illusion? 63 iii. works cited 94 4. To Do the Right Thing for the Wrong Reason: The Justification of T.S. Eliot 96 iv. works cited 131 5. David Jones: Cultures in Parenthesis 134 v. works cited 164 6. Conclusion: Poetry and Postsecularism 166 vi. works cited 173 i Acknowledgements It is chastening to think how different this study might be were it not for the generous contributions others have made to it.
    [Show full text]
  • RC & Henty Book List
    RC & Henty Book List - Chronological Order (Henty's short stories not listed; only full length novels. Not all RC is listed, just history books.) Bk# Titles Author Subject Location ~Year 676. Those Other Animals G. A. Henty Animals n/a n/a Fifty Famous Stories Retold 14, James Baldwin Various Various Various See subject/date list. 657. The Cat of Bubastes G. A. Henty Ancient Egypt Egypt 1250 BC North 673. The Young Carthaginian G. A. Henty Hannibal's Campaigns 220 BC Africa Orations (of Marcus Tullius Series of political speeches and 121. Cicero Rome, Italy 70-44 BC Cicero) legal arguments Caesar's conquering and invasion of Europe Caesar's Gallic War also Europe (France, Belgium, 136. Julius Caesar (various 58-50 BC called The War in Gaul Switzerland, parts of Holland and areas) Germany; invasion of Britain) Commentary and translation of De Bello Gallico also called book which is about Caesar's Europe Commentaries on the Julius Caesar and conquering and invasion of Europe 157. (various 58-50 BC Gallic War or C. Iuli T. Rice Holmes (France, Belgium, Switzerland, areas) Caesaris Commentarii parts of Holland and Germany; invasion of Britain) Rome, Italy; Bellum Civile also called 156. Julius Caesar Civil War against Pompey Greece; 49-48 BC The Civil War Egypt William Caesar's death, and the events 124. Julius Caesar Rome, Italy 44 BC Shakespeare surrounding it. Great 616. Beric the Briton G. A. Henty Roman Invasion 61 Britain 630. For the Temple G. A. Henty Fall of Jerusalem Palestine 70 100. The Song of Roland Anonymous Battle of Roncevaux Pass Spain 778 Great 661.
    [Show full text]
  • The Compositional Making and Geographic Itinerancies of the Chansons De Roland During the Early and Late Middle Ages
    International Journal of European Studies 2019; 3(1): 52-66 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijes doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20190301.19 ISSN: 2578-9554 (Print); ISSN: 2578-9562 (Online) The Compositional Making and Geographic Itinerancies of the Chansons de Roland During the Early and Late Middle Ages Mirabile Paul Department of Western Languages, Heilongjiang International University, Haerbin, China Email address: To cite this article: Mirabile Paul. The Compositional Making and Geographic Itinerancies of the Chansons de Roland During the Early and Late Middle Ages. International Journal of European Studies . Vol. 3, No. 1, 2019, pp. 52-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijes.20190301.19 Received : March 7, 2019; Accepted : April 12, 2019; Published : June 26, 2019 Abstract: The author examines the centripetal compositional forces and the itinerant centrifugal forces that produced the Chanson de Roland and diffused the Chansons de Roland since its remote Nordico-Germanic and Gallo-Roman origins to their wide-scale geographic settlings in western mediaeval Europe. To demonstrate this dual force, the author traces the Figure of a sand-glass which visualizes the first migrating compositional flow from the wide plains of Scandinavia, through sedentarized Gaul and on to the battlefield of Roncevaux Pass, and the second propagating flow from the oldest extant Oxford version to the eight variants which, although scattered over different countries, are very much inter-related since they all drew inspiration from Roland's heroic death at the eventful battle of Roncevaux. The nine versions of the Chanson de Roland founded the mediaeval western European poetic koinê. Keywords: Sand-glass, Centripetal Compositional Forces, Centrifugal Itinerant Forces, Poetic Koinê, Orature values of all her very distinct contributors.
    [Show full text]
  • GR10 from Saint Jean Pied De Port to Etsaut : Bask Country and Béarn
    Factsheet | Self-guided walk | Level 3/5 | 6-7 walking days GR10 from Saint Jean Pied de Port to Etsaut : Bask country and Béarn Your route in brief Strong points • Self-guided walk, with a « comfort version » • Access to main luggage everyday option • Discovery of 2 specific and typical regions : the • Family walking, with friends or as a couple Bask country and also Béarn • Bookings from 2 people • Duration 7days/6 nights The first part of the itinerary is in the Pays Basque. The GR10 weaves its way from village to village, without reaching Spanish soil. An opportunity to discover typical villages of the region such as Estérençuby or the hamlet of Logibar. After Logibar, Sainte-Engrace, the most eastern basque mountain village. From here the GR10 goes into a typically Pyrenean, high mountain setting. In gaining altitude you will reach Saint-Martin before descending upon the village of Lescun, renowned for its famous glacial cirque. The best part of the walk awaits you at the end of this section at the village of Estaut, in the Aspe valley, gateway to the famous Pyrenean National park. We can supply you with GPS tracks for the entire route, just ask us ! www.gr10-liberte.com / www.respyrenees.com Tél : (33) 5.34.14.51.50 ou (33) 6.83.82.98.28 [email protected] •PROGRAM Day 1 : Start of holiday in Saint Jean Pied de Port Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port is the capital of the Pays Basque region. It lies in a circle of hills at the foot of the Roncevaux pass into Spain.
    [Show full text]