DISSERTATION

Title of the Dissertation

Does Fear Remain in Old Testament ?

Author Eric E. Engleman

In Fulfillment of the Academic Title Doctor of Theology

Wien, 2009

Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 082 041 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Evangelische Theologie Betreuer: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. DDr. James Alfred Loader

To Pastor Paul Leroy Dirks, D.Min.

“I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith.” (Second Timothy 4:7)

CONTENTS

FOREWORD...... V ABBREVIATIONS...... VI ABSTRACT ...... VII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG...... VIII INTRODUCTION ...... 1

METHOD...... 3 Assumptions ...... 3 General Hermeneutical Issues ...... 11 FEAR TERMINOLOGY...... 21 Use of English Fear Words...... 21 Initial Lexical Definitions for ...... 23

CHAPTER ONE FEAR OF GOD ACCORDING TO COMMENTATORS...... 26

PRE-CRITICAL ERA ...... 26 The Shepherd of Hermas...... 26 Tertullian...... 28 Augustine...... 29 Thomas Aquinas...... 32 Martin Luther...... 35 John Calvin ...... 39 THE CRITICAL PERIOD (WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON JOACHIM BECKER)...... 40 Rudolf Otto...... 41 B. Bamberger ...... 55 Joachim Becker...... 57 Karl Barth ...... 118 Samuel Terrien...... 119 Horst Balz ...... 121 H. P. Stähli...... 123 Henri Blocher...... 123 Michael Barré ...... 126 Hans Kramer...... 128 Jan Mili č Lochman...... 129 ANALYSIS OF COMMENTATORS IN VIEW OF THEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL REALITIES...... 131 God Created Human Beings and Created Them in His Image ...... 131 God Created Human Beings to Be in Relationship with Him ...... 133 Human Beings Are Vulnerable...... 135 Human Beings Know about God...... 136 Human Beings Know that They Are Guilty and Will Be Judged...... 138 God Desires that a Love Relationship Once Again Be Established...... 141 CHAPTER ONE CLOSING THOUGHTS ...... 143

III CHAPTER TWO FEAR OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT ...... 145

STATISTICS...... 145 Biblical Hebrew Words for Fear...... 145 Analysis of Fear Texts Employing ...... 147 Observations from Statistics ...... 158

VIRTUE FEAR-OF-GOD TEXTS WHOSE CONTEXTS INDICATE FEAR ...... 163

NON- FEAR-OF-GOD CASES THAT INDICATE REAL FEAR...... 169

EXCURSUS : THE FEAR-OF-GOD UNDERSTANDING OF QOHELETH...... 172 Eccl 3:14: Fear God because He Is Sovereign ...... 178 Eccl 5:7 (6): Fear God because He Is the Highest Authority ...... 185 Eccl 7:18: Fear God because Men and Women Are Evil ...... 190 Eccl 8:12, 13: Fear God because It Brings Benefits...... 195 Eccl 12:13: Fear God because Death and Judgement Are Inevitable...... 200 CHAPTER THREE DOES FEAR-OF-GOD CHANGE IN THE ? ...... 210

THE NT HAS THE SAME THEOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY...... 211 THE NT HAS THE SAME TENSION BETWEEN BELIEVER ASSURANCE AND NON- ASSURANCE ...... 215 The NT Indicates that People Will Not Be Perfect in This Life...... 219 A Key Text: Matt 10:28...... 222 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT FEAR-OF-GOD IN THE NT ...... 226

CONCLUSION...... 228 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 238 SCRIPTURE INDEX ...... 249

IV FOREWORD

While serving as an aviator in the US Navy—and just after submitting my life to Jesus Christ—I began to sense a call to academic work. In the decade following military service, I pursued master degrees in divinity and theology while continuing to fly as an airline pilot. Believing that I should continue studying at the doctoral level, I wondered how this would be done while still flying. The answer was given when I suddenly developed eye problems, lost my job as a result, but was provided a disability pension that would provide for my needs going forward. The next step was to learn some theological German and then begin applying to doctoral programs in the US. But while in Vienna for a short German course, providential circumstances put me in contact with Professor J. A. Loader, and this eventually resulted in the decision to pursue a Doctor of Theology at the University of Vienna. I