All ANALYTICAL STUDY OP MEGROES LISTED

1936-1937 EDITION OF

WHO'S WHO II AMERICA

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULF1LLMEHT OF TE^ REQUIREMENTSFOR

THE DEGREE OF FASTER OF ARTS

BY

KATHRYN ELYZAB15TH RICHARDS OH

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

MAY, 19S8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge her debt to her adviser,

Ira De A. Reid, professor of Sociology at Atlanta University, for the

suggestions and criticisms offered in connection with this thesis.To

Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, Chairman of the Department of Sociology, Atlanta

University, the writer gives sincere thanks for the very helpful sug

gestions andmaterials offered. The writer wishes to further express

her deep appreciation to Mr. Monroe I. Work, Editor of the Negro Year

Book, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, for the pertinent material which

he sentin eonnection with this study. To all who assisted her in

any way with this study the writer is indeed grateful.

Kathryn E. Richardson

Atlanta University Atlanta, Georgia May, 1938 TABLE OF COHTEHTS

CliAPTER . PAGE

I IITRODUCTIOI 1

II THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND 8 The Meaning of Social Background ...... 8 Place of Birth and Place of Residence 8 Place of Residence ...... 10 A Comparison: The Birthplace and Place of Residence 12 Uarital Status IS Age 20 Children 21 Education .., 22 Church Affiliation SI

III OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY 54 Residential Mobility 36

IV INTELLECTUALAID SOCIAL ACEIIWE^fEHTS 44 Scholastic Distinction 44 Honorary Society - Phi "eta Kappa ...»*...• 44 Other Honorary Societies 45 Social Features 45 Travel 46 Writings 46 Membership on Various Committees 47

Y ■SUMMEY AMD CONCLUSIONS 48 General Conclusions ..« 51

i!APPENDIX 56 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

No truer statement has ever been made than "Nothingsucceeds

like success,"and in allofthe controversy asto theability of Negro men and women in the business, professional, and industrial worlds, there

is no better argument to be presented than that of the Negro men and wom en who have actually succeeded. Now that legro men and women have been accepted as a permanent factor in our national life, questions are not being asked as to whether they ean succeed, but, "What is the background from which these Hegroes emerge in order to reach these positions they have attained?" Or rather, "How do they succeed in attaining these po sitions? Perhaps the most important question of all is, "What are some basic factors which have aided the Negroto gain fame according to Ameri can standards?" It is an attempt to answer these questions that thisana lytical study is made of Negroes listed in the 1936-193? Edition of Who's

Who i^Jmerica. It also seems that an objective study of a special phase of the problem of Negroes listed as leaders might be of value to leaders and the folk whom they lead.

An inquiry into background factors of prominent Negroes, those considered most outstanding in .America today, seems much needed. An in vestigationof this kind may prove of value, in that light may be thrown on the nature, character, and possibilities of leadership, thus providing a basis for appraisal, a stimulus for more technical research, and at least a modicum of encouragement for those observers who believe that all is -well,

or all is ill, with the underprivileged American citizens whom men label

"Negroes".

The purpose of this study then is to discovers (l) significant

facts in the social background of legroes listed in Who'sWho in America,

as indicated by the places of their birth—including the towns or oitiess

states and sections in which theywere born, and the tovms or cities,

states and sections in which they reside; alsothe family background-

including marital status, age, and numberof children; (2) the extent

and general quality of their education, as shown by formal training, the

character of the institution that furnished the training, location of in

stitution, and kind of degrees renewed* (3) occupational history—includ

ing professions and vocations, honors—academic and professional, informal

educational contacts and intellectual stimulationsgained through varied

experiences, as might be manifest in their affiliation with learned so

cieties and associations; (4) by their public life, including local or

national connection, membership on committees, publications, religious

denomination or services, and their service to humanity.

The sourceof the writer's data was the volume, Uho's flho

While Who's Who in America cannot claim to be a criterion

of eminence, at least it is _a criterion, and perhaps the most accessible one the writer had. Working on this assumption, and understanding that theeditors ofthis biographieal directory, either byword orby impli cation, claim that they have chosen legroes prominent or outstanding in

2SSSlL^}Sj£JS^I^ 1936-1937 Edition, Chicago* A. I. Marquis Company. the affairs of the nation and \uho are decidedly of such public interest as

to justify the inclusion of their life-sketches in the volume. However,

Who *js Who inAmgrica seems to have the highest admission requirements of 1 all national biographical directories. An analysis has been -ma.de of the

legroes whose names appear in th© 1956-37 volume. One hundred Negroes

are listed.

It shouldbe pointed out thata listof the names of Negroes

listed in ]j^o|.g^^ho jj^Jl|gig£iog, %TOS sent by Monroe IT. Work, editor of the

Negro Year' Book, as they willappear in the 1936-37 edition of the Negro 2 Year Book.

The scope of this study includes the information received from

the national 1936-37 edition of Tgh^s^lho^JLnjteierioa for one hundred Negroes•

The 1936-37 edition of gho_^s_Who in America was chosen because in this par ticular volume a complete list of all Negroes listed from the beginning of the first edition of Who's Who_ in America up to the present time appears.

"The first edition of Who "%g...jj^jg^Sy-!^. "wh-s published in

June, 1899, or slightly morethan thirty-seven years ago. During the event ful period which has since elapsed, the volumehas established for itself a world-wide authority. It has grown steadily in public favor from th© first and today is everywhere recognized as the premier reference book pertaining to notable Americans—both men and women—In all parts of the world. Hence it has become a necessity—for all who would keep abreast

1 —————— Harry W, Greene, "legro Leadership" — a Study of th© Educational and Social Background Factors of Prominent legroes Whose Life Sketches are Carried in National Directories, 1937, West Virginia State College, West Virginia, page 20. 2 Monroe N. Work, Editor ££^^j£a*LBoob---An annual encyclopedia of the Negro, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, page 157 1936-37 edition. of the times, all %vho value immediately accessible biographical facts concerning the people who are foremost in worthwhile American activities and achievement."

The names in Whq^sjwhq in America are selected by a chosen committee, not as the best but as an attempt to choose the best knoim men and women of the country in all linesof useful and reputable achieve ments—names much in the public eye, not locally, but nationally. WhoMs

Iho in America aims to include, as nearly as possible, brief life sketches of the men and women whose positions or achievements make them, subjects

2 of wide inquiry if not of general interest. it tells just the things that are most frequently sought concerning the outstanding men and women

in every line of life, including places and date of birth, occupation, education, degree, marital status, children, age, occupational history, principal achievements, volumes published, societies, clubs, membership on committees, residenees church affiliation, in fact, the chief features

of each career. The items just stated are the items used in making the analytical study of Eegroes listed in the 1936-57 edition of gho^s jyho inAmerica.

11In the pages of the volume is mirrored the national life in all its various phases; the development of science and industry; the marshaling of financial forces on a scale never before attempted* the building up of intelligence by the increasing magnificent* and widening

Mi _# 1936-1937 edition, page 7, Chicago i A.N.Marquis 'Company.1" 2 Ibid, page 8. scope of educational facilities} the growing power of the nationj the

development of literature and art; the ministry of the gospel at home

and abroad through the American agencies* the progress and evolution

of new social theories and potentialities, all these and other phases

of American activity and progress are pictured through the life sketches

of the men and womenwho best represent them."'

The standards of admission to Wh^s_ jfho in America divide

the eligibles into two classes? (1) "Those who are selected on account

of special promineij.ee in creditable lines of effort, making them the

subjects of extensive interest, inquiry, or discussion in thiscountry!

and (g) those who are arbitrarily included on account of official pe-

2 sition—civil, military, naval, religious* educational, et cetera."

The first of these two classes comprises persons who have

accomplished some oonspicious achievement—something out of theordina

ry, so to speak—something which distinguishes them from the vast ma

jorityof their contemporaries. This class is confined to Americans or those who are so prominently identified with American affairs as to be

subjects of wide inquiry or discussion in the United States. Thus, a few foreign actors, singers, lecturers, and others are included, who, by frequent visits to America, or in some other way have become the sub jects of common American interest. Names appearof those who are broadly prominent in some special field but who arelittle known in their own com munities. The nameof a man of great achievement may be scarcely known at

1 Ibid, page 9.

2 Ibid, page 10. all in the particular locality in which he lives. The national character is frequently he whose work is better known than himself, and it is perti nent personal information concerning such an individual that W^o^sJNho^...in

America aims to gather and disseminate.

The arbitrary class embraces without regard to notability or prominence in any other respect, the following: all members ©f Congress* members of the President's cabinet5all United States judges% all gover

norsof states; territories and island possessions of the United Statesj

federal department heads;all judges of state and territorial courtsof

highest appelate jurisdiction; all American ambassadors and ministers

plenipotentiary; andall embassadors and ministers accredited tothis

country} all American consuls at important places in foreign countries!

all living American 'authors of books which have reached a considerable

degree of recognition by the general public or which have attainedwide usage by special groups or classes, such as educational groups, scientific

groups, literary groups, etc.; the attorney-general of the T/arious states;

all United States district attorneysj all officers ofthe arny above the

rank of colonel* and of the navy above the rank of captaini heads of all

the larger universities and colleges, and of other well-established edu

cational institutions; all presidents of state normal schools; heads of

the leading societies devoted to philanthropic, educational and scientific

aims; members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy

of Design, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Insti

tute ofArtsand Letters? bishops and chief ecclesiastics of all the larger

religious denominations of the United States; andothers who are in like 7

manner chosen because of their official relations and affiliations.

We have seen that there are one hundred persons among the twelve

millionpersons of legro desoent in the United States who have reaohed the

standards of admission to j^Jj^ho_jn_America. Out of the one hundred Ne

groes listed about one half of this group fallinto the first class. Their

accomplishments have madethem the subjects of extensive interest, inquiry

or discussion in this country. Their achievements have not been just the

ordinary ones, but they havedone something that distinguishes them from

the vast majority of their contemporaries. Among the one hundred Negroes

listed there are authors, writers, actors, singers, artists, sociologists,

socialworkers, physicians, bankers, composers, judges, lawyers, neivspaper

correspondents, and editors.

Out of the one hundred Negroes listed the other one half fall in the aforementioned second class—those arbitrarily included on account of their official positions. In this group there are those persons employed in educational, religious, andgovernmental service.

As in proportion to the number of persons listed in the 1936-

37 edition of Hip'sfho in America, the Negro percentage is very small in comparison with the total number listed. Those included have a record of achievement in some occupation or other line of activity. This, then, allows them to be considered objectively as leaders of the approximately twelve million persons of legro descent at present in theUnited States. CHAPTER II

THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND

The Meaning^ of Sooial Backgrounds- Sooial background in this study refers to the experiences, contacts, and activities which have been controlled by environmental factors; the social, economic, and occupational status of the family of whioh the individual is a partj the potentialities of the community in -which he has been reared, particularly the social, religious^ political and economic aspects; the educational opportunities he has had; travel and contacts •with other social groups; the influence on hislife that resulted from contacts -with different races; andtheinfluence of books, and the like, inhis ex perience.

For the purpose of this study, sooial background alsoincludes the place and date of birth and residence, occupation, education, degree, marital status, children, age, occupational history, principal achieve ment or achievements, volumes published, societies, clubs, membershipon committees, church affiliation; in fact, the chief features of each career of the person studied, as has already been stated above.

Place ofJACJrLJ^A^j^gA °^ .Re,skjg5°iti" A study of the one hundred persons listed in Who/s jfflao Sji^Amerioa revealed that the group is not confined to any one geographical area although almost one half of them com© from the South Atlantic area and nearly three fourths were born in theSouth. Out of the number represented others come from various sections, states, cities, and towns, as may be seen in the following table:

8 Table I, Classification of Negroes Listed in the 1936-37 Edition of Who's Who in America According to State of Birth

STATE OF BIRTH NUMBER PER CENT

TOTAL 100 100.0

New England Division 3 3.0 Mas sachus atts 3 3.0

Middle Atlantic Division 6 6.0 Hew York 1 1.0 New Jersey 1 1.0 Pennsylvania 4 4.0

East North Central Division 2 2.0 Ohio 1 1.0 Indiana 1 1.0

West North Central Division 5 5.0 Missouri 4.0 Kansas 1 1.0

South Atlantic Division 43 43.0 Delaware 1 1.0 Maryland 5 3.0 Virginia 6 6.0 West Virginia 2 2.0 North Carolina 7 7.0 South Carolina 10 10.0 Georgia 12 12.0 Florida 2 2.0

East South Central Division 23 2S.0 Kentucky 1 1.0 Tennessee 7 7.0 Alabama 8 8.0 Mississippi 7 7.0

West South Central Division 8 8.0 Arkansas 3 3.0 Louisiana 3 3.0 Texas 2 2.0

Pacific Division 3 3.0 Washington 3 3.0

Foreign Division 6 6.0 Canada 3 3.0 British West Indies 2 2.0 Africa 1 1.0

Unknown 1 1.0 10

The above table reveals that the largest number of persons was bom in the South Atlantic Division—43 being born within this division*

The second largest number was born in the East South Central Division with

23 being born therein. Sight, 6, 5, 3, and 2 were born in the West South

Central, Middle Atlantic, West North Central,Pacific, and East North Cen tral Divisions, respectively. Six were bora, in foreign territories. The birthplace of one was unknown.

It was further revealed in this table that 12 persons were born in Georgia; South Carolina came second with 10. Eight were born in

Alabamaj 7 wereborn in each of the following states? North Carolina,

Tennessee,, and Mississippi. Six were born in Virginias four each were born in Missouri and Pennsylvania; three eachwere born in Louisiana,

Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, D. C, Canada, Arkansas; two each wereborn in Texas, Florida, and West Virginias and one each was born in Hew York, Hew Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Delaware,Kentucky, and

Africa.

Place of Residence;- Of equal importance and interest with the birthplace of these 100 persons is the place wherethey now reside, When the residence ©f the persons used in this investigation is studied, a dif ferent picture is portrayed as may be seen in the following table.

A glance at this table will reveal that the largest number of these persons residesinthe Middle Atlantic Division, 23 living in this division. Fifteen persons each reside in the East North Central,

East South Central, and Pacific Divisions, while 14 reside in the South

Atlantic Division. The smallest number resides in the West North Central 11

Table II. Distribution of Negroes Listed in the 1936-37 Edition of Who'sWho in .America According to State of Residence

STATE OF RESIDENCE NUKBER PER CENT

TOTAL 100 100.0

lew England Division 6 6 .0 Massachusetts 5 5 .0 Rhode Island 1 1 .0

Middle Atlantic Division 23 23 .0 New York 16 16 .0 lew Jersey 1 1 .0 Pennsylvania 6 6 .0

East forth Central Division 15 15 ,0 Ohio 6 6 .0 Illinois 9 9 .0

West North Central Division 2 2 .0 Missouri 2 2 .0

South Atlantic Division 14 14..0 Maryland 2 2,.0 Virginia 1 1,.0 West Virginia 1 1..0 North Carolina 3 3,.0 South Carolina 1 1 .0 Georgia 6 6,.0

East South Central Division 15 15,,0 Kentucky 3 5,.0 Tennessee 3 3,.0 Alabama 7 7,,0 Mississippi 2 2,.0

West South Central Division 5 5,,0 Arkansas 3 3.,0 Louisiana 2 2.,0

Pacifie Division 15 15,,0 Washington 15 15.,0

Foreign Division 4 4.,0 Africa g 2, 0 France 1 1. 0 British West Indies 1 1. 0

Unknown 1 12 JDivision with 2 persons indicating this Division as their place of resi

dence. The table reveals that Hew York and Washington are theplaces in

which the majority of these persons listed reside. The largest nuriber, 16,

resides in Now York, while the second largest number, 15, resides in Wash

ington.

It is not only interesting and significant to note the di

visions and states in %¥hich these persons were born and in whioh they

now reside, but -whether these are rural or urban areas, and Tvhether these

persons are located in the North, South, or West. The analysis shows

that from the distribution by birth,58 persons were born in urban areas

areas with mor© than two thousand five hundred in population. Thirty-four

were born in rural areas—areas with less than two thousand five hundred

in the population. Sixwere born in foreign countries and the birthplace

of one was unknown.

and Place ofResidenoojt- An. in

teresting comparison is made when theplace of birth and present plaoe of

residenoe are taken into account. The following table gives this comparison.

Table III. Classification of Negroes Listed in the 1936-37 Edition of Who's Who ia ■teieriga According to Section of Residenoe and Section of Birth

Section * """""TTTT""""""" ~~~" —■——-—-— ^____ of SECTION OF RESIDENCE Birth ~5^gST~*^-—^gjj-

North South West Foreign Uriknoxvn IS

The above table reveals that while only seventeen persons were

born in the North, 44 have their residence there. Of this number living

inthe North, 5 reside in the New England division; 23 inthe Middle At

lantic division; 15 in the Bast North Central division, and 1 resides in

the West llorth Central division. The distribution shows of those born

in the North, 3 were born in the New England division, 6 in the Middle

Atlantic division, 2 in the Bast NorthCentral division, and 6 in the

West North Central division.

Out of the Negroes studied, 17 claimed the North as the area

of their birth, yet today there are 44 of them living in the northern

section ofthe United States. The settlement ofthis large number is

probably due to the fact that the work of these persons is concentrated

in this particular region and hence, they have established theirhomes in

the locality where their work is located.

Although 72 persons were born in the South, only 36 still

retain residence there—exactly on© half. Forty-three wereborn in

the South Atlantio division, and only 14 live in the South Atlantic

Division. Twenty-two were born in the East South Central Division,

seventeen reside in the East South Central Division; seven were born

in the West South Central Division; five reside in this division.

Six persons were born in foreign territories;four still have their residence there. While 3, 2, and 1 of these persons were born in Canada, British West Indies, and France, respectively, today

2, 1, and 1 maintain residence in France, Africa, and the British ?fest 14

Indies.

As is to be expected the analysis shows a high mobility be tween place of birth and place of residence. Hie migration has been away from the Southand toward the llorth and West. Factors \vhich probably account for this in part are that the occupations or employments have made necessary the establishment of theirresidence in northern and western territories. Opportunity for individual development has been greater in said territories, or it may be due to the fact that the Korth and West are more liberal and prone to recognise the achievements of race personalities. Out of the large number now living in thelorth, the Mid dle Atlantic region and East lorth Central region contain the greatest number. This section of the country is more liberal than the ultra-con

servative, New England section, where only five individuals now live.

We notice a significant mobility characteristic in correlating place of birth and residence of the vrastj while only four persons were born in the

West, it has received an increase of eleven, making a total of fifteen per

sons now maintaining residences in the Western areas. The analysis shows that the number of persons listed born in foreign territory and the number

of persons listed as residinginforeign territory are very close. Six persons listed were born in foreign territories, and four persons listed now maintain residence in that area.

The persons listed in this study are, in the main, natives of small towns in the United States—areaswith a population of two thousand five hundred or three thousand people. Mostof the towns of their birth are located in sevon statess Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, lorth Caro- 15

lina, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Virginia out-numbering all others. The

following Table gives this distribution by cities and towns according to

size*

Table IV. A. Classification of Towns and Cities Accordingto Size in Which Negroes Listed in the 1936-1937 Editiono f Who's Who in America were Born

SIZE OF AREA MUNICIPALITIES' ACCORDING TOSIZE ..AT TIME OF BIRTH

Under 5,000 Arcadia, Louisiana Berkley, Virginia Buckingham, Virginia Concordia Parish, Louisiana Curryville, Georgia Cuthbert, Georgia Diamond Grove, Mississippi Ebenezer, Mississippi Elberton, Georgia Eureka, Kansas Fayettville, Tennessee Fort Mott, South Carolina Fort Valley, Georgia Great Harrington, Massachusetts Iredell, lorth Carolina Lewisburg, West Virginia Mooksville, North Carolina New Canton, Virginia Oakland, Tennessee Old Town, Arkansas Piscataway, Maryland Rose Hill, Texas Starkville, Mississippi Tulip, Arkansas Tuscumbia, Alabama Union Town, Alabama Union, West Virginia Warrenton, North Carolina Winnsboro, South Carolina

5,000-less than 25,000 Anderson, South Carolina Bristol, Virginia Dalton, Georgia Eufaula,Alabama Frederick, Maryland Florence, Alabama Henderson, North Carolina Jackson, Tennessee llilledgeville, Georgia Paris, Tennessee 16

Pine Bluff, Arkansas Princeton, New Jersey

25,000-less than 50,000 Joplin, Missouri Raleigh, llorth Carolina

50,000-less than 100,000 Augusta, Georgia Charleston, South Carolina Charlotte, lorth Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Greensboro, North Carolina Lancaster, Pennsylvania St. Joseph*Missouri Savannah, Georgia

100,000-lsss than 500,000 Atlanta, Georgia Houston, Texas Indianapoli s, Indiana Jacksonville, Florida Nashville, Tennessee Hew Orleans, Louisiana Richmond, Virginia Washington, D. C. Wilmington, Delaware

500,000-less than 1,000,000 Boston, Massachusetts Cleveland, Ohio St. Louis, Missouri

Table IV. B. Classification of Counties According to Size in Which Negroes Listed in the 1936-1937 Edition of Who's Who in America were Born

SIZE OF AREA COUNTIES OF BIRTH

Under 5,000 Albemarle County, Alabama Amelia County, Virginia Elbert County, Georgia Fairfield County, South Carolina Holly Springs, Karshall County, Mississippi Lowndes County, Alabama Madison County, Alabama Madison County, Mississippi HeIson County, Tennessee Phillips County, Arkansas Pine Plains, Lexington County, South Carolina Winston County, Mississippi 17

The study of their present residences, however, reveals the

fact that large cities, in the majority of cases, have living in them

the largest number of persons. Inthis respect the cities of Washington, lew York, Chioago3 Philadelphia, and Atlanta excel all others. The classi

fication of these cities are arranged according to the intervals in the folio-wing table:

Table V. Classification of Towns and Cities According to Size in Which Negroes Listedin the 1936-37 Edition of Who's Who in America Reside

SIZE OF AREA TOWNS AMD CITIES OF RESIDENCE ACCORDING TO SIZE

Under 5,000 Ettrick, Virginia Great Harrington, Massachusetts Institute, West Virginia Piney Woods, Mississippi Tuskegee, Alabama

5,000-less than £5,000 Biloxi, Mississippi Little Rock, Arkansas Orangeburg, South Carolina Selma, Alabama Xenia, YUlberforoe, Ohio

25,000-less than 50,000 Arlington, Massachusetts Brookline, Massachusetts Newport, Rhode Island

50,000-less than 100,000 Charlotte, Horth Carolina Covington, Kentucky Durham, North Carolina Montgomery, Alabama

100,000-less than 500,000 Atlanta, Georgia Birmingham, Alabama Cambridge, Massachusetts 18

The extremely small incorporated towns of Tuskegee, Alabama,

Xenia, Ohio., have comparatively largo number of the residents listed.

Tuskogoe (Alabama) and Xenia (Ohio) are large educational centers and

that, no doubt, accounts for the large number of residents. In other

barring exceptions mentioned, the larger the population, the 1 greater the number of resident leaders.

Most of the persons listed in this study, as the

chapter will show, are religious leaders and educators. This may be a

significant fact but for the fact that religious leaders and educators

are chosen because of their official positions. They reside, however,

in comparatively large educational centers like Washington, D. C,

Chicago, Illinois* Atlanta, Georgia? Philadelphia, Pennsylvaniaj and

other important centers of learning.

As we no doubt can very easily conclude, that while most of

the leaders vrere born in ruraltowns or very small towns and cities, most of them have migrated to urban centers. It might be said therefore that what the majority of those listed in this study lost by handicaps inherent

in the life of the rural towns of their birth and early rearing they have made up in the stiperior stimulations or informal educationthey chanced to receive from larger centers.

Marital Statust- The marital status of the 100 persons studied is given in the following table.

1 Harry W. Greene, "Negro Leadership" — a Study of the Educational and Social Background Factors of Prominent Negroes nvhose Life Sketches are Carried in National Directories* 1937, West Virginia State College, West Virginia, page 20. 19

Table VI. Classification of Megroes Listed in the 1936-37 Edition of 'Who' s Who in America According to LHarital Status

MARITAL STATUS lumber Per Cent

TOTAL 100 100.0

Married 7S 73.0

Single 5 5.0

Married Twice 16 16.0

Unknown 6 6.0

The abovetable reveals that the largest number of the per

sons is married—73j five are single, and 6, the domestic conditions of which were unknown. There are sixteenpersons who have been married twice. It was expected that the greatest number ofthe total studied would be married individuals since the analysis of the positions held by the persons included herein as bishops, heads of institutions of learn

ing, clergymen, physicians, and congressmen, were of such a type that pre ferred married persons. Of the total, one hundred ninety-eight are malesj two are females.

Out of the total numberof H©groes listed, one hundred seventy- nine are living. It was found that the average age is sixty years. 20

j- The follotring table gives a distribution of the persons listed in Who's Who_j.n imerica according to age.

Table VII. Age Distribution of Living Hegroes Listed in the 1936-37 Edition of Who's Who in America

AGE lumber Per Cent

TOTAL 79 100.0

30-34 1 1.3 35-59 4 5.1 40-44- 4 5.1 45-49 2 2.4 50-54 10 12.6 55-59 8 10.3 60-64 8 10.5 65-69 14 17.8 70-74 10 12.6 75-70 7 8.9 80-84 4 5.1 85-89 2 2.4 90-94 1 1.5 95-99 0 00.0 100-104 1 1.3 Hot Given 3 3.5

The above table reveals that the ages range from 30 to 104.

The median age is 65 years. It is interesting to note that onecase passes the hundred mark. The case in point is a bishop of the Colored

Methodist Episcopal Church. The table further reveals that of the 79 persons living, only 11 are less than fifty years of age. There are

68 persons livingthat are over fifty years of age. The imriter -was unable to deternine agesof men at the time they were elected to the national Who's Tfho in America. 21

There ars twenty-one J'croes listed in ".Tno's Tjio_in_ rmerica^

™ho are norr r^oceased. af-os at the time of their denise are shoi-m In the follov/in^ table.

Table Till. Af*e Distribution! ofDeceased I;."errroes Listed in the 1936-37 Sdition of jho"" s_ 1;ho in Anerioa at the Time of ?heir~T}eath

AGE ?7uriber Per Cent

TOTAL 21 100.0

55-59 1 4.8

60-84 3 14.3

65-69 8 30.0

70-74 3 14.3

75-79 3 14.3

30-04 2 9.5

Unknown 1 4* 3

The above table reveals that there is a ran^e of from 55 to

84 for the ape of those persons listed in \7hpJ_s_J^JlJ^L^l^-1™ Tfho are

noTf deceased. The median aj;o for these persons is 64. An investi

gation revealed that at the ti-io of death of these persons they were

all over fifty years of cr*e. Anon;: the persons livinr as r/ell as- those

deceased, the e.re -roup bct-Tsen 65-75 ims the one of greatest tnarnitudo.

Children;- It vms foundthat thirty-seven tier sons ars parents.

The average nuriber of children per family was three. There was a. total 22

Ok one hundred and thirteen children distriated amort.;; the individuals studied.

ITo record could he fovnd as to rrheiber six persons listed had children or hare hadchildren. The follow'.nr table fives the distribution of children

in the 3D persons who e.re carried.

Table IS. Classification of Ke^roes lasted in the 1936-37 Edition of 2!£2^ \^3£j-n J!f3!!£3 ^di to the Humber "b f ChTldrerT

imber of Persons jiuittber of Harried Children

TOTAL 39 113

53 0

o 1

13 2

ft 4

r. 5

2 8

1 7

G Unicncvn

As may he observed in the above table, fifty-three persons

had no children; nine person? had one child each; thirteen persons had

two children; six had four; five hs>c. fives two ha(i eirhtj one fs.m51.-j had

ER-ren children; 1 f^roup of six fell in the class of unlmovm.

1'klucatio.n:- It has been said that an. education is the one iTiajor essen

tialin the developnent of the characteristics essential to leadership in a demo

cratic society. According to the data which bear on the training of the Uegroes listedin T.rhofr, Yflio in America, it was found that out of the total one hundred persons listed, seventy-eight attended universities, nine attended. colleges, five normal school, and the training of eight was unknown. Out of the one hundred persons, eighty-six received degrees, thirteen received no degrees (at leastno degree is indicated), and one was unknown. Fifty- four persons received honorary degrees. Twenty-nine persons received one honorary degree; sixteen reeeiTed two; four received three; one received four; and faro received five honorary degrees. The investigation revealed that the majority of the llegroes listed in 'Who«s Mio _in America have been graduated from colleges, universities and professional schools.

The following degrees were the kinds earned? Bachelor of

Arts, Bachelor ofScience, Bachelor of Divinity, Bachelor of Music,Bache lor of Philosophy, Bachelor of Law, Bachelor of Sacred Theology, Master of

Arts, Master of Laws, Master ©fScience, Master of SacredTheology, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Medicine, and Doctor of Sacred Theology.

The following degrees were the type of honorary degrees re ceived? Master of Arts, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Music, Doctor of Pedagogy, and Doctor of Philosophy.

As a means for indicating the general quality of higher edu cation pursued, colleges and universities now best known and now meeting the highest standardsof aecreditment at which the Negroes listed in Who's

attended are shown in the following table.

As maybe seen in the following table, the majority ©f these schools are now among the 'best equipped from a purely academic standpoint. 24

Table X. Uell-Kno-vm Colleges and. Universities Attended by Jle^roes Tvhioh Ken-rocs'Listed in \tt\o1 s T/ho ip_ ^£J~2:p^ Attended Or Hecsived Decree's* There°r era

COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY ATTENDED PY HEf-ROES KTJ13B1?

134 TOTAL

Toward University ¥ilberforcc University ^ Lincoln University lo Fislt University ^

Livingstone College Atlanta University

ITerr Orleans University ° Cation 'fheolorical Seminary ° Yirfinia Union I;"orehouse College ~ Allen. University ^ liorr-an College l> Tallaclej;a College ^ "orris BroiTO. University ° John C. Knifh University 3 ♦Liberia College ^ Clark University Shorter Collcre Shaw University !Teharry T.'edical College t^lden Um vorsity ^ Arkansas Baptist College 1 Garipbell College -• Paul f;:ai:iH College '- South Carolina State 1 Rust University - Benedict College *■ Bennett College 1 Glafin College ]- ^ioal .Seminary 1

State University of Kentucky 1 phils.nder Sriith College 1 Georgia Jitate College ^ Paine Gollsne A TIanpton Institirbo ■'■ Louisiana State College ■ 1 Turner Theological Gemlnnry 1 P.OTer r"illis-rn? College ■*• Kone ° Unknovn? >J

*Fweign." College 25

Table XI. Tfell-Knovm Colleges and Universities Attended by Ishites and Kegroes from which Negroes Listed in Tiho's TJho In America Received Degrees Therefron or Attended

COLLEGE. OR UNIVERSITY ATTENDED 3Y WHITES AKD NEGROES TCumber

TOT A L 76

University of Chicago 12 Harvard University 12 Ooluribia University 7 Oberlin College 5 State University of Iowa 5 Yale University 3 Boston University 3 University of Pennsylvania 2 Cornell University 2 1/alden University 2 Rutgers College 1 Dartmouth College 1 *TJniversity of Jena (Germany) 1 Illinois College o? Law 1 Bro?m University 1 Kent Law School . 1 Princeton Theological Seminary 1 liluskinratm. College 1 ?Iilliams College 1 I'V'eslsyan Collejre 1 Ainhcrst Co lie re 1 ileiiT York University 1 Northwestern University 1 University of Kansas 1 Dickinson College 1 John Hopkins 1 Oskaloosa College 1 Union Theological Seminary 1 'Tone 3 Unknown -1

Forej rp_ college or univers'lty

The institutions arcsnodoubt, arnonf. the best for higher education. In Horace

Mann Bond's study, ""•■"is.t Schools Trained Kefjro Loaders" usinp;"5io's VJho in Col-

Iorace Eann Hond, Lincoln University Herald, Volume 37, ~i\o. 2§ page 14. ored .Vacrion, a source "rhiob the present rnv'ter did not s-ziploy for this study, listed "irireimlly eleven schools that are found in the enr^emti on in Table X end XI n "* t'-i s fstv.dv. '7'ho five ] ^ad:in/" nchools as sver"n by Table? X, and Kl are

T^0T,,ar(q ljni^orsit"''. h*n her force Un4varsity, Lincoln Ynlvernity, University of

CVs'l HS/'O fir>r? ^TB.y%TB-T1'}. I;*! IVG rr> it V.

S5nce the navies of so-called Kcproes o.l' eminence listed liave hcen tel'en fro^n. a bio,"ra'obical directory purporting to carry prcr-ine^t Tien and

Yro-ner in iasrican lifes it t«? '-ht bo said thr.t these ■"o.^roes so represented are outstnndinn. Tbc --Tcet majority of thoro. ^re products of the best ec!.l'\';;os f,rv-i n-^h^o^nitf on oT -';h 1 g oountr.' "'1*' Rh^oaf1 ?s "70 hr?.vo sec", IT the acadetr.ic decree is an adequate reasure ^"or -"uri^inn tho rn??li.ty and n-iovint offorual hirher eduoation, coupled T/ith tl\e fnct that this decree in this partic-'ilar study iTO.s received ."ro"> fiuch "distln^iiishcd" nchools, then it can be said, that the retiresentativos of this study for the inont part ^r? indeed I'-ell-trsincdj outi?tanf3r".rr .fuy.nrican ei.ti^ens. If the fnaneTiic dcr'ree is not Oir adeo-unte measy for iiul-inr the nullity and a^iount of formal hif-lier education, there rrould.

be so";e doxabt as to -whether the renresontati-"-es of this study for t'-e

a^»t R.rc ^v'deed r;n] 1 —'crpd.r^r-d, ou.tnti'.nd.j ^\r: ATicrico.ii citisense

i".-.q I'cto "'oy. PTid ifro?viGn STO- DroTiin" thsir ability snd Du.ttin'"

forth crer'*'' effort to resch anystandard jnerahers of other races aro able to reach," The writer, too, recognizes the fact that all is not ri^ht

w'ith th.o Trorld andthe hepro norr ''chat Doctors of Philosophy «?.rs increas-

inp rapidly ar.oni:" the ITegroes. Since productive c-/id eriticsal scholarship

7/ill rover oot-c fror; all of those scholars, it la, therefors, .r-eeessary

^•arr,r pj-e croon0j "Sixttr Years of fcctorntec Conferred U^on I-'e^roco", The Journal o f Ilepro Education., Jarii&i'y3 1037, Vol. VI, He 1» that -to Ico!:: tc then n.s vre haire Icchod In the past, for the icirlsrsMp oi of xfniol' -vrc h?..TO ;;ravo noed.

The foilovilnr' tables In.flice.te the year and -kind of honorary

fi too. r®*&b f*, p*\ ffs *y$ ^ *"& ^ -a ^ S*i*^ ^ l"*'\T '- ~ ^"' t " ^ -"lu 'S'* ^"^^"^ C t n1 C* "I11 ■"■ ^ »•-'■< tj- ""-' i -«-'-'■• -v-. ■-■„' i<—- -.fco.tv.'..,0, _J.ol(Cw..

Hit Classification "I' n -c i Ti.c'v,d in the 1036-37hdltlcn of hhe's hho ' ■* " < i i-" 3C0j*Ji^j\ to Year ana Ilosoraiy

LLD Ph.D. Ped.D.

1C00-1DC4 ?0_ _i 10O5-13OS 4 2 1 - 1 1910-1214 10 R 2 5 1 C15-1 919 IC 5 4 4 6

1925-132S 18 i

19SC-1D34 2 -

7 4

Table XIII. Gln.asification of Hc^rocs Listed In the 1SS6-37 Edition 0." hho'o hhc in .hyzrisa. According to Year "«d

t :: a i? i:_o r_ o f ^ ° v i : - -> ,: : z

r!>v"!:""''''' -■■•"sg-™---*--1""-*'"~^:-l-i=:I"-~"'=s-t"r"Y: 10DO-1894 6 - G 1805-1330 4 - 4 19CC-13J4 7 -7 1005-100C 4 1 3 1910-1914 10 1 9 1915-1010 ID 4 IE

J, v ^ v.>' *» ^ «y C ^;; 12 - 12 1925-1029 IS . 1 17 29 — 9 1934-1935 - Unknown 7-7 28

According to the above tables it can be seen that there is a total of ninety-one honorary degrees given to the legroes listed in the

1936-37 Edition of Trie's 'fho in America. The abovetable reveals that there were more degrees of Doctor of Divinity given than any other— thirty-seven being given. The degree of Doctor of Laws came next with twenty-ninej there were twelve Doctor of Letters;two Doctors of Philoso phy; two Doctors of llusic; One Doctor of Pedagogy, and seven Masters of

Arts. The largest number of degrees given was between the years 1915-19— a totalof nineteen degrees beinggiven between this period. The next largest number was given between the years 1925-1929—a total of eighteen being given•

The following table showing those degrees that have been earned by the persons under investigation will prove interesting.

Table XIY. Classification of legrees Listed in the 1956-37 Edition JJpJ°. j-n America According to Year and Degree Earned

!LA ILIJLJL. 1 ^1*G JO?Tl-g.-TTTminiZII "ABTS Ail PhDPh¥"LLB STB BD*MS LLM liusB HD STM STD _7ZIIZj

1870-1874 4 2_i__i_.»_ 1875-1879 7 6- 1 ------1880-1884 5 1-1--11--- 1885-1889 17 7- 6 1-1 -2-- 1890-1894 14 9- 1 ■ - 1 - -'1-1 1895-1899 15 2-3 2 21 1 . - 3 - - 1900-1904 29 15 - 6 3 - 1 - 3-1 1905-1909 19 614"32 1-1-- 1810-1914 11 6- 2 1-- 11-- 1915-1919 7 4-111----- 1920-1924 9 1-3 111-1-- 1925-1929 5 1 - 2 - -- - - 1 - 1930-1934 2 --11------19S5-19S6 ------.-. 5 1-3-----1. 29

The abovetable reveals that there are one hundred and forty-

nine earned degrees distributed among the Negroes listed in the 1936-37

Editionof Who|_s__Tjjho_iri _Amerioa. The largest number of degrees was found

to be the Bachelor of Arts degrees, with sixty-one. There were thirty-

four Master of Artsj thirteen Doctors of Philosophy} twelve Bachelor of

Divinityj seven bachelor of Laws; six Bachelor of Philosophy; two each

of the Bachelor of Sacred Theology; Master of Science; Master of Laws;

Bachelor of Music; andone each of the Master of Sacred Theology and

Doctor of Sacred Theology. The largest number of degrees -were earned

between the period 1900-1904—nineteen degrees being earned during this

period.

It is indeed interesting to note, then, that the majority of the Negroes listed were educated anddid receive degrees from outstanding

colleges and universities. It will be recalled that leaders represented in this study were, for the most part, born in rural towns or small sized cities, which were then deplorably deficient in essentialschool equipment and teaching staffs. This pointgains greater significance when one realizes the sundry handicaps of the Negro rural child oftoday. For those reasons, many or most of the Negroes listed have received at least some of their edu cation in Horthem unsegregated schools, and a few have studied abroad.

According to the data presented it was found that the degrees, earned and honorary, were received from schools that are outstanding in some particular section, and in most cases outstanding throughout various sections. Ofthetotal number of honorary degrees, 91, thirty-nine were given inthe South Atlantic states. The writer concludes that as the ma jority of Negroes listed were born inthe South Atlantic states it is 30

nothing out of the ordinary that these Negroes attended the schoolsin

the South .Atlantic states. Fifteen degrees if ere earned from schools in

theEast North Central States; thirteen from the Middle Atlantic; eight

fromEast South Central;five from New England states; five fromWest

North Central; two from "Test South Central; two from foreign institu

tions, andone was unknown.

The same holds practically true of thehonorary degrees*

The largestnumber, forty-nine, were received from schools inthe South

Atlantic states; thirty-one from the East North Central; twenty from

East South Central| eighteen from Kiddle Atlantic; seventeen fromWest

South Central; eleven from "Sew England; one from foreign institutions and two honorary degrees could not be determined as to whatsectionthey were awarded.

It was also found that thirty persons had only one degree* seventeen had two degrees,four had three degrees, one had four, and two persons had five degrees.

It is interesting tonote that these Negroes did not only earn and receive degrees fro© the Negro institutions, but it was found thatof the total ninety-one honorary degrees awarded, thirty degrees wore awarded by white institutions; the remaining sixty-one were awarded by outstanding Negro schools.

Ofthe total one hundred and forty-nineearned degrees, forty- four were earned from outstanding white institutions, and the remaining one hundred and five were earned from outstanding Negro institutions,,

It seems natural that more degrees would be earned or awarded from legro schools, but one-third of the decrees were earned and airarded by white

schools. This,to the writer's opinion shows that these i-cr'roes rrere

considered as outstanding in the sirht of other races and other insti

tutions.

Religions jaici j^hureh _Af filjjxticns:- Although religious and

church affiliations are not synonymous, it is sometimes maintained that the

two deepest influences m>on the education of all American life are religious

and cburoh affiliations* Tliis supposition wuld likely find support if ?re

should consider af"?..in the quality of hi f:h institutions in xvhich 'the represen

tative* of this Investigation received their basic traini.n/*.

The follcT.»/!.nf te,blo r;ho-.Ts t'-" soveral dGnondnations to tfhich he^roes listed in 'iho's "vPno in Anerio" helon^. "t is the opinion of the rn-iter that suoh data will throiT considerable llg-ht 'upon the study of t'igs- Kerrrocs1 educational and aoelal bacl'grounds, as 're have seen that be cause of the affiliation with sone of the roli.r'ious institutions their posi tions have been recognized by ''yn.er'eon standards.

Table Tf. Classification of ^efroes Listed in the 1SS6-37 l^dition of hho' s '-ho in America According t o^TJhF JTliT'

[J.^CIl .AL'FILIATIOI'I Number Per ?,er

TOTAL 100 1C0.0

T'ethodist 39 3S80

P.aptist 12 12.C

Congregational 5 5*0

Presbyterian 4 4.0

";piscona3. ian S 9eo

30 3080

1 1.0 32

The above table reveals that sixty-nine psr cent of the Ke.Toes

listed are di stribirbed amonf" five religious sects or denominations,, Ihe

hethodist tlorioFilnation tches a lonj lead of thirty-"Ine per oanb of the

sixty-r;ine, v.dth the baptist denomination of twelve per centnot ranking

a close second.The TCpiscopalian Church is next ""1th nineper csrtj the

CorijT-e^atior'n.] with five per cent, and the Presbyterian with "our per

cent. Thirty per cent was not =~ivcn, and one too not known. As to vfhy

there are r-iore r"ethoclists than Daptist? or other dcnomnfitlons nsv ho

cine to tho Tact thrat an Fishops are accepted in Viho's T.7-io In America on

the hani? that they arc Dishops, or their of:riclal positron, snd in the

Daptlst dononinsition there arc no Dishops. It ssens, then, that the popular conception that I'To^roes are '•■•ethodists and ?o.r/i;icts forthe r>ont part is hornc out erven in a study of He frees listed in ';d:o*s h'ho in jlmorica.

Since it so eric that JTe^ro churches Relieve in runclo.ir.entf.] ism. in relif.ion it is ouite probably one mfht expect that "er-ro leaders would he moved by a foslinp of conservatism rather than hy on® of progressive

] radicalism in racial affairs."

it ir. very interesting to see hoTf occupations coincide with the reli-iovs denorl^ations. The follavrin^ table shows the classification of lie-roes listed according to occupation and church

Harry './. Greene, "ITe^ro Leaders" - A Study of Educeticnr.l and Social Eaokr-;rovjid factors of Trotninsnt ?:e~rcos hhoss LifeSketches Are Carried In national Directories, 1D37, p. 21. 53

affixation.

Table Til. Classification of ler-roos Listed in tho 1936-37 Edition of 'i'Jho's Viho in Anerica According to Occupation e.nd

„_„_„„.„...... ,._._ c ? u"r c_n a ? i i _ ___ QCJOLT'V.TTCi! TOTAL Per ™t\V- IT^tho- PresW- Con^rc- Hpiseo- Hot

RELIGIOUS GROUP Total 36 36.0

Bishops 25 25.0 _ 23.23 2

Theologian 1 1.0 - -_ - - 1 0 9.0 1 4 1

Donomi.na.ti onal Seerctc.ry 1 1.0 1 —

"OYAREHABT SERVICE Total 0 0.0

Centressnan 2 2e0 _ minister to 7oreiQ-;n Coiaitry 1 1.0 1

United States Arsy 1 1.0 — - 1 1 Service 4 4.0 1 — 11 1

IIIGHELLMAWS

Editor 222.0-2.0 - 1 - - 1

T/riter and Author 12 12.0 2 _ - 11 8

Newspaper Correspondent 1 1.0 _ 1 Educator ' ?.2?2 22.0 7 ?■6 1 11

Jud re or Larger 66.0-6 U.S.- _. 2 - - - 4

Eusician, singer 1 1.0 -_ -_ — - - 1

Artist or Painter 222.0-2.0 _ _^__ _ _ g

Actor 2 2.0 _ 1 - - - 1

Sociologist 1 1.0 _ _. - - - 1

Social Worker 3 3.013.0 1 -_ - - - 2 Physician 1 1.0 1 Banker 1 1.0 1

The above table reveals that there are 'more Methodists scattered throughout the various occiipationsj the Baptists follow "with 13 per cent.

The Episcopalians, Con^rcf.ationalijrfcG, and Presbyterians foil ow with percentages sevens five, and four, respectively. Hie denominational affiliation of thirty- ore nercent vsns not In studying tl;.e social background

of legroes listed In the 1936-57 Edition of ]jfog^J^oJLft America the writer

finds that the oeev.patlo.nal Li story plays an important role in the life of each individual. The attention ofthe study vn.ll be directed to thetypes of public service, Including the professions and vocations in which Hep.roes listed in ]7ho ^£ V^ ^jJS'2122^.110 rc ei^aped.

The following table lists the professions or -vocations, number and per cent is. the case of each of the persons studied.

Table XVII. Classification of legroes Listed in the 1956-57 Edition of '"Die's -Vho in America Accord inr: to Occupation

I 0 a lumber Per Cent

TOTAL 100 100.0

3DLIGI0US GROiiP 58 56 .0 Bishop 25 25 ,0 Theologian 1 1 .0 Clergysan a o .0 Denorninatiortal Secretary 1 .0 G0YEIM1EIT RE]?71CE 8 n *0 Congressman 2 2 .0 riinirter to Foreign Countrj?- 1 1 *0 IJ, S« Army 1 1 .0 Diplortatio Service, Honsvis 4 4,.0 KISCELT-ANEOUS 5S,,0 Editor 2,,0 •Triber or Author 12,,0 Uewspaper Corrosponejc'at 1,,0 Educator Judge cr Lawyer 6 5.,0 I,!us:leicns singer 1 1,,0 !":ufiician, composer 2 2.,0 Artist 2.,0 Act or ■? 2.,0 Sociologist 1. 0 Socitil Worker 6 5. 0 Physician 1 1. 0 Banker 1 1. 0 55

Table XVII reveals three groupss religious, government, and

miscellaneous services in which the one hundredpersons listed were em

ployed. Religion lias absorbed, thirty-six persons* The majority, twenty-

five, of the thirty-six persons in this group are Bishops of churches*

Other religious workers Include: nine clergymen, 1 theologian, and one

denominational secretary. In the government service there is a total of eightpersons or 8 per cent, including four diplomatic service consulars, two congressmen, one minister to foreign country, and one in the United

States Army. In the miscellaneous group there are fifty-sis: persons. Of this group, the largest cumber, twenty-two, are educators which include university presidents, college presidents, deans, high school and elementary principals or those engaged in research ami those engaged in teaching and administration of schools.

The very notable lead of "Religion" and "Education" is to be expected when it is remembered that the volume which supplied the source of material for the study chose Bishops and Presidents of colleges and universities as a result of their official positions. If the present study of one hundred persons listed is typical of the situation as a whole; then, it can be said without question that the leadership or the outstanding persons©f the Negro race will be largely in the hands of the religious and educational leaders for many years. The others that are enumerated in the "miscellaneous11 group are twelve writers or authors; six judges or lawyers; three social workers; two editors; two musicians or composers; two actors; two artists or painterss cne newspaper corre spondent; one musician, or singerj one banker; one sociologist; and one 36 physician.

It is noteworthy that among the various professions and voca tions, only two women are represented, onea "writer and the other a sociol ogist. It is difficult to account for this apparent shortcoming. It may bethat women are adverse to filling out questionnaires which the editor of the volume sends. However, the lack of inclusion of v/omen in larger numbers insuch a volume purporting to list persons prominent in American life is admitted tobe a serious weakness that delimits this study as one representative of the general status of prominent Negro leaders. It may be, however,that women lack the initiative to push themselves forward to be nationally, known rather than locally. It may also be said that al though women are making much progress in various fields of life there are still some positions that they do not hold, as bishops and heads ofthe larger institutions. It has been noted that almost half of the men listed fall into this group.

The study of professions and vocations shows that the persons have been drawn or taken from various fields rather than one or two limited fields.

Residential Mobility:- Interms of the occupations held by the

Eegroes listed in "Who's Whojto Jfiaieri_ea, it was found tobe a great mobility from place of birth to place of residence. The following table

(Table XVIII) gives occupations accordingto state of birth. This table shows thatno clergymen, no lawyers, and no physicians were born in the

New England Division, but three authors were born in the New England Di vision. Two authors, one clergyman, one lawyer, and one physician, making a total of five, reside there now. Occupational residence is shown in

Table XIX.

It was found that no bishops, no persons in the diplomatic service, no singers, no composers, no actors3 no socialworkers, and no 37

Table X7IXX. Classification of Fe'-Toes Listsd in the 1D86-37 Edition of 'iVho's V/ho in Ainoriea by Utr-.tc of "]irth and Oocnret! on*

PL A G i!i 0 ? OTH

10*0"

RLLI7-I0US Bishop 25 2580 115 1 1 Theologian 1 1.0-- -1 Denomina t i on. - s.l Secretary 1 1.0-- 0.0-1 -24 1-

Conors ssmsji 2 2.0- Ilinistor to

Country 1 1.0- United States Array 1 1.0 - 1 - 'Diplomatic; Service 4 4.0- 12

1' Lo>* 2 2.0 «. 2 - TO f> Author 12 O 1 3 1 11

Lawyer 6 _ 2 2 2 -

Hanker 1 1.0 - 1 -

physician 3 1.0 ,_;

Artist 2 2.0 _ 1 Educate-• 22 2280 1 - 2 Social Work er 3 3.0

Sociologist 1 1.0 _ BO Actor 2 2.0 1

Singer 1 1.0 M 1 -

Composer 2 2.0 _ 2 —

Correspond

1 _

* Areas abhr«rio.ted "rT efs"'f T 1. ."'-'"ifevF'15n}5.anT;~Lf7r"-~ridrtlV}; Atl"an"tic7ln EHC - East Horth Central; liTC - woot Xorth CentrVljSA - South. Atlantic; ^ISC - 2ast ;]outh Central; A'SC - './est oouth Central; Pae - Pacific; B7fl 1 British "''iost Indies 38

Table XIX. Classification of Negroes Listed In the 1336-37 Edition of Ittio's Bio in America According to Sec ti on: of :Residence and Occupation

E C T I v I1 OF RES IDES C E Per I 0 R T H S 0 U T II FOREIGN OCCUPATION fetal Cent NE MA. EIC rmo SA KSC Africa France BWI Unk

TOTAL 100 5 24 15 2 14 16 5 14 2 1 11 PER CENT iodr.6* 5. 24. 15. 2* "14., 16 . 5. 14,

RELIGIOUS 3 Bishop 25 25.0 - 7 4 1 3 4 2 - 1

Theologian 1 1.0 - . - 1 - *m mm - --

Clergyman 9 9.0 1 1 2 - 3 - 1 1 - -

•" Bm jffiB BEE Denominational Secretary 1 1.0 _ — _, 1

GOVTMMEFT

Congressman 2 2.0 - - 2 - - - — -

Minister to Foreign Country! 1.0 - 1 _ ------

U. S» Array 1 1.0 - - 1 - - - -- — — — - Diplomatic Service 4 4.0 2 1 1 _

KISCELIAWSOUS

Editor 2 2.0 - 1 - - l - - - 4. Author 12 12.0 2 2 1 ma 1 2 - -

- 5 _ _ Educator 22 22.0 _ 1 1 1 6 8

Lavjyer 6 6.0 1 - - - - - 1 4 - - - -

Singer 1 1.0 - 1 - - - « ■ ■" "• "•

Composer 2 2.0 2 _ - — — "• "" *• "*

' Actor 2 2.0 1 1 ------•» "" "•

Social Worker 3 3.0 - 3 ------"

Sociologist 1 1.0 - 1 - - - am _ cmi - - -

- - -- Banker 1 1.0 - 1 - - - - -

Artist 2 2.0 - - 1 - - - -

«. _ _ _ Physician 1 1.0 1 - - - - Newspaper Correspondent 1 1.0. 1

T . _ sociologists vrerc born in the l.iiddle Atlantic states. One clr-r-"!rr.an. one

Mnister to Forsign Country, one anchor, one educator, ono novspaper corres

pondent, andono artist were bora in the ?'ladle Atlantis States. Seven

bishops, one eler^'nar;., one ninistcr to .forcim oountry, two in diplomatic

service, two authors, one educator,one singer, tvro composers, oneaotcr,

three social "workers, one bfmlcrr, one sociologist, andone newspaper oorrss-

pondent nov/ reside :iri the IJidiHe Atlantic Division, Although one artist

TO8 born in the Twiddle Atlantic states no artists reside there .ncf. Al

though only six persons rrere horn in the uddclle Atlantic states there v/as

o. net increase of fourteen living there ml-"in*; a total of twenty-four liv

ing in the riddleAtlantic states,,

It lrTD,G pQ-^rl f:V^g?,t O^O Pi:ithor O-ild. OHG P.rti i^t "'7CTV: honi 1 T* t^G

'■^,Rt L'Orth ^nntrnl Stnt-css« Yr'^ilc '^vmi* h? rho^s* t^"rD ni ci^^'^^ct^s t"'"G ^ on .""re 3^** t~€P, ono person :Crorr. the United Htates finiiy, on" in dinlomatic ncrT'ce, one

cditorj one a'.'tvor, one educator, one actor, vr.d ono »?ftist nor* reside in

the iJast i'crth Ccnti-p.l states* A ■b't-^7 of t-rro "r.rsons were l;om in the

7ast I'Jorth Central strtocj however, there has t.ioen a net increase of thir-

teen txcIzxyit ^iftcea persons rosidi"]'* t;'->crc ion',

rron the analysis rnc.cic 5.tvfp.s found that a majority of th3 -•ro^;roes

listed were r^oin," to re:'"*.?in in. the liast I'orth Central States, therefore the writer ccxicludop that there mucthave been o T/ider ran;"e of opportynitios

for llerroee in those states.

Jlorr. in the Vfest Mo:*t.h Central States -i-rero cro ".-■'.3hop, one

author, and t^ro educators. !?esiding in the 'Test ''"'orth Centra.] States nor'

s.re one 'bishop and one educator* Of the total of ^oven nor sons r;ho rrere AO

bom .In t:ds section only tvro ncr.7 re fid o the-<"s.

Fifteen bishops, t-ro slercyrtcii, one in diplcr-tio sorv'cs, t^o

editors, three rumors, t?:o labors, one banker, tvol-re educators, tvrc ,0-

Gial vroi-kors, one sin-cr, eno composer and ofo ncvs^P01' correspondent --rare

uorn i« the South Atlantic States. Itesidinc ^ the Sonth itlantic States rrc have thrso birjhons, cr.c thcolo-iP.ri, tlirso cl-.r."jcnen, one o.uthors six

o^.onl-c-r?. Of i-e totp.3. of ./'orty-threc torn I« the Ccuth Atlantis states only fourteen novr reside there,

In tho /last South Central States six bishops, one denomina tional secretary, four slorfj-sn, t-ro 3o.ut-:rcss-ren, Ivvro in di-olcraJti.e Sor-

Ticc, ono o-.ithor, two k^ors, four echieatorr-, and o-tq social v/orher vrerc uorn there. HesMIn;: j.n the ::n.r»t South Control ore -"o-.'t- hi^hG^s. o--

'■^plo^F.tie sG^ricOj one ouitor, tuo aethers ard eirht othieators. Of the total of twcnty-t.hr-oo -sr. in the hast South Central States, sixteen navr

■-TO.

lr. the '::»55t Qo^tv "rntvo.i States it v/as for.nd that therevct3 one t]icc\or*.""3 one cler;-yrio.nJ one fron the United States .'-.rrrrt or>f in .jl^l

7'iatic serTr^.^e, one aubhors tr/o In-^v.-rs, and ore sociol o-"i r.f. 't;-»--. •<■> ^ifi ssotion, "ns:;din;- there pro 1;hroo hinho^s, one c1 -»-i™!5i, r.r.d one lsvn'-eT*.

'•>? the total offi^w horn in the -rest -South Contr-al Strvtcs, on!;'- five

"n OV.r I* ^ S1. '"I Q !'■''^ <2 "S" 0

;.;orn in the Pncifia ^r->

Jt v?* "o-v -that one bishop ;as born In *.frioa and tvro non

reside there.

One hi shop, one actor, and one eonpeoer --rare bora in Canada;

only one artist nan resides there5.

In the frit* ih 'Tost Indies one clorpyman, and one -^p/sician

"-ere horn thers, -Yhile only person in diplomatic service noiT resides there.

"he birthplace and residence of one bishop vra.s unknoivn.

?ron tho analysis it w.s found that r.ore person.-, forty-three,

■vxere horn in the Couth Atlantic states than any other division, while nore

persons, tv;e.nty-four, noxr reside in the Hddle Atlantic division. The nre-

cedin- tpbles r,ho\-roO,. that the nest largest nuiaber, feTentj^-throo, r^s Lorn

in the East South Central, vrhile the next largest ni^her, sixteen, resides

in the East South Contra!,

T-i'j V.orro, it scene, wr"? no lender ccntent residing in various

ssotions when other sections offered bettor opport-iaif.ties. These men listed

nade every attempt to take advantage of these opportunities in the various

sections. These r"c"Toes migrate [.'rora. pliae to place to iinnrovs their nositlons.

Too, t^.e flifferenso in the nlimtvo conditions ray have bceyi a f:\ctcr in the ?'io-

hility of the^s h'o-roes. T5>lo ^C T--i:ich ;;ivos us the distribution of per

sons in the varied occupations accordirt'- to sections of residence shcrws that the liorth, at nresent, claims -the na;;or:lty of the ••;e.";roeG listed in hho's

Whoin Anoriea. '''hip trhle reveals that forty-six ^ernonc nov reside- in the Xorth; thirty-six persons in. the oouthj fourteen persons in the '.Vest; tiro in foreign eonntrirf-, aidone person's residence is url-rwra.. 42

Table XX. :)ictr i hr.tlov, o-: iwrocs Lifted in the 1036-37 -Y-.tion of 12i°Jjl "}-Pp..J-p. /frr^yt!- According to Occupation and •Section of Xosidonse

VO,\ TnV-'TT ^ --- -s I X. \J i: C a' P 1. 3 I. T) ]■ xotai ". "Torth. South IJbst 7oroj.pi UnVno^i

Si 1A k ...... _ _ _ .. A9.9. J:?P./1^ . . A6 3G 14 3 1

Pi shops 25 2J5.O 12 10 - Theologian 1 1,0 - 1 Clercynwi 9 0,0 4 4 1 Dsr.ominational Sesretfirj 1 1,0 ' - 1 Writer cr Author 12 12,0 6 3 3 Artist «".; Painter 22,0 1 - - Huslclan 1 1,0 1 Conposer 2 2,0 2 Actcr 2 2.0 - - _ Social Worker 2 2.0 2 - Uducr.bor 22 22,0 3 14 5 ""filters 2 2.0 1 1 ¥.cvts Corrsspondcvvb 1 1*0 1 — — Physician 1 1.0 1 Banker 1 1.0 1 Jud;-c, Lawyer 6 6,0 1 14 Scs:"olo.";ist 1 1,0 1 Go,n"ressT!Tan 2 2.0 2 - "cited States Arsiy 11,0 1 llinicter to Pcrelfn '/O\js.trjr 1 1,0 1 - - dons'-.ilar Service 4 4.0 3 1 -

Tt noes mthcmt a rreat deal of corcr.ent thatmost of -fchc persons arc founf1 in the Northern soctioe. This, no donbt, is due to the fact that the northern section offers bettsi1 opiiortunities~politicallys nooially, and economically for the Metroes.

The 63 stritrt4 or- by are and occupation of those persons listed

'■n H^!JL"'Ii3o -ri -^crica proved out to interesting tc the writer, /lecordinp: to the ar-e data it was found that the largest per cent,13,9, of persons in the ■"■ax-ions occupations fell be-fraroer. 1:hs a^os 6,r»-GDs -"hile the coenpa- tional distribution rovealed that 22.8 per oent3 the largest, were educa tors. Bishops followed with 21.5 per cent. CHAPTER IV

INTELLECTUAL AID SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS

s ■- The purpose of this section is to

set forth the extent to which some of the intellectual achievements, and

important contacts, scholarly and professional, have operated as factors

in equipping the representatives listed to become a member of ITio's Who

injimerica, and for the type of leadership they exert and have exerted

upon the massesof Negroes, or upon the American people in general. What

has the Negro done towardintellectual achievements? Their achievements

have been in various fields of intellectual endeavor. They relate par

ticularly to what some of these Negroes listed have done in open com

petition in the best educational institutions, high schools, colleges

and universities of the country. It Is true that morethan one-eighth

of these Negroes have graduatedcum laude and magna cum laude from such

leading colleges and universities ass Harvard, Brown, Dartmouth, Yale,

Rutgers, and New York University. It was once said that legroes achieved

distinction only in oratory. lOien one examines the list of scholastic

distinctions of Negroes In the colleges and universities of the land,

It can be found that these distinctions have been achieved ia. 'various

fields of learning, in the humanities, In the social sciences, In the physical sciences, and all phases of life.

To Illustrate something of the Intellectualprogress we have the following? ^^S^£y_^J£fcy_PM__BeteLIappa. Membership inthe Phi

Beta Kappa fraternity is conferred in the leading colleges and univer-

4-4 45

sitieo on undergraduates who arc anonp the best scholars, and -is for

scholarship only,

Hoven Kep-roes listed in jho!s ".Pao In America frora 1374-1936,

inclusive, have been, elected Tnenherp o? thi i fraternity. Thev arc as

follows:

1D02 - liruce, 9.oa3oe C, Harvard University

1904 - Piehens. 'Tilliara, Yale University

1907 - Just, Ernest ::;«, Dartmouth College

— Loclra, Alain L., Ilp.rvtj.rd University

1919 - Hope, John, Brovm University

- ■Rohosos, Paul 1., Rutgers College

1925 - Gullen, Countce, Tfow York University

Other Societies;-- It vrr:\s fcivnd v-J-.so tliat thene persons listed in. '.j'ho's VJho in Aricrica s.rs ipernbers of* various ho.tioTRrv societies. Cno

'T'eraber of thePhi Kappa Phi, one menber o.f* Si,-'-ia Tau Delta,ono ?>.nr)a

"Delta Pis ei'"ht cJi"'i.ia. Pi Phi, one "'lists, Oi'm-a: foi.ir Pi r-Civiriia j'.'-ii, odg

ICapr«a r.u, three I.Ii;-3o-Lit, one Sir^a Psi. Seventy-one did not belors;' to nny honorary society. The Phi '".eitta Krn^a '.'.Ie""i;>ers have alroad'"- been mentioned.

The Y.c'^roes listed arc also inenbers on outstanding clubs, locifes, and socict.ieo,, The entire listis .riven in the appendix.

_3oo_ial_ Peatv.r-JS:- The 'Se^roos listed are not only active in one activity of life, but are active or participate in the various activi ties. Vie find the He-TO participating or members of the different fra ternities anc1 pororit'es. (-'f the total one hu.nd.redj fourare ^embers of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity, three menbers of the Phi Beta Sir^ia, 48

eleven ^enftore of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity throe nepers of Cno^a PsI

i'hi, one A..K.A., and seventy-seven for vrh.ich no information ■'■ras Hyen.

gravel:- An cxaminftion of the volurie used forthe study re-

vealerl that extensive traveling has been done by a lar.r*e ncr cent of the

::e^rocr; liptsd in the lD3o-37 Edition of './ho's 'Jho in .America. They have

traveled throughout the united ytatos,Canada, j'raEce, Italy, Africa, Ger many, TVi,'"1 find and other interesting -nlaces. Their travel has takenthen

nine to South America notjntri.es. Sone hare done university study, inde

pendent study,and creative rrork in so^ne of these covmtrios.

Dxtensive travrelin.";, siieh as that uono hy Eolanc!"Iayess Dr« '>/. r.

h. Dii'Hoifl, Paul Kobeoon, Uichard ";, "arri son. and ^any others listed, has

allot/cd these i-e^roes a. ohanf?" to sec tho *-ioot ir>torcstin.fr sites and filings

and ningla vrith nen of tho rrorld. T.rc can, no doubt, see thatthin has

•■-iven then opnortMnitier for 'broadening their \r' sion ar.d liberalizing their out].ook~thin^s indispensable without doubt to effective I'crro persons of

standing in .■tosrican life.

hfritin;r;s;- it hs s hsen shov/n that these men and women L'stod have not sinply served the race and Areriea through the inr-trunsjital.ity of their avrp. onsupations, hut they have employed the arts of Y/ritiru" and research as other vital f»pfins of stirrnlatiry* exid influencir™ the masses

•5" iTell -xs the classes. 'J'hc bio^ranhic"! s^'etshes, ss set forth in the volume are so abridged as to p-ive us onl;r a few facts about the life and worlc of the persons listed, nevertheless, some reneral ir?ornation can he pained p.boyt tlieir ■iroativo "■n'it:ln,"s and rcsoarches i-rfiich are included in the voiur/s. hot a few persons—-especially t'-ose in literary craft and edticational research—have written bcoVc, ^.onofraphs, 'ilays. end a nurier of articles in outstanding journals^ The hool:c have ranredfrom the seisn- A 7

tifle college and hifdi school text to novels and poetry. The artlilsn have

covered a -roat variety and rr>n~e o C subjects relating to nony chases of

Ate ri c p.h. 11 .? s<>

the Tic-roeo list-id are not only outstanding f'or their work locally but nationally as well. \/o find the:/is according to data found, listed on

various national corrdtteos and playing rrnportant roles, as example the

Ar.erican Tnstitute of Sacred Literature, national Association of Colleres

for Wegro ^outh, American We,to Aco/leny, national Association for the

..Advancement of Colored People, and nany others.

Tlieso data do not, no doubt, present a complete picture of all the societies, organizations and associations to which tire representa tives of this study belong. The ones listed are no doubt the most important of those in which they hold membership. There is no basis for evidence that all persons holding such temberslT.ro actually fain scholarly or educa tional contacts throuph participation in the activities of the societies, but it Is believed that the societies and associations as listed were the

sources of rich opportunity for theintellectual ercpension of the men and women who are represented In this study; andas such, that they did, end do tn.]'e, advantage of such opportunities.

Ac cord in/- to the data it was found that rnoi-o than sixty-five per cent of the ITe-roes listed wore menbers of outstanding coiardttees, locally and nationally. OIIAPTKR V

STO1IA.H5T AID CONCLUSIONS

It has been the purpose of this study to determine the nature and character of background factors that have enabled these persons to reach "Who's Who In America, or whose lives are carried in this national directory, or to show the social conditions out of which the persons listed in the 1836-37 Edition of llho's Who in .America emerged in order to reach the positions they attain. These persons have been designated as "outstanding" Negro leaders. To realize the purpose, datahave been examined in relation to number, birthplace, residence, marital status, age, number of children, education, occupational history, honors, their

Intellectual or scholarly contacts, travel, public life, church affilia tion, and other opportunities characterized as educational and social.

From these factors pointed out, the analysis is sufficiently detailed that it gives a cross-section on selected American Negroes whotypify the finest idealsofa people as a whole, and exemplify all that is fine

in whatmay be called "reaching for a star in life.11

The following is a summary of the findingss

1« Seventy-two per cent ofone hundred Eegroes listed

in Who's Who in America were born in the South, seventeen per

cent born in the North, four per centin the Tifest, six in

foreign countries, andthe birthplace of one was unknown.

While only thirty-six per cent reside in theNorth, fifteen

48 49

per centin the West, four per cent in foreign countries, and one unknown. The towns and cities, in the main* are distributed among twenty-six states of the Union arid three foreign countries. Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama in the ordernamed have the highest ranksin birth places.

Fifty-eight per cent of persons were born in urban areas, while thirty-four per cent wereborn in rural reas,

2. The majority of Negroes listed are now residing

in the large cities. Inthis respect the cities of Wash

ington (D.C), New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Atlanta

excel all others. Notably, two very small toims--Tuskegee

and Xenia (Ohio) have comparatively large numbers. Thus, bom in small towns of less than three thousand, scarcely

over two thousand five hundred in population, the majority

of these persons as represented now reside in large urban

centers of the nation.

3.- Seventy-three per cent of one hundred listed were married persons, sixteen per cent had been married twice,

five per cent were single, and the marital status of six per cent was unknown.

4. Of the one hundred, seventy-nine are living at present, and twenty-one are dead. The median agefor those

living is sixty-five; the median age at the time of death

for the twenty-one dead is sixty-four.

5, Thirty-sevenper cent of persons listed are

parents of children*, The average number of children per family was three. G. Seventy-ei^ht attended universities, nine colleens*

five normal schools and the education of ei~ht vas unknown.

Hirhty-edx received decrees, thirteen, no decree is indicated; and one unkrovm. The schools in. r-iost cases are vrell known and outstanding schools. Howard University, TfiVjerforce

University, Lincoln ^niversity, the University o" Chicago, and Harvard University conferred the rae.iorrcy of the de

crees.

7» A majority of the Negroes listed are of Uethodist and Baptist denominations.

8, He free-s listed are distributed anon.r fifteen or nore professions and vocations. Tlie leading onesare re-

1:1 "*5.on and education. He 1 if;ion enf".iren thirty-six per cent; education twenty-two per cent. T/pne.n in only t\TO cases are represented.

9, J«<3;"Toes listed p.ro Tfisnters of the honorary, learned, and professional societies. Valuable scholarly contacts and intellectual stimulations are believed to accrue to s'^ch rieri- berships.

10, I/any c:r* the

11, j'-G^roes listed have traveled extensively through out the United states, Canada, "Europe, Asia, Africa, and South

America* This experience has helped to deepen sind broaden their 51

12. Ee^rocs listed play an important rolo

In puMio life and are not only knorm locally but nation

ally,

13. li'any, or the majority, of j'lerroos listed have

■written books, monographs, panors, articles, music, plays

of merit and distinctionj and those writings are recognized

throughout the irnrId,

-General Cousins:' on-

The findings of the study seem to justify the following general conclusions:

1. it nay he concluded that t^ese nersong included

in this study tahen from national directory vrere selected

upon, the importance or proninenoeof their nositions e-.nd

their contributions to society in none formof service.

2. The scarcity of biographical sketches of colored

TTOmen in the nationaldirectory studied causes tho -writer

tc !ia?.ard t!ie conclusion that the positions these 7'onan

hold in American life arcnot rernrded as su.filsicntl"/

important to trarrant inclusion in such publications.

"Colored women as a olass donot hold so-called pronineirb

positions ineluding the college presidency, college dean-

ship, headship of a college depart'ient, the bishopric,

po]iticsl office, or other nositions sinilar to those

frorr. vihi?1-! the j-reat majority of the representatives

Tie re dravm. "

Harry '■;. Creene, "^o.^ro Leadership" - A Study of theEducation and Social Haclr- ~rcun"-3 factors of ^rr,ninent -efTcc n ".-hose Life 3:ct^hcs ore carried in Fational Director" es, 1D37, T"cst Virfinia State College, ".^est Virginia, pare 20. 55. The ■■■'epToes Listed on the wbola Iip.vc b.ad exception

al educational trai rd n;*, therefore, it nay he concluded that

this is an educational norm for American leadership. The

mjority are college graduates.

4. The Mofroes listed arc me~^">ers o:° the noctoutstand

ing and learned societies and arc not rrlthout the contacts

of sorte of the best brains of the i.'ation.

5e Although f:.i.e majority of the ilenrocs listed were

over fifty years of are there have teen ouite a few ^ounrsr

and ircll-trsi ned iie^roes nushin" th eras elves into the ranks

of the "proriinent" in ?iore recent years,

6e It may be concluded that those ^e^ro^s listed

p.re not content living in the snail tovms or citiss of the

Cov.th, for the Tiost part, but have rrifrrated northrreird and

This analysis has shor?r tl-.at all i-erroes listfjd in '.:/ho's ~.3\a in Inerica 7'crc not born in urban districtsvih^* the environment and conditions werevery favorable but omer^sd from sonc of the smallsr rural districts, vjhere cenditions and environment -?ere very unfavorable

for aflYancenent in the educational, social, political and eoonoi-ic vrorld, and have reached fame according to Ancrican standarda, Rofardless to all obstacles in the educational line, they rvjr>heind that if they vrerc to eorapetc vrithoth.er races they nust rr'g.'ks "'3ro~rs3G alonr all lines, thcr^fors, the lTc"ro::)s rjiit forth 53 effort to participate in all lines of life activities. T'e now find the

Negro not at the bottom, of the list, hut competing T/ith any race and reach ing; fame according to broader cultural standards.

Although the list norr contains but one hundred, it is to be re called that it did not have this number in the beginning, 1809, and just as it increased from one to one hundred, so r/ill the psssin.c; ofthe time, no doubt, see the list «;raw -with illustrious additions of other members of thecolored pro up vrho are judged sufficiently irorthy of being pieced in such a directory. BOOKS

?l£.j£iirrE2£!i ~ Ch:>oar;e; T-ie A. IT. ''.larquis Company, Volumes 1-19.

I^.°.'_s-J^£. •^•rL 5?-oro^ -t~r?-°r'-"a (First, secondand third editions) }.~t*',t i..:.Jj it'tJsis -■;&%. *Or.iC

IJlcventh_ Yeo-r Sex*, ?ebruarv, 1P23, "'.Mucational Leodcrsb:" t>" The Department of Superintendent of the national Association of Education in the TTnitod states.

V'crks "lonroe M. Hsjro Tc - '^'^ " ■■« ;— -i i-^ •''crenia. of tho ITerro, Tus^cceV"^ ':•■{."•■"", '\ '-j -c, ,i;V ^," 1931-1932 Edition'

liii-liJiJ?I!SI!££,.i3f!jI A?.°Jr. 9.f _Z?5ts fcrlJ-es7 ~ "cw Yort "V'orld Telegram.

PSRIODIGALG AFD P/il-HJLUTS

DrooVsj V.:. ;)., "l>I*j.catio,nal Statistics Vrom '',.!ho' s '.lio In /jr.erjoa" School arid Society, Volvive ?.O, Aupust D, 1024.

brees "ilcterin, R., "In Order of Their Steinescc" - Atlantis MontP^v Volume 155, barber 1, June, IDS5. — ~J--~-^;:^

ane, Ilarrjr v;, 3 "Zducatirr. o.? JTo.rro Icr«d?' " - .^Ixool aaa 3ooLe^ 7ol\sr«.G 42S"o. 1074, July 27, IT , ..-: YcW~~ "~ "■—™'~

nnc, Ilarr;' ■.'■.■., 'Tr'-speiit status o,r .'or^ro Doctorates" School and Gooio^r Volune 40,No. 1030. _—.. _._„.„„£.

"Sixty Years f Uoctore.tos Conferred v.vcr. !Te~roos!l, The Journal of Vl 6,6 i:oi: —

, j. .^ucalj.er^.i. p..ra Lcci&.l .oackrcund "aotorc of rrcsircnt "e^roeo Vlhoac Life G]-ctches are Carried in 'rational Directories, 1937, Institute, ".Tost Vir~iv>ia.

Holmes, P.. II. "A Study in the 0r-lrir.3 of 1)1 ntinpulshod. Livin- t.-wriow," ilunt5.nf,ton, 2. L., and "Vhitney, L. T., "Vilio's ",Tig in ilnerica", Desccrdnp- of "olio's "/ho", J£<>erxorn ilsrcury, Volume 6a 1926.

Prentice D. B«s and Kunlcel, B. '■?., "The Colleges' Contrlbuticns to Intellectual Leadership" I i, II ^Schcol and Society Volume 32, '-ur.bor S27, Volur.10 3SS lloi^ber'T^Yotft), ?cl:ruary 21, 13K1.

Schuyler, George G., "Black Ainerinarts l:e^In to Doubt", iir.ericcn Mercury, A P P E 1>I D I X 58

APPENDIX "A" - Critical Analysis of '^o'^TIhoinAmeriog.tt

Questions are frequently asked as to 11'Jho makes "Who's Who,"

l!Do names sales Who's Who" and "Who is who11 but mr!ho is not who"» It

is to beremembered thai the compilation of famous personages is left

in the hands of a chosen committee. But the volume would not exist

were it not for the fact that certain people are judged as being out

standing representatives in particular fields—famous according to

accepted standards of measurement. Hence Who's "."ho in America is

made out of a combination of these two factors, one is selective, based

on the judgment of a few backed by public opinion! "the other is the in

dividual who becomes listed in the volume because his contribution is

said to be so sufficiently worthy he attains rank in this file of the

famous.

"Who is who, but not who11 has been one of the outstanding

questions andjust what is really meant by it is difficult to s ay.

There 'are existing today a sufficient number of persons who by all the accepted criteria of measurement should be listed in the volume butfor some reason they have failed to get .the rating. Either the

Committee will not recognize them, their achievement has not been given enough publicity, their contribution although benefiting .society is not of the kind in the eyes of a special few to makethem eligible for their place in the volunei or else they have not lived long enough—are too young; or they don't wield the right kind of influenceand power. There are learned, academically trained and widely travelled persons but be cause of such things just listed they are "who" to the public but not 57

to the factors that govern who makes Who *J

like Rayford If. Logan, Ph.D. Harvard University, raade Phi Beta Kappa

in 1917, Williams College, now chairman of History Department, Atlanta

University; Raymond Pace Alexander, the famous Philadelphia lawyer; Will

Mercer Cook, Ph.D. in 1936, Brown University, Phi Beta Kappa in 1825,

Imherst College, now chairman of French department, Atlanta University;

Mbrose Caliver, famous Negro educator, Ph.D., in1930 from Columbia

Universityj 1. P.Tillman Tsrho has practically completed his work for the Ph.D. degree, now outstanding: in the field of English, Atlanta

University; J. Max Bond, Ph.D. in 1936 from University of Southern

California, his outstanding work is with the Tennessee Valley Authority;

R. C. Clement, President of Atlanta University, Ph.D. froir; Northwestern university; Horace Mann Bond, Ph.D. University of Chicago in 1936, are not included. Other men are Benjamin E. Mays,Ph.D. in 1934 from Uni versity of Chicago, Phi Beta Kappa in 1935, Bates College; Howard Thur- man. Max A. Yergan and Ira De L, Heid, department of Sociology, Atlanta

University. Hot only are there men but there are also women: Mary

Bethune, educator;Francis lY. Parker, exponent in democracy in the schools Smrca Hart ".Tillard, leader of the movement for the advanced edu cation of women, and many others. These persons are not merely names but worthy of rating according to the given criteria.

Names which dod not make Who's Ifho reveal that it is thepur pose of the volume to include only those persons whose services to their country have proved of inestimable worth to society; who have contributed something that will liveinsome manner and who have won public recognition. 58

The volume was not created merely to include nones, but to serve as an

academicorreadable "Hall of Fame" xvherein only the greatest of the masses attain a place*

In view ofthis explanation the public's popular hero is

in contrast to the persons lister! above. He Is not for jffh^js_J;7ho_JLn

.America, Such names are but famous only temporarily .-cr! scrx-i 2-'13

of.? rji-rl ::a*e forgotten by tho world. But the people supposedly to be

Included in Tno's Fho have generally been, a long while la building up

aacl creating their place In life* Usually they do something that Is

lasting or has a lasting effect on the social structure—theirs has

not been "fame gained overnight". Thus, names do not make "jhols. Iw.

Thus, no Joe Louis, Father Divine, Marcus Garvey and others of that

tjrpe reach the criteria.

Persons like Joe Louis, Father Divine, Karcun Garvey are

popular personalities, rind although one would think them eligible for

a place in TVho's VHio, a look Into the standards of judgment andthe nature of their work would eliminate them, Then, too, recall that the

committee is the official authority in determining who gets in, also the persons like Louis, Garvey, Divine are not academically acclaimed or well trained.

All individuals listed have had at least a little schooling, academic training and education in places of higher learning. Such things as these eliminate generally the popular hero like the track

star, boxer, or entertainer, the current famous names. Eminence and

importance is determined not from the sense of popularity as the public 59

wakes one but by the applause given by the so-called learned group, the

■intelligentsia or those persons academically recognized as ableto say

who is or lias dons some "tiling that. to. 11 from some anfzle enable society

to progress more and bettor peoples1 conditions in somemanner.

Keeping these points in mind, one can thus sea how and why

sicklies do not nake .^o^Jftio _injtanerica« Remember, one does not gain

access to It merely by being popular—-you have to do something.

This question ray be asked, what special criteria, if any,

are needed for Negroes. Sir.ce Negroes compose a part of what is knovm.

as the American nation why is there a need forspecial criteria? It is

tobe understood that regardless of color, nationality or race, a man

is a man andifan achievement by one person is done by another, or if

something equally worthwhile is performed by a Negro why should he be

stibjected to a "special measure." In view of this fact, ifwe would

or should eliminate discriminatory practices, prejudices and do away

'with all bias, a Negro's performance is tobe measured under ths sane criteria as that used for whites, vvhatevor raay be the standards that are used to judge the possibility of a Nordic nominee for Jj.io_*s TTho in

America, should also be employed where a Hegro candidate is involved- judge the individual on his work, his performance alone.

Accepting this explanation you arive atthe conclusion that no special criteria are needed for selecting Negroes. 7'ere this "special measure" employed it -would operate todo aiuay with the oneness of fame that accrues to those who inake Tfhc's i:7Lo In America and eradicate lines of equality is ability. 60

There has been a question as to whether '"Big's TlTio la Colored

America could do a better job. It is generally accepted that some per sons naks tills volume merely by "paying" their vi&y» This practice tends to detract fro™ the volume of this type, then too, many great Negroes, great from the standpoint of havingaccomplished something worthwhile in that a large number of society benefits, are not desirous of being placed in a catalog that is nothing in the final analysis* Hiq8s Who in Colored America is a collection of nearly all l!egro professional per sons* teachers, ministers, and rich people—not all who have done some thing v/orthy of fame or have benefited humanity. There should be a more selective and rigid choice of persons to place i^?^£_ss TJhoinColored

America.

In reference to Who's YJho in .America it has been said that its measure of eminence has been taken from the standpoint of a special group--the intellectuals. But since "brains" rule the world it must be said to be about the last chance in eminence to make the volume. It gives real prestige and true fameto all people.

This thesis has addressed itself to the task of discovering pertinent facts in the educational andsocial background of Hegroes listedin Who's Who in America, setting apart ■whatever interpretations and conclusions as might seem to be justified "oy a careful study of the data as presented. A t-'jV"'".,^-!- y f?-?f! -!j^ t Lcaticr: of ITor'rGos Listed in J~>.o 1 H'SH- °^ li3£L!jL^j£.5F .Arriori.£a_ According to

Abbott, Robert C.

*Boctettt "illiari ■::.

*Tlls,ck"!o\ls C!oor,n« *•• Bishop

*3owen, John TTesloy 2, Theologian

Brarg, Coords I; ClergjnnHn Ealtir.ore, Ifarylaatl

Draithvraitc, "illla-m G, Author - Teacher Arlin^tcn Heights, Less.

Srarrlsy, Benjamin G-.

* Bruce, John. yjclv-arC. orrcspoadeni

Zri'.ce, P.cscos Conkllnr Educator

CalchTell, Josiah 38 Dishop Philadelphia, Fa.

Garter, !!an.dal] A.

Educator Tuske^eo, Alabana

* Che strait, Charlns Ai;thnr

■L^V^ ^.; ji. ia J ^ ^ .^ L* ^ ^ ^"JXTI' SC :C ■/

C1 c e.vG s "'To 1 pc" ■""'. Ota Lenin, I.'issowri

Cobb, James i\,

*Conner, Janes '3j.sI:x}">

*Coppin, I,svi J. Pishop

Cotter, Joseph S. Axithor Loui st/'I 1 "I c, F.cntu;i !!cr

Hew York, :Jo:t York

Cullen, Countee Author T:cn? York3 t*3xt York

Da-rls^ John "Je Educator Institute, Test Ylrfdni

DeDorry, TTIllIai;i 7. L-ejriby, Uchffard T.

DsFricst, Oscar Cc-'vressnan Cliioanoj Illinois

Dett, R. Eathanlel Composer 2oeho«;.toi=5 ITc;?1 York

IX; Bois, If. i:» B. Author - Ed llc:r York, J'cm York

Hishop tlarto s Hcorfia

Sandy, John I:'.. IMiscatoi0 vttrlck, Virginia

Gardiners Th.soJ.ore IJ. Dlchop r Cape

^'Coier, ".".''ill ion Harvey Educator

Bishop Till; orfore ;>, Ohic

Grinlrc, Angelina VT. Uriter ' ".''ashinptor, D. C.

*C-riicke, Archibald ti»"ycr

Orinke, ?raneis J«, Clerj-tynian Washington, D6 C.

*IIarrinon, Richard Bs Actor

Hart,- William II. 1/w.yer Tfe sh ixif"(t on, D. C •

Hayes, P.oland Singer Drooklines, Mass,,

Haynes, Elizabeth R. Social 's.forker Tlew York, Hew York

Ilaynes, George E. 3ociolo;>;Ist F"?sr York, Hew York

Heard, ".Tilliana II. Bishop Philadelphia, Pas

Holmes, Dvd..rht \-'» Educator : la shin-ton, B* C.

Hood, Solomon P. FoRTicr Minister, Liberia Trentons He?/ Jersey

*rFor>es John Educator

Howard, Perry T-T. Larnrer i/aahinrton, Da G8

♦Hudson;, Richard B. Denominational Secretary

A-.it>i or

Hunt,, Till lam II, Consular Sendee Guadalovipe, "Test Indies

Johnson, Charles 8. 3dv.cator Nashville, Tennessee

* Deceased Johnson, J* ?.osamond Gonposer ^ovr York, HevT York

Johnson, J0.ses "Tsldon Author Groat Barrin^tcrij l

* John son, John A. JJ.i. ijiiO^-

Johnson., Korclecai V.:. Educator

Jones, Eugene I'inoklc flocial r.'orkcr Hew York, Hew York

Jones, Gilbert liana ''.■-di.ics.tor V/ilberforce, Chio

Jones, Icrrrenco C. Pinoy "iOodSj !.Iiso

* Jones , Joshua II.

Jon.cs, ilobert Ea t.-c,? r-.riCans» Louisiana

L'-ttlo %ck, Arka:;].EES

st *" ILVlucator :'.rashir,c:t-j."., D. C.

lr.r^ Lorenzo II ?Tow Orleans, Lb.

Kins, vr lis J. t". 4-1 ^v^4™4- '"*" ^. r1 v«"''- «s

Bish.op '..Jincton-Salem, U.G.

Lans, 1 sa.ac jilsbop Jackson, Tenyjeoses

*Lee, ■..llliaFi L. Bishop

Levris, ! fill lam H. lawyer Cambridges Ilsss.

Locke, Alain U Educator

J?jv..oh, John R. Rctirod Cfriccr, United States Chicago, Illinois

Lyon, Ernost Baltimore, Maryland

FcCrorey, Ilonr^' L. Gharlotte, I'!. C»

Killer, Kelly ". "a shin; "t on, D. C-.

I-Iitohell, Arthur T7, Conorsg snan GbJ caf;o, Illinois

*"itohell, Charles 2. Diplomatic Servi

*!'Iocre, Leisis ". llducator

Foton, Robert R. Educator Gapfihosio, Virginia

* Deceased Patterson, Frederick I), Uduoator Tuske^ee, Aifb-X"^.

r-Hlli.-ps, Charlos II. Bishop Gleve?.pj.id, Ohio

Pickens, 15111 Iain ;>oslal TJorkor Ksw York, 'Hew York

♦Proctorj "I. II. ■ ■

Robe son, Pa.nl Actor Irs-w York, KeiT York

Scott, Burnett J. Author T;as!iir.f;tor., B. G.

Scott, 'Vlilliam I.. Painter Chicago, Illinois

Shephard, Jarre s Educator Durham, Forth Carol

*Tafij\er, Henry 0. Artist

Toosier, Jean Tfritcr

Trcnholra, TI3 Council Kducator

* Tyre e, T~ran r. Hishop

T/alton, Lester A. Diplomatie Ser% Hew York, N.Y.

*?ih e at 1 and, I. la r c u s V» Physician

IHiIte, '/alter Author 'CeiT York, ivT.Y*

*lVilkir.son, Robert Educator

T;illians, Lacy K. Chiaaco, 111.

".bedson, Carter .", Lditor '■•Xs^iprrtcn, D.C

"'.bodson, George ?. '"ilLerfcrce, Chic

llork, I'.onroe "7. Tusrs^ee, Ma.

■;?ri'ht, Richard U, Banker Pa.

V/right, .Richard R. Jr. Bishop Capet otto,, S.

Yerby, TJ'illian J. Consular Gerviao Chicago, 111.

* Deceased PEOIX "a" Publications of negroes Listed In the 1936-57 Edition of* T'lho * s h'ho in Aricricp.

Abbott, Robert £.

-' "* CO1"* #**% V^ ^ v^^ ^ ^-^ f^ *TS %© i.i-- j, o o 4-O Ji.it«^ ^y WUOI Discipline A Tianted Van Clocks For Gin The i'-oclel Homestead

Eovren, John IT. The Voice The Steward 1'issicnary I'arazine

F!rar~s deor~e F. Hi storjr of tho Afro-iijrierican Groupof the Epis copal Church

Tlraithwaitc, "Tilllam S. Lyric of Life and Love The ;louse of Falling Leaves The Poetic Year for'l91C The Story of the Great \ar Frost on the GreenLeaf The Book of Georgian Yerses The Book of Todem British Yerses Cur Lady1 r, Chair--A contcT.pors.ry Anthology of Verse - Cloinr; over Trinidad

Brawl ey, Benjamin A Short ''iotory of Jhiorican ?'epro Thcj :'"ef*ro in I.:lte.rat"are and Art A Social ill story of the American lierro A Short History of h'nf*lish Drana A lew Survey of English Literature, Frsshp.an. Ye&r Enrlish Uj *3torV O ^ ^J1 f'*l i F\ "-hrrfri The Promise of Ne.rro Literature Africa and the "jar ;;]llzaljeth r;arrett T!.roin'<:?r.f* and the Ivegro The Eeftro Poets: Hortcn, l--.rs. ITarpor as.d"-."hitnan Karly Ue^ro .\nerican Yiriters ■^r. Dillard of tlic Jeanes 'Tund. A Her/ Survey of English Literature Paul L'i?rrcree Dunhar ■Poet of TTis People Your Lie fro Ifeis;h.bor Lorenzo Dorr

Snscs, John "D8 (Childrens !?ooVt'

The Rlooci HodRecord -(A history of lv.nehln~ the 3out!:.) Cald-zeH. Joslab K» co:c oi

Cartor, Randall A. I.'ornir.^ I. cdits.tions Canned Lanrhter

Chastnutt, Charles 1T-. '['ha Conjure ''.'■.;V)nan The Mfe of "Is Youth Life of Frederic]: Douglass In Teacon licgraphies The House Esh-!,rd the GcJar

Coppin, Le-ri J, The Colonel's Dream. The Relationof Baptized Children to the Church. Koy to Scriptural Interpretation

Cotter. Joseph. Lilies of '?ricndshlp Cabel, tl"o De^enerrte 3 sin:y~ A T?ait3 Song TJavna and Dusk

Cullen Count< Copper Sun Caroling Dusk The B.".ll0.x*d of tlio L'toi'\*i Cirl The flaok Christ and Other Poems One "7av to Heaven

Editor of three church papers

Dstt, R. , IVa- ^x" a Heart Averse) '''I c ' -olia Gv.ite

?olL «onrs, etc.

Du Bols, I"!. Tho Suppression of the Slave Trade The !/}-ila.dGlnh?.,a T7erro lphe Souls cf'r.lack 7olkc Jol.in riroviTi f^est o° the HilTer Fleece The Ile^ro Dark ".'ater The 'lift of Black Folk The Dark PrineoGs Tilack Reconstruction

Rachcsl (S act plajf) Short stcries offl. Birth Control

Crimlce, Archibald. H. Lifeof T,ri lliarn Lloyd Garrison Life of Charles Sunner Various panphlcts on. tho anti-slaver;/' movement a f>r^f>p,ji colonization

:"oao"r?.r>ho on tlxe llorro ruestion I18 T'To ri*o i.n "Done s *b". ? *Jo vt* 0 c 5. h, "f *■ o I >i; 2 "h 0 cl

^^Cu

'"'-. - - I ct r V -s

£ix8d ^ "'/^ ^ 1 I The I'rif-'ht Sic'!c cf /'fr1* ear T- "'•

'Weary Dines fine Clothes to the JeT;.r !f:ot Without Laur.htcr Popo and f If ins. The- Dreaxn Keener The Ways of "JMlc folk

Address - American Consulate

Johnson. Cli/irles Z, The Kerro in Chicago

The "cllapse of Cotton Tenancy The Ko^ro in, American Civilization ~:eonor<-'ic! Status of" the l{e:-ro :>hp.dovr of the Plantation Ths "ogro Collero Hradi"\te

Johnson, J. loscriond "le-t ^.ailiams "I'lr. Load of Koc.l" •'.rranfoments of JTo^ro srir.i tuals •Joint oomnosor of ccr.ic operas:

Slsopinf; r.cauty and the !3cast

' "bidon r;1]'%s An t;ol>iO''ai*r-pFiv of 0uii ~_lzFw* Coloured i'D/n ]'"i??ty Years em! Other Poeras Self—Tlsto>"™!inij"*fi* 'raiti The Tiook of the A"crioan h'e^ro Spirituals

i'etcr delates an Incident of the Resurrection

Alcrir" This '.1'a.Y *:";to ii?rteri(3Ecs, ","[email protected] hot*? ."."n^lish version o" J/I.hrctto to the r"rnnd orjors "Soyosoas"

Jones, Gilbert Tl8 Education in Theory and Prpctico

Jones, Lawrence C.

rn - O1 i-.i"' 1*5 I T

- ! V. »J W jtJ $ ^SHey?, 1 C^r't 0 I'irr, ■.Tillis -J. The Ho™ro in American Life 3 rr v~26

Locho, .'lain !,, Race Contacts r.nd iHter-rooial Relations The hew Fef-ro '2hc Ke^ro in .America I?redei*iek Dounlas '■;d rtor of nl^ys o,f T'lerro Life

L'oCrorey, rienry L udltor of Quarterly J?eTie';r of Higher 'Education .feion;" i'c^roes Afrioo /aierican

I lot on, Robert TI» Racial Good-Jill I-1!tiding a '..ay Out

Phillips, Charles of !■". !•;. Church

Pickens, 'U'lllisn ./'..braliara Idnooln, Ian and £tatcs'«mn Thc Heir of Slaves i.-'rederick ")o'1""1p.g andthe Cpiritof "jreuicinati The Illtinatc hffectc of Segregation The IJltimfite Effects of I3iscrinina1:i on Tho !!ew lie ^ro The Kcf;ro in Li:*ht of the 3rcat 7,'ar (3 Editions) ':.'hc Yanr'eanco of the Cods furstin^ '"ends

Sen'iOHf! in r'elody

Scott, hinmett J, -'.'"■■"• .'V""",crisayi. rrc";ro, in i:.hc "'."orld V,"ar Ite^ro l:*i~r9.tion During tho h'ar

Tooner, Jear. Essentials ?o rta rc Potent ia1 Gano

"■ialton., Ieston A. Tho ITe^ro in Polityc.s Liberia's llm-r Indvistrir-l Do'vclop^crt The ITe^ro's Return to Conrress h'oodson, Carter C. The I3ducation of the ]'3~ro Prior to 1S61 A Tentviry of I'Tn--ro Migration lid story of 7:e.^ro Church The h*e,";ro in Cur Iri story ?cfro Oratorn and Their Orations Vvee llcrro Owners ^ Claves in United States, 1C30 The J.'errc "faslier hbnar. Ins-'irancc Rainess jenon;; '"^ -inthony Berset freedom and Clave 17/ in Appalachian America The I'Jc.rro of Cincinnati rrio^ to 1361 The I'lind of the Ho~ro 0 s Reflected in Letters Written *>;rJnr the Crisis 1800-83 African Ilyths lilbodson, Carter G. (Cont.) The Ec.";ro As a Business "an The Henro ProfessionalIan and the Cormunitj. ]"e,'"ro "akcrs of History The Story of the Ilo-ro Retold The ITc^ro ". :a™o Earner The "■.''is-Iklueatxon of the I'Jcnro The Tiural EeGro The African Back^.ro'ind Outlined en the Hand book for Ctudy of ths 'So'ztq Ten Years of Collecting and Publishing the ?tccort!o ai' the ilo^ro

The i'o^ro in Pennsylvania. Church ?1hpno inj^ Fen Peers of Phillip "Thoatley Encyclopedia of African Kethodisxfi