ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY Volume 2, Number 2, December 2018 E-ISSN: 2580-2844 Pages: 54-61 DOI: 10.13057/asianjfor/r020203

Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Sukabumi,

INDRI WULANDARI1,3,, RANDI HENDRAWAN1,3, TEGUH HUSODO1,2,3, ERRI N. MEGANTARA1,2,3 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West , Indonesia. Tel.: +62-22-7797712, email: [email protected]. 2Program in Environmental Science, School of Graduates, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Sekeloa, Coblong, Bandung 40134, West Java, Indonesia 3Institute of Ecology, Directorate of Research, Community Services and Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Sekeloa, Coblong, Bandung 40134, West Java, Indonesia

Manuscript received: 2 July 2018. Revision accepted: 15 August 2018.

Abstract. Wulandari I, Hendrawan R, Husodo T, Megantara EN. 2018. Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Sukabumi, Indonesia. Asian J For 2: 54-61. Ciletuh Geopark has unique geological exposures and diversity that need to be maintained and managed to provide benefits, both to the environment and society. In order to manage plant diversity, the plant species that make up the area need to be identified. This research was conducted to determine the community structure and diversity of the Ciletuh Geopark. The results of the study were used as basic data in determining the pattern of biodiversity management in Ciletuh Geopark. The method used is a qualitative method, through an inventory of plant species and illustrating the vegetation profile diagram. Vegetation profile diagrams represent a vertical structure of the vegetation community. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by describing vegetation conditions. Ciletuh Geopark has four types of communities, namely natural forests, horticultural gardens (gardens, humas, and fields), kebon tatangkalan (talun), coastal vegetation and mangroves. Ciletuh Geopark has 179 plant species, from understorey to . In this location, there has been a change in species diversity, which is dominated by crop plant species. However, based on its conservation status, there were also plants protected by the Indonesian government, namely Rafflesia patma.

Keywords: Ciletuh, geopark, composition, structure, vegetation

INTRODUCTION of vegetation. Stratification in a community occurs because of competition between dominant species with other species Ciletuh Geopark is located in Sukabumi, West Java, or between tall trees in the uppermost layers controlling the Indonesia consisting of eight sub-districts, that is Cisolok, trees below (Soerianegara and Indrawan 2005). The interaction Cikakak, Palabuhanratu, Simpenan, Ciemas, Ciracap, between plants gives rise to a characteristic composition of Waluran, and Surade, which were established in September vegetation. Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) use the 2016 through the Decree of the Governor of West Java No. term composition to express the floristic wealth of forests. 556/Kep. 941-Rek/2016. In the 15 years ago, Geopark has Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005) add that species become a widely studied global issue, especially on composition is distinguished between population (one geological aspects because Geopark has geodiversity. species) and community (some species). The composition However, another important aspect to study is the of vegetation is defined as the variation in the plant species biological aspect because there is also biodiversity in the that arrange community. The composition of plant species Ciletuh Geopark. Biodiversity is a potential that will add is a floristic list in a community (Misra 1973). The purpose assets, especially for Sukabumi and West Java Province in of this research is to find out the community structure and supporting development. To be able to support sustainable the diversity of plants that arrange Ciletuh Geopark. development, good and wise management is needed, one of which is the biodiversity of Ciletuh Geopark, that is the species of animals and plants. However, before to the MATERIALS AND METHODS manage, it is necessary to know the types of animals and plants in the Ciletuh Geopark. Megantara (2016) has Location conducted research in Ciletuh Geopark and produced an This study was carried out in Ciletuh Geopark, inventory of REEPS (Rare, Endangered, Endemic, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia which was concentrated in Protected Species) animals species. To complete it, this the horseshoe-shaped buffer area surrounding the research was conducted and focused on species of plants or Amphitheater (Figure 1). Based on altitude zoning, this area the constituent vegetation of Ciletuh Geopark. is in the lowlands, so the forest inside this area is included Gem (1996) states that vegetation is a collection species in the lowland forest. Government plan this Amphitheater of plants, each of which is incorporated in a population that area as the center of Ciletuh's economic growth. The results lives in a habitat and interacts with one another. Interaction of Megantara's research (2016) showed that in the Amphi- in a community is reflected in the structure and composition theater area scattered species of animal with REEPS status. WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia 55

Figure 1. Location of studies in Ciletuh Geopark, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Methods amount of strata is very dependent on the personal decision The method used to explain vegetation conditions were of the researcher. qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out through an inventory of plant species and profile diagram. Stratification and vegetation profiles were drawn by profile RESULTS AND DISCUSSION diagram on a vertically (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Profile diagram made based on transect 200 m and Community type and vegetation plot 10 x 10 m2. Profile diagram used to understand the At the location of studies, various types of community structure of a vegetation. The profile diagram depicted was and vegetation were found which compiled the Ciletuh vertical structure of plants at each location of studies (four Geopark. The types of communities and vegetation found types of communities), namely (i) natural forests in the Ciletuh Geopark area include natural forests, (Selagedang Hulu, Curug Awang Bawah, Curug Tengah, horticultural gardens, talun (kebon tatangkalan), and Puncak Manik, Cipeucang Atas, Curug Dogdog, Curug coastal and mangrove vegetation. However, natural forest Cimarinjing), (ii) horticultural gardens (Kebun Jati community and talun (kebon tatangkalan) is the type of Selagedang, Kebun Kelapa Tamanjaya, Curug Awang community that dominates in Ciletuh Geopark. The type of Atas), (iii) kebon tatangkalan/talun (Cigembong, community is described as follows: Cipeucang Bawah, Mandrajaya-Ciwaru, Pasir Muncang, Gunung Masigit), and (iv) coastal vegetation/mangroves Forests (Mangrove Cikadal). Forest is arranged of natural vegetation that the The profile diagram depiction is done on millimeter surrounding area has undergone land use change into block paper with a scale of 1: 100. In the picture, it is agriculture. The forest located in steep and difficult to added information such as research title, scale, species reach areas, such as in waterfalls and cliffs, thus causing code, height scale, species name, and location map and the forest community to be safe from encroachment for study transect. The data that has been collected is then land clearing. The forest in waterfall area is on average at a analyzed. Data analysis was performed using qualitative slope of 50-90%, but the forest in the Curug Dog-dog have descriptive analysis to describe the condition of vegetation slope between 20-30%, tends to be flat. Meanwhile, the at the location of studies. Based on this forest profile, the forest on cliff has slope between 40-80%. In general, amount of tree strata is formed. The determination of the canopy closure in forests tends to be tight and continuous,

56 ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 2 (2): 54-61, December 2018 as can be found in cliff areas. The closure of the canopy in Talun (kebon tatangkalan) waterfall area tends to be open, although in Curug Dog-dog In Ciletuh Geopark, talun (kebon tatangkalan) has a closed canopy closure (70-80%). generally located in a relatively flat and bumpy are. Canopy closure is not too tight because it is in the range of Agriculture-Horticultural garden 50%. Talun area which has a topography with a slope of > Horticultural garden or community of cultivation plant 50% and a fairly close canopy closure can be found in is community that dominates in Amphitheater area and Keusik Bodas area (slope of 50-70% and canopy cover 75- surrounding. Based on the plants that are planted, 95%). horticultural garden that exists are very diverse, that are planted only one commodity (monoculture), and some are Vegetation of beach and mangrove planted with various plants as mixed (polyculture). The Vegetation communities of beach and mangrove are in species that are often found in horticultural garden, tidal areas, so the constituent plants have a special including teak, coconut, , corn, and bananas. However, adaptation system, can release salt levels through leaves there are species which are the main commodities of each and stems. This area has a broad coastal vegetation horticultural garden, such as teak and coconut, which are formation because most of the land has been turned into the main commodities. Horticultural gardens have a cattle grazing and residential areas. Coastal and mangrove relatively flat and wavy topography, with a slope of <50%. vegetation are separated by village and river roads, with The canopy closure in the horticulture garden is relatively relatively flat topography. open, so that sunlight can penetrate to the ground forest.

Figure 1. Canopy closure in forest

Figure 2. Vegetation in agriculture-horticultural garden

Figure 3. Vegetation in talun (kebon tatangkalan)

WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia 57

Figure 4. Vegetation of beach and mangrove

Structure of the vegetation community A, B, C, D, and E. strata A is plants that have a height > 30 Wyatt-Smith (1963) classifying the structure of m, strata B consists of plants with a height between 20-30 vegetation communities into four categories of vegetation, m, strata C consists of plants with a height between 4-20 m, that is categorized as trees, poles, saplings, and and strata D and E each are plants with a height 1-4 m and undergrowth. The tree category is woody plants with < 1 m. Generally, vegetation in the Ciletuh Geopark diameter at breast height (DBH) > 35 cm. The pole consists of various types, starting from the tree level to the category is a woody plant with a diameter of 10-35 cm. As sapling and also arranged by the species of undergrowth for the sapling category is a woody plant with a diameter of vegetation. The structure community studied in this study <10 cm or has a height of> 1.5 m and for undergrowth has was grouped according to the size of the stem diameter. In a height of < 1,5 m. Contrast to Wyatt-Smith who classify addition, also found species of liana and epiphytes. Based plants based on diameter at breast height (DBH), on its stratification, in the Ciletuh Geopark are dominated Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005) classifying based on the by strata B (height between 20-30 m) and C (height level of layers from top to bottom horizontally, that is strata between 4-20 m).

A B C

D E F

G Figure 5. Vegetation profile diagram in natural forest. A. Selagedang Hulu, B. Curug Awang Bawah, C. Curug Tengah, D. Puncak Manik, E. Cipeucang Atas, F. Curug Dogdog, G. Curug Cimarinjing

58 ASIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 2 (2): 54-61, December 2018

A

B C

Figure 6. Vegetation profile diagram in horticultural garden. A. Kebun Jati Selagedang, B. Kebun Kelapa Tamanjaya, C. Curug Awang Atas

A B C

D

E

Figure 7. Vegetation profile diagram in talun (kebon tatangkalan). A. Cigembong, B. Cipeucang Bawah, C. Mandrajaya-Ciwaru, D. Pasir Muncang, E. Gunung Masigit

Figure 8. Vegetation profile diagram in mangrove, i.e., Mangrove Cikadal

Vegetation composition horticultural garden and talun (kebon tatangkalan). The Vegetation inventory recorded 179 species, scattered in species are dominant in Ciletuh Geopark come from family each type of vegetation. Family with the highest amount of Moraceae, as Ficus ampelas Burm.f. and Ficus rostrata species based on amount of species of each family are Thunb. As for undergrowth are dominant, among others and Moraceae which have 13 species. Forests in Alocasia longifolia and Chromolaena odorata (L.) Ciletuh Geopark have high species diversity compared to R.M.King & H.Rob.

WULANDARI et al. – Vegetation structure and composition in Ciletuh Geopark, Indonesia 59

Contrast with vegetation forest and talun (kebon Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. tatangkalan) to the more diverse, horticultural gardens and Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. vegetation of coastal and mangrove have a unique of Cycadaceae Cycas rumphii Miq. species that characterize their growing habitat. In Ciletuh Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica L. Geopark are found monoculture (such as teak garden and Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hispida Dennst. coconut garden) and polyculture gardens. The species of Ebenaceae Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco tree in beach vegetation not so much found, among others Euphorbiaceae Acalypha lanceolata Willd. Calophyllum inophyllum and Terminalia catappa, whereas Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. the dominant species are Ipomoea pes-caprae, and Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha L. Sessuvium portulacastrum. Meanwhile, the dominant Euphorbiaceae Macaranga gigantea Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. species of mangrove was found are Avicennia marina, Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, and Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Fabaceae Acacia mangium Willd. Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck (Osbeck). Merr. Fabaceae Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Albizzia lebbeck L. Fabaceae pauciflorum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen Table 1. List of species recorded in Ciletuh Geopark Fabaceae Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn Fabaceae Callotropis gigantea (Hook.) G.Don Family Species Fabaceae Cynometra ramiflora L. Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius L. Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L. Aizoaceae Sessuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum L. Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium L. Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Fabaceae Milletia elliptica (Roxb.) Steud. Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon mangiferum Blume Fabaceae Mimosa pigra L. Anacardiaceae Gluta renghas L. Fabaceae Mimosa pudica L. Anacardiaceae Gluta wallichii (Hook.f.) Ding Hou Fabaceae Hassk. Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Blume Fabaceae Parkia speciosa Hassk. Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Fabaceae Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Forst.f. Fabaceae Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Annonaceae Orophea hexandra Blume Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L. Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. Araceae Alocasia longifolia Engl. & K. Krause Hypoxidaceae Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb. Araceae Colocasia esculenta Schott Lamiaceae Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume Arecaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Lamiaceae Tectona grandis Linn.f. Arecaceae Arenga obtusifolia Mart. Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Arecaceae Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Malvaceae Ceiba petandra Gaertn. Arecaceae Calamus viminalis Willd Malvaceae Grewia laevigata Vahl. Arecaceae Caryota rumphiana Mart. Malvaceae Heritiera sp. Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Linn. Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Arecaceae Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Arecaceae Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Martelli) Blume Malvaceae Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf Arecaceae Plectocomia elongata L. Malvaceae Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Asparagaceae Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Malvaceae Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Malvaceae Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Melastomataceae Melastoma malabatrihcum Jack. Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.) S. Moore teysmanniana (Miq.) Miq. Asteraceae Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. Meliaceae Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume Asteraceae Mickania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Meliaceae Dysoxylum caulostachium (Blume) Blume Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis L. Meliaceae parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet Asteraceae Wedelia triloba (L.) Hitchc. Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla King Averrhoaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Meliaceae Toona sinensis R. Roem Balsaminaceae Impatiens platypetala Moraceae Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Bambusaceae Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Moraceae Artocarpus elastica Roxb. Bambusaceae Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer Moraceae Ficus ampelas .Burm.f. Bambusaceae Gigantochloa apus (Schult.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Bambusaceae Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja Moraceae Ficus benjamina L. Bambusaceae Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume Bambusaceae Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble Moraceae Ficus grossularioides Burm.f. Begoniaceae Begonia robusta Blume Moraceae Ficus lepicarpa Blume Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Moraceae Ficus rostrata Thunb. Bombacaceae Durio zibethinus Murr Moraceae Ficus septica Burm.f. Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Moraceae Ficus sumatrana Miq. Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum L. Moraceae Ficus variegata Blume

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Moraceae Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. remnants of forests that previously dominated the area. Moraceae Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. & That means the Ciletuh Geopark has experienced Thomson deforestation. Deforestation is the conversion of forest Muntingiaceae Muntingia calabura L. areas to non-forest land use (Gervet, 2007). Agriculture is Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla. one of the most significant causes of deforestation Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca L. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. (Bennett, 2017). Effect deforestation is in reduced or even Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry loss of native species replaced by cultivated species. Myrtaceae Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. Deforestation has thus many causes, that is population Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston pressures, profits, and internal social and political forces Myrtaceae Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M.Perry can also all push up the rate of forest loss. Pandaceae Galearia filiformis Boerl. Currently, Ciletuh Geopark dominated by the talun Pandanaceae Pandanus furcatus Roxb. (kebon tatangkalan). Talun is an agroforestry system Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi formed to increase overall productivity and serve various Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. functions by combining agricultural crops with tree crops, Phyllanthaceae Breynia racemosa (Blume) Müll.Arg. Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus monoicus (Lour.) Müll.Arg. thus causing the display to differentiate between Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. components of existing agroecosystem (Berkes 2012; Piperaceae Piper aduncum L. Parikesit et al. 2005). Kebon tatangkalan is the most Piperaceae Piper betle L. common local agroforestry system, which is distinctive and Poaceae Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr. has developed under the influence of various biophysical Poaceae Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & and socio-economic factors (Parikesit et al. 2005). C.E.Hubb. Although the Ciletuh Geopark was dominated by trees Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf from strata B and C, but in forest vegetation the Puncak Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Manik area is still dominated by trees from strata A. Poaceae Oryza sativa L. Poaceae Oryza sativa var. x Vegetation Ciletuh Geopark were arranged of trees from Poaceae Panicum maximum Jacq. strata A, B, and C, shows the still high dominant of old Poaceae Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. plants (Suci et al. 2017). Soerianegara and Indrawan (2005) Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L. state that in communities of natural plant there are 3 strata Poaceae Zea mays L. that reflect tropical forest structures. Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) Miq. Rafflesiaceae Rafflesia patma Blume. Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata Lam. This study can work with the financial support we got Rubiaceae Guettarda speciosa L. from ALG Prof. Erri N. Megantara. Thanks are given to Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L. Institute Ecology Team who have been assisting since the Rubiaceae Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser preparation, data collection, and analysis, as well as to the Rubiaceae Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. PAPSI and the Ciletuh community for all assistance during Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. this data collection. In this opportunity, we would like to Rutaceae Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle express my special appreciation and thank Prof. Tri Rutaceae Citrus hystrix DC. Hanggono Achmad, a rector of the Padjadjaran University Rutaceae Melicope latifolia (DC.) T.G. Hartley Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites who has supported the ALG program and encouragement Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L. to conduct research. Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota (L.) 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