in 1832 also Doctor of Medical Sciences, and finally in 1840 Doctor of Natural Sciences. In 1833 he taught chemistry in Toulouse, where he R also started a successful medical practice and con- tinued his zoological studies. He gave up his medical practice and taught zoology in Toulouse from 1838 to 1840, but his temporary appointment was not made permanent, and in 1840 he decided to settle in Paris and devote himself exclusively to zoology. He Radde, Gustav Ferdinand Richard (1831–1903) earned a living as a scientific draughtsman and as the In Russian publications the name is given as Gustav author of popular scientific articles for periodicals. Ivanovič Radde ■ J. Breuste, ‘Gustav Radde und sein In 1850 he was appointed teacher of natural history Wirken als Geograph’, Petermanns Geographische at the Lycée Henri IV, obtaining the title of professor Mitteilungen 127 (1983), p. 109–113. The text is also in 1852. (The Lycée changed its name several times: found on the website of the Goethe Institut in Tbilisi, from 1804 to 1815 and from 1848 to 1870 it was called www.goethe.de/ins/ge/prj/dig/wif/gur/grb/deindex. Lycée Napoléon.) In that same year he was elected a htm, accessed 15-07-2015. member of the Académie des Sciences and in 1855 he was appointed Professor of Biological Anthropology The German naturalist and geographer Gustav and Ethnography. He then gave up his job at the Ferdinand Richard Radde was born in Danzig (now Lycée Henri IV. Much of his scientific work deals with Gdánsk, Poland) on 27 November 1831 and died on 15 marine biology, but he also wrote extensively about March 1903 (Gregorian calendar) in Tbilisi, Georgia. anthropology. His purely zoological work is highly Originally trained as an apothecary, he decided in regarded, his work in anthropology and ethnography 1852 to devote himself to natural history. In 1852–1855 is largely forgotten. He opposed Darwin’s* evolution he travelled jointly with the botanist Christian von theory. Steven (1781–1863) on the Krim peninsula. From 1855 to 1859 he participated in an expedition to East Siberia 1854 on the invitation of the St Petersburg Geographical Souvenirs d’un naturaliste. 2 vols. Paris: Charpentier. Society. He worked on his collections from 1860 Description: xv, 507; 549; 19 cm. to 1862 as curator of the zoological museum of St Also occurs with the imprint Paris: V. Masson. Petersburg. In 1862 he went with Karl Ernst von Baer Contents. Describes his travels to, and investigations (1792–1876) to South Russia. of, the Archipel de Chaussey, Archipel de Bréhat (not In 1864 he proposed a programme for the biologi- far from Paimpol in Bretagne), the environs of Naples, cal and geographical exploration of the Caucasus to Sicily, Stromboli, Saint-Sébastien in the Basque coun- the government, which was accepted and Radde was try, Gulf of Biscay and the coasts of Saintonge. asked to execute it. In 1867 Radde became the first director of the Caucasian Museum in Tbilisi, a position he held until his death. His journeys took him to all regions of the Caucasus and the Transcaucasian area. He also visited the Iranian mountains south of the Caspian Sea and the areas to the east of it.

1896 Reisen an der Persisch-Russischen Grenze. Talysch und seine Bewohner. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. Description: xviii, 450, illus., map. ¶¶ 2005, facs. Series: Elibron Classics. Boston: Adamant Media Corporation. ¶¶ 2012, reprint (probably facs.). Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag. Description: 468. Contents. The book describes not a single journey, but episodes of several visits made to the mountains and lowland of the area on both sides of the border between Russia and Iran, to the west of the Caspian Sea. This may be regarded as the extreme north- west corner of the Elbruz Mountains of Iran. The author excels in descriptions of scenery, nature, and the inhabitants. Although embedded in a personal

350 | Radde, Gustav Ferdinand Richard narrative, there are no adventures to relate. The text is request of HBC’s governor. When in September 1847 more like a personalized natural history and geograph- Rae returned to York Factory, he learnt that he had ical description. been promoted to chief trader. Rae described this expedition in his Narrative of an expedition to the 1887 shores... (1850). The expedition had demonstrated that Aus dem Dagestanischen Hochalpen, vom Schah- it was possible to winter in the Arctic by eating local Dagh zum Dulty und Bogos: Reisen, ausgeführt im game, fish and by building igloos. Sommer 1885. Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft On the second expedition he joined Sir John No.85. Description: 64, illus., map. Richardson* at Richardson’s request, to help in the search for Franklin and his crew. Richardson went 1890 back in 1849, but Rae did some further exploring and Karabagh: Bericht über die im Sommer 1890 im rus- retuned to Fort Simpson in September. The expedition sischen Karabagh von Dr. Gustav Radde und Dr. Jean had produced some good surveying but had learnt Valentin ausgeführte Reise. Petermann’s Mittheilungen, nothing about Franklin’s fate. In Fort Simpson Rae Ergänzungsheft No.100. Description: 56. took up his work as chief trader, being responsible for the Mackenzie River district. Business management Radde, Gustav Ferdinand Richard (1831–1903) & and accounting were not much to Rae’s liking. In 1850 König, Eugen he was promoted to chief factor. For Radde, see above. No information on Eugen König At the Admiralty’s request he resumed the search available. for John Franklin. When he reached Victoria Street, the ice was too closely packed to reach King William 1895 Island, where in 1848 Franklin and his men had miser- Der Nordfuss des Dagestan und das vorlagernde ably perished, but Rae found two pieces probably from Tiefland bis zur Kma: vorlaüfiger Bericht über die Franklin’s ships. Although again not much was learnt im Sommer 1894 ausgeführte Reisen. (G. Radde und about Franklin, the expedition was highly successful E. König). Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft as to exploring. Rae travelled to London in 1852, where No.117. Description: 65, map; 28 cm. he received the Founder’s Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. Rae, John (1813–1893) The HBC approved a further Arctic expedition in order R.L. Richards, ‘Rae, John (1813–1893)’ DCanB online, to complete the survey. This time Rae heard from an accessed 27-10-2014 ■ A. Savours, ‘Rae, John (1813– Inuit that a large number of white people (some 35-40) 1893)’, ODNB online. had starved to death west of a large river, a long way off. The man could not point out the location on a The Scottish Arctic explorer, ethnologist and natural- map. Later he heard from other Inuit that they had ist John Rae was born in the parish of Orphir, Orkney seen some forty white men on King William Island Islands, on 30 September 1813. He spent his boyhood and that afterwards they had found some graves on at Orkney and was educated at home before he went the mainland, and five bodies on an island. Rae sailed to Edinburgh to study medicine. He qualified as a to England and reached London on 22 October 1854, doctor in 1833 and was appointed surgeon on the ship where he immediately reported to the Admiralty. ‘Prince of Wales’ of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) Rae retired in 1856 and married in 1860; the couple that same year. settled in Britain. Rae did revisit Canada from time to From 1833 to 1844 he worked as a surgeon at Moose time, however, and took part in telegraph surveys in Factory, the company post in James Bay. Besides his 1860 and 1864. In his later years (1870–1893) he divid- work as a physician he participated in the general ed his time between England and Orkney. work of the post. He learned from the locals their He received an honorary doctorate from McGill techniques of survival: hunting fishing, sledge-hauling, University and another one from Edinburgh, and was snowshoe walking and camping out, which later came elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1880. He died him in good stead in his explorations. at his home in Kensington, London on 22 July 1893, He made four major Arctic expeditions, during which but was buried in Kirkwall, Orkney. he surveyed much of the northern coast of North America: 1846–1847, 1848–1849, 1851 and 1853–1854; 1850 on all of these expeditions surveying the northern Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea, coastline of North America was part of the mission, in 1846 and 1847. London: T. & W. Boone. Description: an undertaking begun by the fur traders Alexander viii, 247, [1], 2 fold. ll. of pl.: front. and map; 23 cm. Mackenzie (1764–1820) and Samuel Hearne (1745– 1792), the explorer Thomas Simpson (1808–1840) and naval parties led by Sir John Franklin (1786–1847). He was sent on the first of these expeditions at the

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