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Assessing the in Situ Efficacy of Tea Tree Oil As a Topical Antiseptic

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Assessing the in Situ Efficacy of Tea Tree Oil As a Topical Antiseptic Novasel Australia Pty Ltd Assessing the in situ efficacy of tea tree oil as a topical antiseptic A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by S. Messager, K.A. Hammer & T.V. Riley August 2005 RIRDC Publication No 05/113 RIRDC Project No UWA-72A © 2005 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 176 3 ISSN 1440-6845 Assessing the in situ efficacy of tea tree oil as a topical antiseptic Publication No. 05/113 Project No. UWA-72A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable industries. The information should not be relied upon for the purpose of a particular matter. Specialist and/or appropriate legal advice should be obtained before any action or decision is taken on the basis of any material in this document. The Commonwealth of Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, the authors or contributors do not assume liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from any person's use or reliance upon the content of this document. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details Prof. T. V. Riley University of Western Australia School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences Microbiology (M502) 35 Stirling Hwy CRAWLEY WA 6009 Phone: (08) 9346 3690 Fax: (08) 9346 2912 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4819 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected]. Web : http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in August 2005 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Union Offset ii Foreword This report describes results of experiments conducted to examine the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil and tea tree oil products. Results were obtained using several different European standard methods and as such represent novel findings. The cost of hospital-acquired infections has been estimated to be in excess of 1 billion dollars for Australia alone. The transfer of pathogenic bacteria via the hands of health care workers is often the cause. Previous research has shown that tea tree oil kills the transient skin microorganisms that are largely responsible for hospital-acquired infections, while having less of an effect against the commensal bacteria of the skin. However, the test method used was simple MIC determination, which cannot take into account the properties of the skin on which these microorganisms reside. The specific objectives of this study were firstly to examine the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil-based skin antiseptics by three different methods and then to assess activity using an FDA approved hand wash method. The study showed that the antibacterial effects demonstrated by tea tree oil differed according to the method of assessment that was used. The ex-vivo method was a closer approximation to the in-vivo situation and it may take into account the skin penetrative properties of tea tree oil that cannot be assessed using traditional methods. The acceptability of a tea tree oil hand wash has been demonstrated to be high in preliminary studies. If such hand or body washes could be shown to be user friendly and efficacious, they may be considered as alternatives to conventional products in hospitals and other health care settings. This project was funded from industry revenue which is matched by funds provided by the Australian Government. This report, an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 1200 research publications, forms part of our Tea tree oil R&D program, which aims to support the continued development of an environmentally sustainable and profitable Australian tea tree oil industry that has established international leadership in marketing, in value-adding, and in product reliability and production. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/fullreports/index.html • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Peter O’Brien Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgments The generosity of Novasel Australia Pty Ltd, 29 Raffles Court, Mudgeeraba, QLD, in co-funding this project is gratefully acknowledged. Australian Plantations Pty. Ltd., Wyrallah, NSW, kindly provided the batch of tea tree oil that was used throughout this study. We are grateful for the technical, financial and institutional support of the Microbiology Discipline, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at The Western Australian Centre for Pathology and Medical Research. Abbreviations A. baumannii Acinetobacter baumannii AHR Alcoholic hand rub AHSW Alcoholic hygienic skin wash B. cereus Bacillus cereus B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis cfu Colony forming unit DCM Drop counting method E. coli Escherichia coli EBSS Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution GA Glutaraldehyde HAI Hospital acquired infection HP Hydrogen peroxide HSW Hygienic skin wash P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBS Phosphate buffered saline PVI Povidone iodine QCT-1 Quantitative carrier test 1 QCT-2 Quantitative carrier test 2 RF Reduction factor S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus SDW Sterile distilled water SH Sodium hypochlorite TTO Tea tree oil v/v Volume for volume iv Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Antiseptics.................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Testing protocols.......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Aims & Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 8 2. ‘In-vitro’ suspension tests................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Background / Objectives .............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Materials & Methods.................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.4. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 14 3. Sporicidal activity of tea tree oil .................................................................................................... 22 3.1. Background / Objectives ............................................................................................................ 22 3.2. Materials & Methods.................................................................................................................. 22 3.3. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 24 3.4. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 25 4. Antibacterial activity of TTO on surfaces..................................................................................... 28 4.1. Background / Objectives ............................................................................................................ 28 4.2. Materials & Methods.................................................................................................................. 28 4.3. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 29 4.4. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 31 5. ‘Ex-vivo’ and ‘in-vivo’ testing.................................................................................................... 34 5.1. Background / Objectives ...........................................................................................................
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