DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE CULT OF THE MARTYRS OF LIBERTY: RADICAL RELIGIOSITY IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by ASHLEY SHIFFLETT In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts July 2008 © Ashley Shifflett, 2008. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42839-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42839-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT THE CULT OF THE MARTYRS OF LIBERTY: Radical Religiosity in the French Revolution Ashley Shifflett Advisor: University of Guelph, 2008 Dr. William S. Cormack The Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty emerged as a popular and spontaneous manifestation of sans-culotte affections for Jean-Paul Marat. In death, Marat became a focus for this group's religious sensibilities, and he was transformed into the object of a religious cult which mocked Catholic orthodoxy and venerated revolutionary radicalism. This thesis seeks to qualify Albert Soboul's conclusions on the Cult of Martyrs by examining it as a cultural expression of the sans-culottes' anti-clericalism as well as of their political and social ideals, in light of recent interpretations on Revolutionary religiosity. The celebration of martyrdom was a point of conflict between the revolutionary bourgeoisie and the sans-culottes. This conflict can be seen in efforts by the National Convention and the Paris Commune to control the Cult of Marat by incorporating it into the Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty, which conformed to classical republican ideals. Efforts to supplant the Cult of the Martyrs came with the imposition of Robespierre's Cult of the Supreme Being, and he attempted to channel popular religious energy in new directions until his overthrow. During the Thermidorian Reaction, the jeunesse doree attacked the Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty. The Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty continued as a rallying point for former Jacobins who attempted to appeal to the sans-culottes. Along with other aspects of the French Revolution which shaped the modern revolutionary tradition, the cults of Year II of the Republic point to the importance of secular commemoration and hero-worship during times of revolution. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Bill Cormack. I am deeply indebted to him for his patience, for his meticulous editing, and for his guidance throughout my years at the University of Guelph. His enthusiasm for French Revolutionary history is truly infectious. I would also like to thank Professor Sofie Lachapelle who co-advised this project until its final stages and whose enthusiasm and encouragement was a great asset. I would also like to extend thanks to Professors Peter Goddard and Susannah Humble-Ferreira, who served on my committee. I wish to express special appreciation to my family and friends. Particular thanks go out to my parents, Mike and Sue Shifflett, for their love and support; to Jean-Luc and Patricia Rimonteil, whose door is always open pour les vacances en France; to my brother, Geoffrey Shifflett for his help at the Paris archives and for keeping my spirits up when the going was tough; to my colleagues and friends Brodie Richards and Natalie Dube who read various draft chapters of this thesis while it was still very much a work in progress; and to Donny McBrayne, for always understanding and being my rock. Last but not least, to my grandmother, Mae Rose Shifflett, who taught me to read French and who provided invaluable assistance - this thesis is dedicated to her. Ashley Shifflett July, 2008 1 Contents -Acknowledgements i -Contents ii -Abbreviations iii Chapter 1: THE HISTORIANS AND THE CULT OF THE MARTYRS OF 1 LIBERTY Chapter 2: SANS-CULOTTES SENSIBILITIES AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 CULT OF MARAT Chapter 3: THE NATIONAL CONVENTION AND THE CULT OF THE 48 MARTYRS OF LIBERTY Chapter 4: THE DECLINE OF THE CULT OF THE MARTYRS OF LIBERTY: 80 L'ETRE SUPREME, YOUTH HEROES AND THE JEUNESSE DOREE Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 104 -Bibliography 108 ii Note on Abbreviations AN = Archives Nationales, Paris BHVP = Bibliotheque de la Ville de Paris Chapter I: The Historians and the Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty The Cult of the Martyrs of Liberty was an important element of French Revolutionary culture, which emerged during the first year of the Republic. The Cult worshipped three martyrs of the Revolution: Michel Lepelletier, a member of the Convention who was assassinated by a fellow noble for voting in favour of the execution of the King; Jean-Paul Marat, a Jacobin deputy and radical journalist who was assassinated by Charlotte Corday in response to the purge of the Girondins from the Convention; and Joseph Chalier, a Jacobin activist in Lyon who was guillotined by Federalist rebels. These martyrs formed a new trinity, which, in revolutionary culture, replaced the Holy Trinity of Roman Catholicism. As well as linking the Cult to dechristianization, this new trinity represented three key crises of the Republic and served the important purpose of justifying radical measures: the execution of the king, the purge of the Convention and the repression of Federalism. The Cult of Martyrs was an important ideological tool through which the Jacobins and the sans-culottes articulated the values of the Republic and justified their actions. Yet the celebration of martyrdom became a source of conflict between the groups, and it reflected their different cultural, social and political objectives. While historical study of the revolutionary cults has focused on the more prominent Cult of the Supreme Being, as well as on the Festival of Reason, the study of the Cult of Martyrs provides important insight into the popular movement, its relationship to the Jacobin government, and the contribution of the sans­ culottes to French Revolutionary culture. Historians have debated the nature of the Cult and have studied it in terms of its religious and political implications. In the early nineteenth century, contemporaries of 1 the Revolution, such as Abbe Gregoire, tended to view the revolutionary cults as solely political creations with specific political purposes, thereby refusing the Cult of Martyrs any truly religious nature.1 This trend continued with historian Alphonse Aulard, who also saw the revolutionary cults as political. Aulard characterized the Cult of Marat as an "expedient of popular patriotic defence" and the martyrs as "a trinity of the victims of patriotism."2 In the twentieth century, Richard Cobb viewed the Cult of Marat in a similar manner, as part of the process to replace Christianity with a religion of the nation: "A kind of'patriotic religion', hazy in outline, confused in doctrine." The first historian to specifically examine the cults and their religious content was Albert Mathiez, who saw the cults in terms of a religious struggle against the Catholic Church, but also as a true revolutionary religion. Mathiez considered the revolutionary festivals to be the result of a desire to replace Catholic worship with a new cult capable of offering its participants a similar spiritual satisfaction.4 This approach explained the conscious transposition of Catholic ceremony onto new forms of worship. Later in the twentieth century, historian Albert Soboul saw this study as superficial because Mathiez had "poorly characterized the religious reality, by identifying the religious with the collective."5 According to Soboul, "with the development of rationalism during the previous century, religion became specialized and then occupied merely one part of the 1 Albert Soboul, "Religious Sentiment and Popular Cults during the Revolution," in New Perspectives on the French Revolution: Readings in Historical Sociology, edited by Jeffry Kaplow, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965)339. 2 F.A. Aulard, Le Culte de la Raison et le Culte de L'Etre Supreme (1793-1794): Essai Historique. (Paris: G. Bailliere, 1892)203,202. 3 Richard Cobb, The People's Armies: The Armies Revolutionaires: instruments of the Terror in the Departments. April 1793 to Floreal Year II. translated by Marianne Elliot, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987)455. 4 Albert Mathiez, Les Origines des Cultes Revolutionnaires (1789-1792).
Recommended publications
  • Roberts & Tilton

    Roberts & Tilton

    ROBERTS & TILTON FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 12, 2016 Daniel Joseph Martinez IF YOU DRINK HEMLOCK, I SHALL DRINK IT WITH YOU or A BEAUTIFUL DEATH; player to player, pimp to pimp. (As performed by the inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade) April 9 – May 21, 2016 Sade: “Justine (or The Misfortunes of Virtue)” 1791 Opening Reception Saturday, April 9th, 6-8pm Roberts & Tilton is pleased to present a new installation by Daniel Joseph Martinez. “IF YOU DRINK HEMLOCK, I SHALL DRINK IT WITH YOU or A BEAUTIFUL DEATH; player to player, pimp to pimp. (As performed by the inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade)” is an immersive environment referencing Jacques-Louis David’s seminal portrait The Death of Marat (1793). Whereas David’s painting represents a single moment, Martinez’s interpretation is conceived as a mise en scène, constantly oscillating between past and present. Entering the gallery, the viewer is confronted by a pair of aluminum bleachers dividing the gallery space. Monitors depicting slow moving clouds are hung over each set, suggesting windows. In the space carved out between the bleachers are three life-like sculptures of Martinez as Marat, his assassin Charlotte Corday, and of the artist himself. A closer look reveals that while the figures are modeled after the artist’s own body, each appropriate the signifiers specific to their character: a knife; fresh wounds; a bathtub; a chore jacket. Confronting this hyper-awareness of the physical body is the fourth character, who appears in the deadpan recital of Corday’s monologues from Peter Weiss’s play “Marat/Sade” (1963) projected throughout the installation.
  • 'The Collection of Marat's Bibliographer' at the British Library

    'The Collection of Marat's Bibliographer' at the British Library

    'THE COLLECTION OF MARAT'S BIBLIOGRAPHER' AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY JACQUES DE COCK 'TELL me what you do and I shall tell you who you are.' We are reminded of this saying when considering the personality of Francois Chevremont, an enthusiastic collector, a scholar and the author of two works on Jean-Paul Marat. From 1845 onwards throughout fifty years of patient research/ Chevremont assembled the most important collection of documents relating to the * Friend of the People'. His works are highly regarded and yet we know almost nothing about this man, who was born in 1824 and died in 1907, who lived in Paris in the Avenue de Clichy, before moving to Lizy-sur-Ourcq in the department of Seine-et-Marne. His destiny is, therefore, especially connected with that of his work and his collection. It is with the fate of the latter that we shall be concerned here.^ Around 1880 Francois Chevremont, then almost sixty, was extremely worried about keeping his collection together; he therefore sent various French libraries a form letter worded as follows: Fig. I. Jean Paul Marat; frontispiece engraving from Les Chaines de Pesdavage (1833). 645.3.4 44 Dear Sir, For thirty years I have been collecting everything relating to J.-P. Marat. Apart from the complete set of the scientific, philosophical and political works of the scholar, philosopher and journalist, today this collection consists of: 1° The seven original folio placards 2° The plan for critninal legislation reprinted by Marat's widow 3" A considerable number of brochures and documents all relating to Marat 4'' An important collection of engravings and drawings 5" Two paintings, a miniature, some medallion portraits, two copper engravings one of which is by Copia etc.
  • Analysing the High Art of Propaganda During the French Revolution

    Analysing the High Art of Propaganda During the French Revolution

    Thema Close to the Source: Analysing the High Art of Propaganda during the French Revolution Jacques-Louis David’s The Death of Marat reveals the blurred lines between historical fact and fiction. Cam Wilson, undergraduate student, The University of Melbourne Analysing primary source material is both an The Death of Marat (1793, see Figure 1) by Jacques- important and highly rewarding exercise in historical Louis David is a uniquely complex historical source scholarship. The ability to critically examine and that captures both the brutal reality and the elaborate evaluate primary documents is the foundation of fiction of the French Revolution. The tragic depiction quality historical research. Analysis requires historians of Jean-Paul Marat, the radical journalist and political to look far beyond first impressions of a historical agitator lying dead in his bath, reveals the methods source. They must examine it in fine detail and be employed by political propagandists to manufacture able to communicate their description to the reader. a new ideological reality for the revolutionary state. Reconstructing the historical context of the source Simultaneously, it serves to accentuate the sense of both deepens the analysis and frequently provides tragedy and death the revolution has left in its wake. This analysis examines the multiple meanings of inspiration for further research. Armed with detailed David’s iconic painting to explain how a historical research and observation, the focus of the analysis source with such a deliberate political agenda can is to uncover the intentions of the author and the reveal so much about revolutionary France. message they are trying to convey.
  • After Robespierre

    After Robespierre

    J . After Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION Mter Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION By ALBERT MATHIEZ Translated from the French by Catherine Alison Phillips The Universal Library GROSSET & DUNLAP NEW YORK COPYRIGHT ©1931 BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED AS La Reaction Thermidorienne COPYRIGHT 1929 BY MAX LECLERC ET CIE UNIVERSAL LIBRARY EDITION, 1965 BY ARRANGEMENT WITH ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65·14385 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE So far as order of time is concerned, M. M athie( s study of the Thermidorian Reaction, of which the present volume is a translation, is a continuation of his history of the French Revolution, of which the English version was published in 1928. In form and character, however, there is a notable difference. In the case of the earlier work the limitations imposed by the publishers excluded all references and foot-notes, and the author had to refer the reader to his other published works for the evidence on which his conclusions were based. In the case of the present book no such limitations have been set, and M. Mathiei: has thus been able not only to state his con­ clusions, but to give the chain of reasoning by which they have been reached. The Thermidorian Reaction is therefore something more than a sequel to The French Revolution, which M. Mathiei:, with perhaps undue modesty, has described as a precis having no independent authority; it is not only a work of art, but a weighty contribution to historical science. In the preface to his French Revolution M.
  • 50 H-France Forum, V

    50 H-France Forum, V

    H-France Forum Volume 4 Page 50 ______________________________________________________________________________ H-France Forum, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Spring 2009), No. 5 Michael Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. x + 493 pp. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 978- 0691124988. Response Essay by Michael Sonenscher, King’s College Cambridge, to the review essays of his book by John Hardman, Thomas E. Kaiser, Charles Walton and Johnson Kent Wright. Perhaps the easiest way to begin a reply to this array of thought-provoking comments is to start with the two factual questions raised by John Hardman. The first concerns the comte d’Angiviller, while the second concerns Charles-Alexandre de Calonne. Answering them is a good way into the questions set out by Thomas E. Kaiser and Charles Walton about the relationship of the sans-culottes to Robespierre, Saint-Just and the Jacobin leadership in 1793 and 1794 and, more broadly, about the similarities and differences in their respective moral values, economic priorities and political visions. Answering their questions is, in turn, a helpful entry point to the questions about eighteenth-century versions of ancient moral and political thought and about the politics of the ancient constitution raised by Johnson Kent Wright. John Hardman asked whether I had any evidence that the comte d’Angiviller was, as I put it, “a strong advocate of a patriotic coup against the nation’s creditors in 1787 and 1788” (p. 378). I made the claim on the basis of a remark by d’Angiviller in the autobiographical fragment entitled Episodes de ma vie that was published posthumously in 1906.
  • Jean-Baptiste Lingaud Papers Ms

    Jean-Baptiste Lingaud Papers Ms

    Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Ms. Coll. 515 Finding aid prepared by Anton Matytsin. Last updated on April 24, 2020. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts July 2004 Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Table of Contents Summary Information....................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History..........................................................................................................................................4 Scope and Contents....................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information........................................................................................................................... 4 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................5 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 6 Mayor’s Office of Limoges.....................................................................................................................6 Personal Papers of Lingaud...................................................................................................................29 - Page 2 - Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers Summary Information Repository University
  • Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Jean Tulard, Le My the De Napoleon

    Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Jean Tulard, Le My the De Napoleon

    Notes Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Jean Tulard, Le My the de Napoleon (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971), pp.47, 51 etc. 2. Addicts may consult Jean Savant, Napoleon (Paris: Veyrier, 1974); Frank Richardson, Napoleon, Bisexual Emperor (London: Kimber, 1972); Arno Karlen, Napoleon's Glands and Other Ventures in Biohistory (Boston: Little Brown, 1984). 3. J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.389. 4. J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour, trans. T. Waugh (London: Methuen, 1985), p.449. For the poisoning allegations, see Sten Forshufvud and Ben Weider, Assassination at St Helena: The Poisoning of Napoleon Bonaparte (Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1978), and Frank Richardson, Napoleon's Death: An Inquest (London: Kimber, 1974). 5. G. Ellis, Napoleon's Continental Blockade: The Case ofAlsace (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Michael Broers, The Restoration of Order in Napoleonic Piedmont, 1797-1814, unpublished Oxford D .Phil. thesis, 1986. Chapter 2. Bonaparte the Jacobin 1. J. Boswell, An Account of Corsica, the Journal of a Tour in that Island and Memoirs ofPascal Paoli (London, 1768). 2. Peter A. Thrasher, Pasquale Paoli: an Enlightened Hero, 1725-1807 (London: Constable, 1970), e.g. pp.98-9. 3. D. Carrington, "Paoli et sa 'Constitution' (1755-69)", AhRf, 218, October-December, 1974,531. 4. J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), p.24. 301 302 NOTES 5. S.F. Scott, The Response of the Rnyal Army to the French Revolution: The Rnle and Development of the Line Army during 1789-93, (Oxford, 1978).
  • FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To

    FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To

    FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political
  • Bank Notes of the French Revolution, Part I – the Royal Assignats

    Bank Notes of the French Revolution, Part I – the Royal Assignats

    BANK NOTES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, PART I – THE ROYAL ASSIGNATS John E. Sandrock Prelude to Revolution Conditions in France under the monarchy at the end of the eighteenth century were bad both economically and socially. The monarchy was supreme, ruling by Divine Right. As a result, there being no parliament or other body to act as a check on extremes, the king was responsible only to himself. Although Louis XVI meant well, he was sluggish and ignorant when it came to domestic and foreign affairs. His love of hunting and his passion for tinkering with locks consumed his concentration. The problems associated with statesmanship were beyond his grasp. To make matters worse his Austrian born wife, Marie Antoinette, was both frivolous and erratic without any understanding of her subjects or their plight. France at this time was an agrarian nation with all but a small percentage of the population working the land. Crops had been very poor for several years and the winter hail storms of 1788-1789 was uncommonly severe. This made the collection of taxes, always an onerous chore which was badly administered, much more difficult. When we add to this the agrarian troubles, continual unbalanced budgets, foreign trade stifled for lack of credit, and a monarchy unable to raise money due to its bad credit, we have the grounds for bankruptcy. Transcending all this was a bureaucracy where privilege was rife. An enormous amount of wealth (some say up to twenty-five percent) was tied up in the hands of the church and clergy. Soon many writers began to attack the outmoded privileges and abuses of the aristocracy.
  • Annales Historiques De La Révolution Française, 376 | Avril-Juin 2014 [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Juin 2017, Consulté Le 01 Juillet 2021

    Annales Historiques De La Révolution Française, 376 | Avril-Juin 2014 [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Juin 2017, Consulté Le 01 Juillet 2021

    Annales historiques de la Révolution française 376 | avril-juin 2014 Varia Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/13142 DOI : 10.4000/ahrf.13142 ISSN : 1952-403X Éditeur : Armand Colin, Société des études robespierristes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 juin 2014 ISBN : 978-2-908327-68-7 ISSN : 0003-4436 Référence électronique Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 376 | avril-juin 2014 [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 juin 2017, consulté le 01 juillet 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/13142 ; DOI : https:// doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.13142 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 juillet 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Articles L’épiphanie, entre dérision et volonté d’abolition Michel Biard « Les forgeurs et les limeurs » face à la machine : la destruction de l’atelier de Jacques Sauvade (1er et 2 septembre 1789) Luc Rojas Le témoignage de François-Jérôme Riffard Saint-Martin, député à la convention Jacques-Olivier Boudon Prendre la parole en révolution le cas Palloy, démolisseur de la bastille Héloïse Bocher Nouvelles gouaches révolutionnaires de Jean-Baptiste Lesueur. Entrées au musée Carnavalet (2005-2011) Philippe de Carbonnières Regards croisés La Révolution française dans l’espace médiatique Annie Duprat, Cécile Guérin, Aurore Chery, Pascal Guimier, Pierre Serna, Roland Timsit, Emmanuel Laurentin et Emmanuel Fureix Sources La correspondance de Boris Porchnev et d’Albert Soboul. Un témoignage de l’amitié entre historiens soviétiques et français Varoujean Poghosyan Legray, Bodson, Varlet. Amitié politique et relations privées. Deux documents inédits Jean-Jacques Tomasso Comptes rendus Volume réalisé par Corinne GOMEZ-LE CHEVANTON et Françoise BRUNEL, Archives parlementaires.
  • Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France

    Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France

    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2017 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France Seth J. Browner Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Browner, Seth J., "Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2017. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/621 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France Seth Browner History Senior Thesis Professor Kathleen Kete Spring, 2017 2 Introduction: Two men and France in the balance It was January 28, 1809. Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned Emperor of the French in 1804, returned to Paris. Napoleon spent most of his time as emperor away, fighting various wars. But, frightful words had reached his ears that impelled him to return to France. He was told that Joseph Fouché, the Minister of Police, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, had held a meeting behind his back. The fact alone that Fouché and Talleyrand were meeting was curious. They loathed each other. Fouché and Talleyrand had launched public attacks against each other for years. When Napoleon heard these two were trying to reach a reconciliation, he greeted it with suspicion immediately. He called Fouché and Talleyrand to his office along with three other high-ranking members of the government. Napoleon reminded Fouché and Talleyrand that they swore an oath of allegiance when the coup of 18 Brumaire was staged in 1799.
  • Napoleon's Men

    Napoleon's Men

    NAPOLEON S MEN This page intentionally left blank Napoleon's Men The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire Alan Forrest hambledon continuum Hambledon Continuum The Tower Building 11 York Road London, SE1 7NX 80 Maiden Lane Suite 704 New York, NY 10038 First Published 2002 in hardback This edition published 2006 ISBN 1 85285 269 0 (hardback) ISBN 1 85285 530 4 (paperback) Copyright © Alan Forrest 2002 The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyrights reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. A description of this book is available from the British Library and the Library of Congress. Typeset by Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, and printed in Great Britain by MPG Books, Cornwall. Contents Illustrations vii Introduction ix Acknowledgements xvii 1 The Armies of the Revolution and Empire 1 2 The Soldiers and their Writings 21 3 Official Representation of War 53 4 The Voice of Patriotism 79 5 From Valmy to Moscow 105 6 Everyday Life in the Armies 133 7 The Lure of Family and Farm 161 8 From One War to Another 185 Notes 205 Bibliography 227 Index 241 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations Between pages 108 and 109 1 Napoleon Bonaparte, crossing the Alps in 1800 2 Volunteers enrolling 3 Protesting