Three Bye-Elections Introduction Rajni Kothari HE articles in this series deal and a sitting member of the Rajya tance for the conduct of the three T with the three parliamentary Sabha, was announced at the last studies, and in fact, stimulated them bye-elections held in 1963 in Anwoha, minute. In putting up Hafizji, a lead­ in every possible way. Both the AICC Farrukabad and Rajkot.,1 in each of ing role was played by Krishna Menon office in New Delhi and the DCC which the Congress was badly defeat­ who had himself defeated Acharya offices in the respective districts were ed. Although they were not the only Kripalani in the famous North Bombay found to be co-operative and I should bye-elections in which the Congress contest in 1962, and his close associate, like to record our gratitude to them was defeated, they evoked great in­ K D Malaviya. In Farrukhabad, Keskar, for this. We are also thankful to a terest among the politically conscious formerly Union Minister of Informa­ number of other public organisations, sections of the Indian public, tion and Broadcasting, who had been office bearers of political parties, a because of the circumstances in which defeated in 1962, was sought to be large number of local leaders, and they were held, and the importance brought back. His contestant from the members of the public for giving their that was attached to them by the con­ Socialist Party, Lohia, had fought valuable time and the benefit of their testing parties. The elections wore against Prime Minister Nehru himself experience to the respective scholars held at a time when the prestige of in 1962 from Phulpur. In Rajkot, who undertook the field work. Neither the government was at a low ebb. another sitting member of the Rajya the office-bearers of the Congress nor The Chinese attack on the country's Sabha, Jethalal Joshi, was put up as anyone else, however, are responsible northern borders was primarily res­ the Congress candidate against Masani. for the conclusions of these studies. ponsible for this. The atmosphere was All the three opposition leaders were full of political controversy. known to be bitter critics of the Go- vernment and especially of Nehru. Factors Behind Congress Defeat Although the bye-elections took The results of the three elections in The results of three studies are intere­ place a few months after the actual each of winch the Congress was sting for an understanding of the Chinese attack, the political climate defeated by a sweeping majority, factors which bring about a defeat of was still charged with suspicion and created a sensation in the country. the ruling party in India. Although dissatisfaction. In fact, fresh grounds While the extent of the defeat- sur­ the opposition and certain sections of for discontent were added by rising prised everyone, it nearly stupefied the press interpreted the outcome of prices, and the new policies of Gold the Congress, and raised great jubila­ the elections as a "verdict" against the Control and Compulsory Deposits tion in the ranks of the Opposition. policies of the Congress, and although Scheme announced by the then Fin­ The latter lost no time in declaring the Congress utterances before the ance Minister, Morarji Desai, in his the results as a clear "verdict" of the elections provided support for such an budget speech in April 1963. The people against the Government, and, interpretation, a striking revelation of return of peace also took away the in fact, called for a general election the three studies is the relative unim­ sense of the emergency under which in the country. The Congress, how­ portance of issues and policies in the the people had rallied round the Go­ ever, was in no mood to oblige the elections. The Amroha study takes vernment. The Opposition took advant­ Opposition like that and declared that this as the chief focus of its attention age of the elections to challenge and the election results had nothing to do but the point is equally brought out in ridicule the policies of the Govern­ with the policies pursued by the Go­ Farrukhabad and Rajkot. ment. The Congress leadership, on its vernment, adding that it had achieved part, took the challenge seriously and significant victories in other bye- Secondly, all the three studies show called upon the people to vote for elections.3 and that the public res­ the great importance of the state of the Congress and show that they ponse to the Chinese attack had shown the Congress organisation in the deter­ stand behind the Government. Such beyond doubt that the people stood mination of election results. Farruk­ declarations created a tempo not behind the Government. Nevertheless, habad and Rajkot provide direct evi­ normally found in bye-elections. the results of the bye-elections had dence on this point; Amroha docs it in greatly perplexed the leadership in the an indirect manner. Government and added to the soul- Thirdly, and this follows from the Dramatis Personae searching that had been going on for state of organisation of the Congress some time. The Congress called for an The dramatis personae behind the party, all the three studies bring out enquiry into the factors that had led elections added to this tempo. Three the considerable importance of the to its defeat, and appointed a com- of the leading lights of the Opposition struggle for power within the Congress mitteee for this purpose. The studies were put up as candidates, Acharya in its ability to deal with the opposi­ on the basis of which these three J B Kripalani in Amroha, Ram Mano- tion. The Amroha study vividly brings articles on the bye-elections are writ­ har Lohia in Farrukhabad, and M R out this factor by contrasting the con­ ten, were conducted independently of Masani in Rajkot. The Congress also ditions in Amroha with the conditions the enquiry undertaken by the Bye- took considerable risks. In Amroha in Jaunpur (1963) and Moradabad Election Committee,4 although the the name of Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim, (1962) Parliamentary constituencies, in AICC provided all the necessary assis­ Union Minister of Irrigation and Power both of which the Congress has staged 845 May 22, 1965 THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY a come-back following the conciliation Caste, communal and demographic generated by the results of such elec­ of diverse groups within the party, In factors played their usual role every­ tions. They show the exceptional cir­ Amroha the Congress failed to bring where, but appeared in different ways cumstances under which the opposi­ about such a conciliation. The articles in U P on the one hand, and Gujarat tion was able to consolidate its forces on Rajkot and Farrukhabad also show on the other. In U P they took the against the Congress, a tendency that how the alienation of important social traditional pattern of communal voting, has been lately growing somewhat, but groups from the Congress resulted in whereas in Gujarat it was in terms of has not yet taken any definite and in­ a high rate of dissidence — and the powerful Kshatriya Sabha, a caste stitutional form. They also show "sabotage" — from within the Congress federation of grout political importance beyond any doubt the critical impor­ in the elections. in the region since 1962, tance in Indian politics of the internal The studies serve to modify the group structure of the Congress party Fourthly, as against such fragmen­ forebodings and excitement usually and its ability to accommodate diverse tation of the Congress, the opposition consolidated its forces in each of the three bye-elections. Such a consoli­ dation proved too much for the Con­ gress, especially when its own house was in bad shape. The point is of general importance. In both Amroha and Farrukhabad, the Congress had all along been in a minority position but had won because of its plurality over a fragmented position. On the other hand, as shown clearly in Amroha, even the organisation of the opposition parties and" the support received by them considerably depends on the pressures operating upon the Congress and the desire by various groups to acquire a dominant position within it. The support given to an opposition candidate often represents an attempt by an important group or faction to press its way to power within the Con­ gress. Again, this is a point of general relevance and underlies the dominant position of the Congress in the orga­ nisation of Indian politics.'"' Not Issues, but Organisation Each of the three studies shows the importance of long-range factors in determining the outcome of the bye- elections, thus further modifying the impression that immediate issues do­ minate voters' preferences. On the other hand, the short-range factors that weighed with the electorate differed between the three constituencies. On the side of the Congress, there are such factors as the importance of Panchayati Raj in Rajkot, public dissatisfaction with the administration in Amroha, the poor impression created by the Con­ gress candidate in Farrukhabad. The accentuation of the 'communal pro­ blem' in Amroha, largely as a result of Central interference, proved decisive. There was, however, no slackening of effort in Amroha as was the case in Farrukhabad and Rajkot, both victims of acute party factionalism, internal sabotage, and a low state of morale. 846 THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY May 22, 1965 conclusion that emerges is that it is not 2 The lead of the Opposition can­ 4 See the "Bye-Elections Committee issues but the organisational compe­ didates over the Congress: 50,454 Report", All-India Congress Com­ tence of a political party in mobilising in Amroha; 57,588 in Farrukhabad; mittee, New Delhi, a wide range of support that is the 14,151 in Rajkot.