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''You Have to Know How to Play, Otherwise They Will Catch You''

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''You Have to Know How to Play, Otherwise They Will Catch You'' ‘’You Have to Know How to Play, Otherwise They Will Catch You’’ Young Women and the Navigation of Same-Sex Intimacies in Contemporary Urban Senegal Loes Oudenhuijsen Master thesis in African Studies (research) ‘’You Have to Know How to Play, Otherwise They Will Catch You’’ Young Women and the Navigation of Same-Sex Intimacies in Contemporary Urban Senegal Loes Oudenhuijsen (s1592726) Master thesis in African Studies (research) African Studies Centre, Leiden University The Netherlands 1 July 2018 Supervisors: Prof. dr. Rijk van Dijk (Leiden University) Dr. Rachel Spronk (University of Amsterdam) Third reader: Dr. Mayke Kaag (Leiden University) Word count: 66.572 (including footnotes) Cover photo: Yacine watches her teammates as they play the last football match of the season in Pikine, Dakar, 11 September 2017. Photo credit: Loes Oudenhuijsen. For Hawa and all those who, like her, have had the courage to fashion their futures against the grain. Femme, Être sublime, dans ce qui fascine Tes rimes rythment la vie Sois toi en poursuivant ta voie Ose librement, avance tranquillement Engage toi, n’aie pas peur de la menace Femme tu n’es point esclave Femme libère toi contre l’arbitraire Fonce, dénonce Vit, nourrit, aime, adore librement Alassane Ndiaye1 1 Poem written for author on 11 August 2017. Alassane Ndiaye is a cultural actor, social entrepreneur, chair of CNRJ Sénégal and an advocate for female leadership. Contents Abstract v Résumé vi Abbreviations and Wolof words vii Acknowledgements viii CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction Urban Senegal: a context 2 The Senegalese sexual imaginary 4 Contradictory realities: enacting desires 6 Structure of the thesis 10 CHAPTER 2 13 ‘’Tu cherches quoi?’’: navigating methodology and theory Navigating proximity and distance 15 The value of an ethnography 21 Data collection and analysis 23 Participant observation 27 Language, terminology, and ethics 29 Theoretical considerations 32 Social navigation 32 Social spaces 34 Gender 36 Conclusion 38 CHAPTER 3 39 ‘’On faisait tout ensemble’’: queering homosociality Túr: a female homosocial space historically 41 ‘’Tu es un travesti!’’ Jump and sexy as ambiguous constellations of gender 42 ‘’J’aime quelqu’une qui est diongué’’: gendered complementarity 46 ‘’Je vis ma vie sans traces’’: the skill of discretion 49 Entangling the public and the private 52 ‘’Lave-moi mon truc’’ : exploring intimacy 54 ‘’Être le buzz’’: queer parties 55 ‘’C’est ma femme’’: (same-sex) marriages 57 Conclusion 60 CHAPTER 4 61 ‘’C’est la carte d’identité des footballeuses’’: jump and same-sex intimacies on the football field The place of women’s football in Senegal 62 Garçons manqués and jump: social shifters and gendered (self-)understanding 65 ‘’J’ai trouvé une jolie meuf pour toi’’: dating football women 76 Conclusion 78 CHAPTER 5 79 ‘’Ce n’est qu’un regroupement’’: (in)visible queer organising Same-sex sexuality in the public sphere 80 Queer organisations in Senegal 82 Economic opportunities for queer prospects 84 ‘’J’aime le sutura’’: (in)visibility in queer organising 88 Causeries and other forms of s’entraider 93 Conclusion 95 CHAPTER 6 96 Conclusion: ‘’les fréquentations des koba’’: tactics of navigating same-sex intimacies Studying sexuality 96 Tactics of navigation 97 Directions for further research 101 The scope of navigation 101 Bibliography 103 Abstract This thesis explores how same-sex intimacies are navigated by young women in contemporary urban Senegal. Central to this research are various social spaces where sociality and sexuality are co-constructed among women. The analysis is based on six months of ethnographic fieldwork in urban Senegal, predominantly Dakar, with a focus on participant observation to grasp the tacit knowledge of same-sex intimacies. In particular, this thesis examines the football field, local queer organisations and a variety of other homosocial environments such as the home and queer parties. Through a careful adherence to the Senegalese value of sutura (discretion, modesty), by making use of play, and by displaying respectability, homosocial spaces ranging from the relatively private home to the fairly public football field allow for the occurrence of same-sex intimacies. This thesis makes use of Henrik Vigh’s (2006; 2009) conceptualisation of social navigation to understand how enacting same-sex desires is a twofold process of balancing personal desires and social expectations. The social environment is an ambiguous terrain in which expectations of proper womanhood, marriage, and parenthood need to be calibrated even as such expectations may change over time due to processes of globalisation, economic recession, or governmental changes, as well as with age, as new expectations and responsibilities arise as people grow from youth into (social) adults. This thesis will demonstrate how women navigate their same-sex intimacies in different ways in various social spaces, drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s (1991 [1974]) conceptual triad of social space. In these social spaces, gender is enacted relationally, and shifting notions of masculinity (jump) and femininity (sexy) attest to the ambiguity and fluidity of gender constructs. Together, these social spaces and the same-sex intimacies that they enable form a loosely connected community of practice (O’Mara 2013) that combines a specific lexicon (jump and sexy) with tacit understanding of same-sex intimacies. By examining how young women navigate existing spaces and create alternative spaces in trying to secure decent lives for themselves, this thesis shows how these different spaces form central loci of urban social reproduction. In these spaces, symbolic manifestations of gendered bodies coalesce into a network of queer women. Examining corporeal and erotic interactions between women helps theorise how these performative aspects of life contribute to the intersubjective meaning-making of sexuality and a sense of being at home in the world. Keywords: Senegal; same-sex intimacies; social navigation; social spaces; gender; sutura; homosociality v Résumé Ce mémoire explore comment l’intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe est, à l’heure actuelle, pilotée par des jeunes femmes dans les villes du Sénégal. Au centre de cette recherche sont placés différents lieux où le caractère social et la sexualité sont cogérés par et pour des femmes. L’analyse est basée sur une enquête ethnographique de six mois sur le terrain, conduite dans les villes du Sénégal, principalement à Dakar, avec une recherche basée sur l’observation participante, afin de saisir au mieux la connaissance tacite de l’intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe. En particulier, ce mémoire parcourt les terrains de football, des organisations queers et une variété d’environnements où prédomine l’homosocialité, comme le domicile ou les soirées queers. A travers un respect formel du principe sénégalais sutura (discrétion, modestie), en utilisant le jeu (le ludisme), et en affichant la respectabilité ces espaces, où l’homosocialité est un phénomène visible, allant de la maison privée au terrain de football public, présentent l’opportunité de rencontrer de manière occurrente une intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe. Ce mémoire utilise la conception des repères sociologiques de Henrik Vigh (2006; 2009), qui permet de comprendre que l’intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe est en fait un double processus qui a pour but de trouver l’équilibre entre ses désirs personnels et les attentes de la société. L’environnement social est un terrain ambigu, sur lequel les attentes propres à la féminité, le mariage, et la parentalité ont besoin d’être calibrées même si de telles attentes peuvent changer avec le temps, à cause des processus de mondialisation, de récession économique, ou de changements gouvernementaux, autant qu’avec l’âge, les nouvelles attentes et responsabilités surviennent en même temps que les jeunes deviennent des adultes socialement définis. Ce mémoire va démontrer comment les femmes gèrent leur intimité de manières différentes suivant les lieux de rencontre, liant la triade conceptuelle d’Henri Lefebvre (1991 [1974]). Dans ces espaces de rencontre, le genre dépend de la relation entretenue par les concernés, et les notions équivoques de masculinité (jump) et de féminité (sexy) peuvent attester de ces ambiguïté et fluidité dans le concept du genre. Réunis, ces espaces de rencontre, et l’intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe qu’ils génèrent, forment une communauté de pratique libre et connectée (O’Mara 2013) qui combinent un lexique spécifique (jump et sexy) avec une compréhension tacite de l’intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe. En examinant la manière dont les jeunes femmes naviguent dans les espaces préexistants et créent des lieux alternatifs en essayant de sécuriser une vie décente pour elles-mêmes, ce mémoire montre comment ces différents endroits forment des lieux centraux de la reproduction sociale urbaine dans lequel des démonstrations symboliques de personnes genrées se fondent dans un réseau de femmes queers. Examiner les interactions corporelles et érotiques entre femmes aide à théoriser la façon dont ces actifs aspects de la vie contribuent à l’intersubjectivité liée à la sexualité et au sentiment d’appartenance à ce monde. Mots-clés: Sénégal; intimité entre deux personnes de même sexe; navigation sociale; espaces sociaux; genre; sutura; homosocialité vi Abbreviations LGBTQI Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transgenders, Queers, and Intersex persons msm Men who have sex with men STI Sexually transmitted infections
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