Fortress Europe
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Symposium on Covid-19, Global Mobility and International Law
doi:10.1017/aju.2020.64 SYMPOSIUM ON COVID-19, GLOBAL MOBILITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW FORTRESS EUROPE, GLOBAL MIGRATION & THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC John Reynolds* The European Union’s external border regime is a manifestation of continuing imperialism. It reinforces par- ticular imaginaries of Europe’s wealth as somehow innate (rather than plundered and extorted1) and of Europeanness itself as whiteness—euphemistically packaged as a “European Way of Life” to be protected.2 This exposes international law’s structural limitations—if not designs—as bound up with racial borders in the global context. In the wake of COVID-19 and with a climate apocalypse already underway, these realities need to be urgently ruptured and reimagined. Liberalism with Borders: Fortress Europe and International Law In the EU institutional worldview, Europe must be “shielded” from the threats of human mobility. The physical and administrative externalization of the EU border is designed to limit the scope for non-Europeans to legally access refuge in Europe. Those seeking to enter the EU from the Global South are cast in pejorative terms as presumed “economic migrants”—a loose category without mobility rights under international law—and rendered “illegal.” Europe’s access barriers for such communities contrast with both historical experiences of European colonial economic migrants who benefitted from an international legal regime “that facilitated, encouraged, and celebrated white economic migration,” and contemporary entitlements of First World passport holders whose global movement is expedited by a “robust web” of international visa agreements.3 People from the Third World—most of the world—are denied such arbitrary passport privilege. -
The Complex Dynamics Between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants
The Complex Dynamics between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants Jesse Jones, West Texas A&M University abstract: This article examines the latest immigration trends into Western Europe, particularly the immigration of Turks to Ger- many. The origins of Turkish immigration and German immigration law are reviewed. Turkey’s bid for European Union membership is examined historically and opinions about how this potential European Union member has caused controversy and how Turkey could change the face of the European Union will be discussed. Attitudes of German citizens toward immigrants are examined using data from the European Values Survey (EVS). Tests show that religion and possibly education level play a role in determining the attitude of German citizens toward immigrants, the majority of whom are Turkish. Introduction1 Turkey in particular, but will also examine attitudes to- ward Turkey’s proposed ascension as a member state of Immigration has always raised concerns for sovereign the European Union itself. If accepted, Turkey would dra- states. Among these concerns: immigrants may refuse matically alter the demography of the European Union to assimilate, they may decrease the standard of living, and redefine what it means to be European. crime rates might increase, or they may take jobs away from non-immigrant citizens. One famous focal point of these concerns is along the southern border of the History of Turkish Immigration, German United States and Mexico, but in other areas of the world Immigration Laws, and Reform immigration is just as controversial an issue as it is on the North American Continent. As the twentieth century progressed, incentives for in- Western Europe has been experiencing an immigra- creased immigration to Europe began to be felt in the tion surge, primarily individuals from underdeveloped Middle East and in Turkey. -
The Human Cost of Fortress Europe
THE HUMAN COST OF FORTRESS EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES AT EUROPE’S BORDERS Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. This report is published as part of Amnesty International's campaign, S.0.S. Europe: people before borders. To find out more visit http://www.whenyoudontexist.eu First published in 2014 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2014 Index: EUR 05/001/2014 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo: Border policemen patrol the Bulgarian-Turkish border where a 30km fence is being built to prevent migrants and refugees irregularly crossing the border into Europe. -
Building Walls: Fear and Securitization in the European Union
CENTRE DELÀS REPORT 35 Fear and securitization in the European Union Authors: Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto · Pere Brunet Published by: Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau Carrer Erasme de Janer 8, entresol, despatx 9 08001 Barcelona T. 93 441 19 47 www.centredelas.org [email protected] This research is part of Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto’s doctoral thesis for the “Peace, Conflict and Development” programme at Jaume I University. Researchers: Ainhoa Ruiz Benedicto, Pere Brunet Acknowledgements: Guillem Mases, Edgar Vega, Julia Mestres, Teresa de Fortuny, Cinta Bolet, Gabriela Serra, Brian Rusell, Niamh Eastwood, Mark Akkerman. Translator: María José Oliva Parada Editors: Jordi Calvo Rufanges, Nick Buxton Barcelona, September 2018 Design and layout: Esteva&Estêvão Cover photo: Stockvault; p. 11: Ashley Gilbertson/VII/Redux; p. 5: blublu.org p. 9: www.iamawake.co; p. 21: Georgi Licovski/EPA D.L.: B-19744-2010 ISSN: 2013-8032 INDEX Executive summary . 5 Foreword . 9 1 . Building walls . 12 1.1 New security policies in the border area.........................12 1.2 European border policy: towards securitization and militarisation...............................................13 1.3 The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex).........14 2 . Mental walls . 16. 2.1 Concept and practice of fortress europe.........................16 2.2 Mental walls in Europe: the rise of racism and xenophobia ......17 3 . Physical walls . 23 3.1 Walls surrounding Europe ..................................... 23 3.2 Land walls .....................................................25 3.3 Maritime walls ................................................ 30 4 . Virtual walls . 34 4.1 Virtual walls and surveillance systems ........................ 34 4.2 Systems for the control and storage of data on movements across borders................................. 34 4.3 Surveillance system for border areas: EUROSUR............... -
Evolution of Asylum Legislation in the EU: Insights from Regulatory Competition Theory
Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Evolution of Asylum Legislation in the EU: Insights from Regulatory Competition Theory SÉGOLÈNE BARBOU DES PLACES RSC No. 2003/16 EUI WORKING PAPERS EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). Evolution of Asylum Legislation in the EU: Insights from Regulatory Competition Theory Ségolène Barbou des Places 2003 Ségolène Barbou des Places Printed in Italy in November 2003 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The paper proposes to use regulatory competition theory in order to better The evolution of asylum and refugee legislation in Europe from the mid-80’s understand the evolution of the EU member States’ asylum legislation. It argues onwards is characterised by a substantial decrease in the legal protection granted that regulatory competition theory can explain the rapid trend of legislative to asylum seekers and refugees. Scholars relate the emergence of a “new” amendments from the mid-80’s onwards, the progressive yet incomplete asylum regime that reflects a change in paradigms: whereas before the regime convergence of the EU member States’ legislation, and the spiral of restrictions implemented a selective but integrative policy of access and full status of legal norms originally enacted to protect asylum seekers. Competition among recognition paired with full social rights, it now maximises exclusion, legal norms also explains EU Member States’ reticence to collaborate and share undermines status and rights and emphasises short-term stay for refugees (Joly). the burden. -
The European Union's Dublin Regulation and the Migrant
Washington University Global Studies Law Review Volume 19 Issue 2 2020 THE EUROPEAN UNION’S DUBLIN REGULATION AND THE MIGRANT CRISIS Kimara Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies Part of the Immigration Law Commons Recommended Citation Kimara Davis, THE EUROPEAN UNION’S DUBLIN REGULATION AND THE MIGRANT CRISIS, 19 WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. 259 (), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol19/iss2/3 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Global Studies Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EUROPEAN UNION’S DUBLIN REGULATION AND THE MIGRANT CRISIS INTRODUCTION In 2015, over one million migrants1 arrived in the European Union (“EU”).2 Many of the migrants were fleeing war and persecution in Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea and other countries in Africa and the Middle East.3 The majority of the migrants sought asylum in the EU, a haven where they believed they could find work and opportunities for a better life.4 The EU, however, was financially and administratively unprepared for the unprecedented influx of migrants because it was recovering from a financial crisis.5 The EU’s migration policy, embodied in its “Dublin Regulation III” (the “Dublin Regulation”), requires that migrants register and apply for asylum in the EU member state they enter first.6 7 Consequently, EU member states (“Member States”) closest in proximity 1 The term migrant refers to a person who moves from one place to another and includes both people who are seeking asylum and refugee status and people who are seeking new economic opportunities. -
The Development of the European Union in the Areas of Migration, Visa and Asylum After 2015. Priorities, Effects, Perspectives
Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora nr 1 (175)/2020, http://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Migracyjne/ DOI: 10.4467/25444972SMPP.20.004.11795 The development of the European Union in the areas of migration, visa and asylum after 2015. Priorities, effects, perspectives KATARZYNA CYMBRANOWICZ1 Department of European Studies and Economic Integration, Cracow University of Economics The article entitled ‘The development of the European Union in the areas of migration, visa and asylum after 2015. Priorities, effects, perspectives’ is a contribution to the public discourse on one of the biggest problems and challenges facing the European Union in the 21st century from a po- litical, economic and social perspective. The (un)controlled influx of refugees to Europe after 2015, which is the result of political destabilization and the unstable socio-economic situation in the re- gion of North Africa and the Middle East, clearly indicates that during the ‘test’, the existing refugee protection system in the European Union did not pass the ‘exam’. In connection with the above, attempts to modify it have been made at the EU level. This article is a presentation of individual so- lutions (‘Fortress Europe’, ‘Open Door Policy’, ‘Sluice’), as well as an analysis and evaluation of the possibilities of their implementation in the current difficult crisis conditions. Keywords: migrant, refugee, migration crisis, the European Union 1. Introduction Recent years have seen the largest wave of migration from North Africa and the Mid- dle East towards Europe2 since the end of World War II. The massive and uncontrolled influx of migrants to Europe has resulted in a crisis which became the greatest chal- lenge faced by the European Union (EU) in the second decade of the 21st century. -
New Approaches, Alternative Avenues and Means of Access to Asylum Procedures for Persons Seeking International Protection
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY NEW APPROACHES, ALTERNATIVE AVENUES AND MEANS OF ACCESS TO ASYLUM PROCEDURES FOR PERSONS SEEKING INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION STUDY Abstract Upon request by the LIBE committee, this study examines the workings of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), in order to assess the need and potential for new approaches to ensure access to protection for people seeking it in the EU, including joint processing and distribution of asylum seekers. Rather than advocating the addition of further complexity and coercion to the CEAS, the study proposes a focus on front-line reception and streamlined refugee status determination, in order to mitigate the asylum challenges facing Member States, and guarantee the rights of asylum seekers and refugees according to the EU acquis and international legal standards. PE509.989 EN DOCUMENT REQUESTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS AUTHORS Prof. Elspeth Guild is Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels. She is Jean Monnet Professor ad personam of European immigration law at Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands) as well as Queen Mary, University of London. Dr. Cathryn Costello is Andrew W. Mellon Associate Professor in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University, with a fellowship at St Antony's College. Ms. Madeline Garlick, is a Guest Researcher and PhD candidate at the Centre for Migration Law at Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. She is also an International Migration Initiative (IMI) Fellow with the Open Society Foundations, working in 2014 on an asylum project with Migration Policy Institute Europe. -
Building Fortress Europe: the Polish-Ukrainian Frontier | Pol-Int
Pol-Int MONOGRAPH Building Fortress Europe: The Polish-Ukrainian Frontier Published: 24.10.2016 Reviewed by M.A. Johann Zajaczkowski Edited by Dr. Andriy Tyushka In the past two years, the so-called "refugee crisis" ranked high on the European political agenda. To be more precise, the very surge and scope of maritime migration flows from the turbulent terrains in the Middle East profiled domestic and EU-level politics across the European Union member states. The mere geopolitical logic of the refugees' escape routes put a worrying spotlight on the Mediterranean Sea as a natural border at the EU's southern flank. No less worrying should appear, however, the scant presence of critical voices calling to assume the responsibility 'at the EU border regime' for over 10 000 refugees, who, reportedly, had died since 2014 in their failed attempts to cross the Sea. The human facets of the tragedy either vanish under the EU-led hegemonic discourse on rational-bureaucratic models of border management or – being ipso facto part of the same discursive process – are used for delegitimizing speech acts such as the demonization of the human traffickers. [1] As a result, the policy issue as such is being incrementally dehumanized, with nasty consequences to be seen unfolding: It facilitates populist parties' attempts throughout Europe to paralyze the "rule of law-reflex" of liberal democrats, who came to form the mainstream of society. Should one succeed in coining the entirety of refugees and their movement as a sort of "fateful", "faceless mass", the tradition of inalienable human rights and enlightened individualism could be neglected much easier. -
Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States
Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States N° 16 International Migration Law Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States 1 While IOM endeavours to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the content of this paper, the views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and field researchers and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the IOM and their Member States. IOM does not accept any liability for any loss which may arise from the reliance on information contained in this paper. Publishers: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int ISSN 1813-2278 © 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 17_09 N° 16 International Migration Law Comparative Study of the Laws in the 27 EU Member States for Legal Immigration Including an Assessment of the Conditions and Formalities Imposed by Each Member State For Newcomers Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States List of Contributors Christine Adam, International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM Alexandre Devillard, International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM Field Researchers Austria Gerhard Muzak Professor, Vienna University, Institute of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Austria Belgium Philippe De Bruycker Professor, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for European Studies, Belgium Bulgaria Angelina Tchorbadjiyska Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Institute for European Law, Belgium Cyprus Olga Georgiades Lawyer, Lellos P. -
Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia
15 mm front 153 mm 8 mm 13 mm 8 mm front 153 mm 15 mm 15 mm GLOBAL ASIA 6 GLOBAL ASIA Pietsch & Clark (eds) Publications Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia: A Comparative Perspective brings together a group of scholars from a wide range of disciplines to address crucial questions of migration flows and integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Comparative analysis of the three regions and their differing approaches and outcomes yields important insights for each region, as well as provokes new questions and suggests future avenues of study. Juliet Pietsch is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University. Southeast Asia, and Australia Migration and Integration in Europe, Marshall Clark is a Senior Lecturer at the Research School of Humanities and the Arts of the Australian National University in Canberra. Edited by Juliet Pietsch and Marshall Clark Migration and Integration 240 mm in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia A Comparative Perspective ISBN: 978-90-8964-538-8 AUP.nl 9 7 8 9 0 8 9 6 4 5 3 8 8 15 mm Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia Publications The International Institute for Asian Studies is a research and exchange platform based in Leiden, the Netherlands. Its objective is to encourage the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia and to promote (inter)national cooperation. IIAS focuses on the humanities and social sciences and on their interaction with other sciences. It stimulates scholarship on Asia and is instrumental in forging research networks among Asia Scholars. -
Eftihia Voutira* Realising “Fortress Europe”: “Managing” Migrants
Eπιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών, 140-141 B´– Γ´, 2013, 57-69 Eftihia Voutira* rEaliSiNG “fortrESS EuroPE”: “MaNaGiNG” MiGraNtS aND rEfuGEES at thE BorDErS of GrEECE aBStraCt This paper considers the emergence of a migration regime in the making at the South-eastern borders of Europe with special reference to Greece and the role of FRONTEX as the new European border guard often acting in lieu of the state. Using a bio-political approach, we consider practices of human rights violations at the Greek reception centres in Evros and identify the actors involved in policing the borders. The key question is that of accountability: who guards the guards guarding Europe’s borders? Keywords: FRONTEX, migration regime, migration management, asylum seekers, refugees iNtroDuCtioN outside the village of Sidero, not far from the town of Soufli, there is a burial ground for migrants who die trying to cross the Greek-turkish bor- ders. approximately 40 people lost their lives trying to cross the borders during the first 7 months of 2010.1 the normal procedure is to transfer the bodies to the university hospital of alexandroupolis for the coroner’s ex- amination. recently, a DNa test has also been introduced so that the bodies can be identified, numbered and classified and eventual identification may be possible in the future by relatives. the international network “Welco- me2Europe” has launched a campaign accusing the Greek authorities of * Professor, Department of Balkan, Slavic and oriental Studies, university of Makedonia, thessaloniki. 1. http://w2eu.net/2010/08/09/mass-grave-of-refugees-in-evros-uncovered/ 58 ΕfΤΙηΙΑ Voutira creating mass graves to dispose of the bodies.