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Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States

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Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States N° 16 International Migration Law Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States 1 While IOM endeavours to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the content of this paper, the views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and field researchers and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the IOM and their Member States. IOM does not accept any liability for any loss which may arise from the reliance on information contained in this paper. Publishers: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int ISSN 1813-2278 © 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 17_09 N° 16 International Migration Law Comparative Study of the Laws in the 27 EU Member States for Legal Immigration Including an Assessment of the Conditions and Formalities Imposed by Each Member State For Newcomers Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States List of Contributors Christine Adam, International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM Alexandre Devillard, International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM Field Researchers Austria Gerhard Muzak Professor, Vienna University, Institute of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Austria Belgium Philippe De Bruycker Professor, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for European Studies, Belgium Bulgaria Angelina Tchorbadjiyska Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Institute for European Law, Belgium Cyprus Olga Georgiades Lawyer, Lellos P. Demetriades Law Office, Nicosia, Cyprus Czech Republic Pavel Čižinský Lawyer, Counseling Centre for Citizenship/Civil and Human Rights, Prague, Czech Republic Denmark Kristina Touzenis Project coordinator, IOM, Rome, Italy Estonia Klen Jäärats Permanent Representation of Estonia to the EU, Brussels, Belgium * The views expressed in the Country Report do not necessary reflect the opinions of the Estonian Government Finland Reetta Toivanen Affiliated Senior Research Fellow, Åbo Akademi University, Institute for Human Rights, Turku, Finland France Alexandre Devillard 5 International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM, Geneva Germany Rolf Gutmann Lawyer, Stuttgart, Germany Greece Konstantinos D. Magliveras Assistant Professor, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece Hungay Judit Mária Tóth Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Szeged, Hungary Ireland Catherine Cosgrave Policy Officer, Immigrant Council of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Bernard Ryan Reader in Law, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK * The views expressed in the Country Report do not necessary reflect the opinions of the Irish Government Italy Kristina Touzenis Project coordinator, IOM, Rome, Italy * With thanks to Silvia Spinuso, IOM Rome, for her assistance Latvia Ivars Indans Researcher, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Riga, Latvia Lithuania Violeta Targonskiene Lecturer, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania Luxembourg Alexandre Devillard International Migration Law and Legal Affairs Department, IOM, Geneva Malta Ruth Farrugia Senior Lecturer, University of Malta, Faculty of Laws, Malta Netherlands Tessel de Lange Researcher, Radboud University Nijmegen, Center for Migration Law, Netherlands 6 Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States Poland Magdalena Kmak Lawyer, Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, Warsaw, Poland Agata Foryś Lawyer, Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, Warsaw, Poland Portugal Isabel Estrela Lawyer, Queluz, Portugal Romania Emőd Veress Senior Lecturer, Sapientia University, Faculty of Economics, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania Slovakia Boris Divinský Comenius University, Faculty of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Miroslava Šnírerová Trnava University, Faculty of Law, Slovakia Slovenia Neža Kogovšek Researcher, The Peace Institute - Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies, Ljubljana, Slovenia Spain Eloy Ruiloba Garcia Professor, University of Malaga, Spain Sweden Christina Johnsson Assistant Professor, Lund University, Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Sweden United Kingdom Bernard Ryan Reader in Law, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK 7 Acknowledgements Many persons, within and outside IOM, have to be acknowledged for their inputs and comments: Richard Perruchoud, Jillyanne Redpath-Cross, Ryszard Cholewinski, Sophie Nonnenmacher, Alexia Scarlett, Paola Pace, Helen Armstrong, Suzanna Chapman, Stephanie Gonzalez and Adrian Melendez. 8 Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States Table of Contents List of Contributors ....................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 8 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 13 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 Emerging EU Law and Policy on Migration ............................................................. 19 1. Development of an EU Law and Policy on Migration ......................................... 19 2. Ongoing Debate on Legal Migration at the EU Level ......................................... 21 Comparison .................................................................................................................. 29 1. General Immigration Policy and Trends .............................................................. 29 2. Comparison .......................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Overview of Immigration Categories ........................................................... 32 2.2 Visa Policy .................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Residence Rules ............................................................................................ 39 2.3.1 General Conditions and Procedures, regardless of the Immigration Category ........................................................................................................ 39 2.3.2 Conditions according to Length of Residence ..................................... 50 2.3.3 Conditions for Specific Immigration Types ......................................... 60 2.3.3.1 Family Reunification ................................................................... 60 2.3.3.2 Work ............................................................................................ 72 2.3.3.2.1 Employment........................................................................ 73 2.3.3.2.2 Self-Employment ................................................................ 90 2.3.3.2.3 Seasonal Employment ........................................................ 94 2.3.3.3 Studies and Training .................................................................. 100 2.3.3.3.1 Studies .............................................................................. 101 2.3.3.3.2 Training ............................................................................. 107 3. Cooperation with Third Countries ...................................................................... 109 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 117 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 122 Country Reports ......................................................................................................... 135 Austria .................................................................................................................... 137 Belgium .................................................................................................................. 153 Bulgaria .................................................................................................................. 167 Cyprus .................................................................................................................... 181 Czech Republic ...................................................................................................... 197 9 Denmark ................................................................................................................. 211 Estonia .................................................................................................................... 227 Finland .................................................................................................................... 249 France ..................................................................................................................... 263 Germany ................................................................................................................. 279 Greece ....................................................................................................................
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