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1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE EXPANSION OF 2 ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 3 4 Draft v3 Specialist Assessment Report for Stakeholder Review 5 6 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 7 Contributing Authors Gary de Winnaar1, Dr Vere Ross-Gillespie1 8 9 1 GroundTruth, Hilton 10 11 WETLANDS AND RIVERS SPECIALIST REPORT Page 1 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 2 3 4 5 6 TABLES 3 7 FIGURES 4 8 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 9 10 1 SUMMARY 6 11 2 INTRODUCTION 6 12 3 SCOPE OF THIS STRATEGIC ISSUE 7 13 4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 10 14 4.1 STUDY METHODOLOGY 10 15 4.1.1 Briefing session 10 16 4.1.2 Literature review and data collation 10 17 4.1.3 Assigning a suitable spatial scale for analysis 10 18 4.1.4 Analysis and integration of GIS data 10 19 4.1.5 Application of metrics for sensitivity analyses 10 20 4.1.6 Integration of taxonomic groups 14 21 4.1.7 Producing integrated four tier sensitivity maps 14 22 4.2 DATA SOURCES 15 23 4.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 18 24 4.4 RELEVANT REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS 20 25 5 IMPACT CHARACTERISATION 26 26 6 CORRIDORS DESCRIPTION 28 27 7 FEATURE SENSITIVITY MAPPING 31 28 7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF FEATURE SENSITIVITY CRITERIA 31 29 7.2 FEATURE MAPS 34 30 7.2.1 Expanded Western Corridor 34 31 7.2.2 Expanded Eastern Corridor 36 32 8 FOUR-TIER SENSITIVITY MAPPING 38 33 8.1 EXPANDED WESTERN CORRIDOR 38 34 8.1.1 Rivers 38 35 8.1.2 Wetlands 39 36 8.1.3 Freshwater biota (fauna and flora) 40 37 8.1.4 Freshwater ecosystems and biota (combined) 41 38 8.2 EXPANDED EASTERN CORRIDOR 42 39 8.2.1 Rivers 42 40 8.2.2 Wetlands 43 41 8.2.3 Freshwater biota (fauna and flora) 44 42 8.2.4 Freshwater ecosystems and biota (combined) 45 WETLANDS AND RIVERS SPECIALIST REPORT Page 2 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 9 KEY POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 45 2 10 BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 55 3 10.1 PLANNING PHASE 55 4 10.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 55 5 10.3 OPERATIONS PHASE 55 6 10.4 REHABILITATION AND POST CLOSURE 56 7 10.5 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 56 8 11 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 57 9 12 REFERENCES 58 10 11 Appendix 1: Selected flora used in the assessment of freshwater biota 60 12 Appendix 2: Selected fauna according the taxonomic groups used in the assessment of freshwater biota 61 13 14 15 TABLES 16 Table 1: Criteria for assigning sensitivity classes for wetland attributes 11 17 Table 2: Data used in this assessment. 15 18 Table 3: Assumptions and limitations. 18 19 Table 4: International, national and provincial regulatory instruments relevant to freshwater ecosystems. 20 20 Table 5: Description of freshwater ecosystems and species of the proposed Expanded EGI corridors, including 21 existing drivers and pressures. 28 22 Table 6: Data and criteria used to assign sensitivity to freshwater ecosystems within the proposed Expanded 23 EGI corridors. 31 24 Table 7: Sensitivity ratings assigned to freshwater ecosystem features in both the proposed Expanded EGI 25 corridors. 33 26 Table 8: Key potential impacts to freshwater ecosystems by EGI development and respective mitigation 27 measures. 46 28 29 WETLANDS AND RIVERS SPECIALIST REPORT Page 3 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 FIGURES 2 Figure 1: Overview of the proposed EGI corridors (East and West). 7 3 Figure 2: River threat status and sensitivity calculated for the expanded western EGI corridor using PES, EI and 4 ES data from DWS (2014). 34 5 Figure 3: Wetland threat status and sensitivity calculated for wetland features in the expanded western EGI 6 corridor. 34 7 Figure 4: Occurrence of freshwater plants of conservation concern in the expanded western EGI corridor. 35 8 Figure 5: Occurrence of freshwater fauna (dragonflies, damselflies, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals) 9 of conservation concern in the expanded western EGI Corridor. 35 10 Figure 6: River threat status and sensitivity of river features calculated for the expanded eastern EGI corridor 11 using PES, EI and ES data from DWS (2014). 36 12 Figure 7: Wetland threat status and sensitivity calculated for wetland features in the expanded eastern EGI 13 corridor. 36 14 Figure 8: Occurrence of freshwater plants of conservation concern in the expanded eastern EGI corridor. 37 15 Figure 9: Occurrence of freshwater fauna (dragonflies, damselflies, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals) 16 of conservation concern in the expanded eastern EGI Corridor. 37 17 Figure 10: River threat status and sensitivity calculated for sub-quaternary catchments in the expanded 18 western EGI corridor using PES, EI and ES data from DWS (2014). 38 19 Figure 11: Wetland threat status and sensitivity calculated in relation to areas of sub-quaternary catchments in 20 the expanded western EGI corridor. 39 21 Figure 12: Threat and sensitivity status calculated for different freshwater taxonomic groups (flora and fauna) in 22 the expanded western EGI corridor in relation to sub-quaternary catchments. 40 23 Figure 13: Integrated sensitivity and threat status map for freshwater ecosystems and biota in the expanded 24 western EGI corridor. 41 25 Figure 14: River threat status and sensitivity calculated for sub-quaternary catchments in the expanded eastern 26 EGI corridor using PES, EI and ES data from DWS (2014). 42 27 Figure 15: Wetland threat status and sensitivity calculated in relation to areas of sub-quaternary catchments in 28 the expanded eastern EGI corridor. 43 29 Figure 16: Threat and sensitivity status calculated for different freshwater taxonomic groups (flora and fauna) 30 in the expanded eastern EGI corridor in relation to sub-quaternary catchments. 44 31 Figure 17: Integrated sensitivity and threat status map for freshwater ecosystems and biota in the expanded 32 eastern EGI corridor 45 33 34 35 WETLANDS AND RIVERS SPECIALIST REPORT Page 4 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 2 ADU Animal Demographic Unit ASPT Average Score Per Taxon BSP Biodiversity Sector Plan CBA Critical Biodiversity Area C-Plan Conservation Plan CR Critically Endangered CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DWS Department of Water and Sanitation ECO Environmental Control Officer EGI Electrical Grid Infrastructure EI Ecological Importance EMPr Environmental Management Programme EN Endangered ES Ecological Sensitivity GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility GIS Geographic Information System HGM Hydrogeomorphic IHI Index of Habitat Integrity IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LC Least Concern NBA National Biodiversity Assessment (2011) NFEPA National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas PA Protected Area - statutory PES Present Ecological State QV Quality Value SA South Africa SAIAB South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SASS South African Scoring System SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment Spp Species SQ4 Sub-quaternary catchment ToPs Threatened or Protected Species TSP Threatened Species Programme VU Vulnerable WULA Water Use License Application 3 4 WETLANDS AND RIVERS SPECIALIST REPORT Page 5 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR EXPANSION OF ELECTRICITY GRID INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA 1 1 SUMMARY 2 This assessment aims to identify the potential impacts of constructing and maintaining Electricity Grid 3 Infrastructure (EGI) to freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity in two proposed Expanded EGI corridors the 4 North Eastern and North Western coasts of South Africa. 5 6 The proposed Western Expanded EGI corridor is characterised by a drier climate and resultantly more 7 ephemeral / non-perennial aquatic systems, thus with an anticipated lower sensitivity to EGI development. 8 Conversely the proposed Western Expanded EGI corridor contains permanent aquatic features and is 9 anticipated to be overall more sensitive to EGI development. 10 11 The key risks to freshwater ecosystems associated with EGI development includes: 12 Direct loss of riparian and wetland vegetation; 13 Fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems and flow patterns; 14 Waste pollution and contamination of aquatic environments; 15 Compaction of soils and creation of preferential flow paths with and adjacent to wetland and river 16 habitats; 17 Increased erosion; 18 Infestation of alien invasive plants in aquatic systems; and 19 Disturbance to and mortality of fauna. 20 21 In order to reduce potential impacts of EGI development on freshwater ecosystems (including habitat and 22 biodiversity), sub-quaternary catchments classified with a very high or high sensitivity should be avoided as 23 far as possible. Where avoidance of sensitive sub-quaternary catchments is not possible, detailed desktop 24 investigations should be conducted, followed by specialist in-field assessments and verification. This will 25 determine whether the fine-scale, micro-sited EGI alignment and development footprints can avoid the 26 freshwater ecosystems (i.e. wetland and river habitats) and associated buffers within identified sensitive 27 sub-quaternary catchments. Following this assessment, appropriate management actions may be 28 determined and implemented as required. 29 30 31 2 INTRODUCTION 32 In January 2014 the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), mandated by Ministers and Members of 33 the Executive Council (MinMec), commissioned the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to 34 undertake a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) linked to SIP 10: Electricity Transmission and 35 Distribution for all. The SEA, entitled “the national Department of Environmental Affairs Electricity Grid 36 Infrastructure Strategic Environmental Assessment” was aimed primarily at establishing routing corridors to 37 enable the efficient and effective expansion of key strategic transmission infrastructure designed to satisfy 38 national transmission requirements up to the 2040 planning horizon.
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