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Karst Geology in the Salt-Bearing Windsor Group Evaporites and Controls on the Origin of Gypsum Deposits in South-Central Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia1

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Karst Geology in the Salt-Bearing Windsor Group Evaporites and Controls on the Origin of Gypsum Deposits in South-Central Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia1 Report of Activities 2002 9 Karst Geology in the Salt-bearing Windsor Group Evaporites and Controls on the Origin of Gypsum Deposits in South-central Cape Breton Island, 1 Nova Scotia R. C. Boehner, G. C. Adams2 and P. S. Giles3 Introduction carbonates and nonmarine siliciclastic sedimentary rocks (Figs. 2 and 3) which were deposited in a large complex intracontinental basin. The Windsor All economically significant occurrences of Group is typically underlain by the Horton Group, gypsum and anhydrite found in Nova Scotia are a thick sequence of continental siliciclastic hosted by the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) sedimentary rocks. The Horton Group and locally Windsor Group (Fig. 1). The Windsor Group the Windsor Group strata were deposited in the consists of interstratified marine evaporites, marine early stages of the basin system over older Figure 1. General regional geology and location map, Nova Scotia. 1Funded by Natural Resources Canada and the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources under the Targeted Geoscience Initiative project: Geological Mapping for Mineral Development in South-central Cape Breton Island 2Nova Scotia Treasury and Policy Board, PO Box 1617, Halifax, NS B3J 2Y3 3Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2 Boehner, R. C., Adams, G. C. and Giles, P. S. 2003: in Mineral Resources Branch, Report of Activities 2002; Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Report 2003-1, p. 9-24. 10 Mineral Resources Branch Branch Resources Mineral 10 Figure 2. Windsor Group lithostratigraphy and major cycle correlations in Nova Scotia. Report of Activities11 2002 Figure 3. Location map for major cycle and stratigraphic sections in Nova Scotia. 12 Mineral Resources Branch deformed metamorphic and igneous rocks. Fine- associated with anhydrite to depths exceeding grained continental siliciclastics of the Mabou 400 m. (Canso) Group conformably overlie the Windsor Group, although locally, younger Carboniferous An important factor in the formation of major strata of the Cumberland (Riversdale) and Pictou gypsum deposits is decollement tectonics. This groups may overlie the Windsor Group with an occurs at both a local and regional scale (e.g. unconformity or fault contact. Ainslie Detachment, Lynch and Giles, 1995; Lynch et al., 1998) and produces some of the complex Prior to Adams (1991), little information was recumbent and isoclinal folding characteristic of published on the geology of gypsum and anhydrite many areas in the salt- and anhydrite-dominated resources of the province (Bell, 1929; Goodman, Windsor Group. Salt content in the stratigraphic 1952; Schenk, 1969 and 1984; Lewis and section is a major factor in facilitating the Holleman, 1983). Substantial advances have been development of this structural style (salt is highly made in the past 20 years in understanding the ductile). The repetition of strata, especially the geology, stratigraphy and structure of the Windsor more competent anhydrite, by folding and faulting Group rocks that host gypsum deposits in the may be an important contributor to enhancing the province. Much of this increased knowledge has hydration process as well as the economic been made possible by new subsurface data thickness of gypsum deposits. generated by numerous drilling and seismic exploration projects for base metal, salt, potash and The stratigraphic, structural, tectonic and hydrocarbon deposits. Significant additions to the evaporite karst dissolution connections to the origin previous work by Adams (1991) on gypsum of gypsum deposits outlined above are the result of deposits include: (1) recognition of the close recent work in south-central Cape Breton Island stratigraphic, structural and tectonic relationship funded by the federal-provincial Targeted between the geology of salt in the deep subsurface Geoscience Initiative. This includes the detailed and gypsum in the near surface; (2) recognition of a investigations by Giles (2003) of the complex more extensive distribution and thickness of geology of salt and potash deposits associated with anhydrite (parent mineral of gypsum in Nova the Windsor Group in central and southern Cape Scotia) in the thick evaporitic sections of the Upper Breton Island. Because the geology of gypsum Windsor Group (Major Cycles 3 to 5 of Giles, deposits is intimately linked to local stratigraphy 1981); and (3) increased understanding of the and structure, readers are directed to descriptions extent and role of complex, multiple-generation and illustrations of basin scale geology as well as karst development in the origin of gypsum deposits associated salt and potash deposits (e.g. Boehner, in the evaporite-dominated Windsor Group 1984, 1986, and 1992, Giles, 2003, Giles and (Boehner and Giles, 1993; Boehner and Prime, Lynch, 1994, Lynch and Giles, 1995). The 1993). following section is an overview of the stratigraphy and lithologic composition of Windsor Group In many ways, the Windsor Group gypsum major and minor cycles. deposits are the near-surface karst-altered derivatives of deeper basin (down-dip) anhydrite Major Cycles and salt deposits. This is especially applicable in heterogeneous and deformed gypsum deposits Bell (1929) systematically described the (types 3, 4 and 5 described by Adams, 1991). There stratigraphy and paleontology of the Windsor has been a long-recognized mineral alteration/ Group in the type area near Windsor, Hants replacement facies change from gypsum down into County. Workers from the late 1960s to the present anhydrite. It is now evident that this mineralogical introduced a detailed lithostratigraphic change is also linked with further change down-dip nomenclature of formations and members based on to salt facies. The dissolution process involving local structural basins (Giles, 1981). A complex circulating groundwater not only hydrated the nomenclature of numerous formations and anhydrite to gypsum, but also removed salt Report of Activities 2002 13 members (many are correlative units) has Gypsum and anhydrite occur in all five major consequently developed (Figs. 2 and 3). cycles in the Windsor Group (Figs. 2 and 4), and locally evaporite deposits (anhydrite and salt) Giles (1981) used the lithostratigraphy as a extend into the basal part of the Mabou (Canso) basis for describing the Windsor Group as a system Group. Economically significant sections of of five major transgressive-regressive depositional gypsum and anhydrite (Lewis and Holleman, 1983) cycles (Fig. 2). Generally these major cycles are are generally restricted to the lower Windsor complex and comprise multiple minor deposition Group, Major Cycles 1 and 2 (Giles, 1981; cycles. These minor or minicycles, with Boehner, 1984 and 1986; Adams, 1991). Major thicknesses of metres to tens of metres, typically Cycle 1 is up to 400 m thick and comprises 40-90% include, in ascending order: marine carbonates, CaSO4, Major Cycle 2 is 150 to 530 m thick and is anhydrite, halite, and red/green mudrock. Although up to 55% CaSO4, and Major Cycles 3 to 5 are 150 the five major cycles have been defined primarily to 470 m thick and typically contain <20% CaSO4. on the basis of lithostratigraphy, they coincide The evaporite component of these cycles may be closely with biostratigraphy defined by Bell (1929). increased substantially (Fig. 6), and locally Major Cycles 1 and 2 of Giles (1981) correlate with dominated by the highly water-soluble mineral the Lower Windsor A and B subzones of Bell halite (NaCl) with local potash (KCl). For example, (1929), and Major Cycles 3 to 5 correlate with the Major Cycle 1 may be up to 75% halite, and in C, D and E subzones of the Upper Windsor. The saline evaporitic sections in central Cape Breton major cycle nomenclature has been applied to the Island, Major Cycle 2 may comprise up to 55% Windsor Group throughout the province and serves halite, and Major Cycles 3 to 5 up to 35% halite. as a simplified framework for correlation and The composition of an average Major Cycle 1 comparison of facies variations (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). section in the central Cape Breton Island area The uppermost of these cycles, Major Cycle 5, (Fig. 5) is 7% carbonate, 11% siliciclastic, 42% extends transitionally into the overlying Hastings anhydrite and 40% salt. Major Cycle 2 is 530 m Formation of the Mabou (Canso) Group. thick and comprises 7% carbonate, 16% Figure 4. Schematic representation of Windsor Group facies relationships in Nova Scotia. 14 Mineral Resources Branch Figure 5. Reference section correlation, Shubenacadie Basin (SB1) and central Cape Breton Island composite section (CCB1 Malagawatch and McIntyre Lake). Report of Activities15 2002 Figure 6. Major Cycle 2, B Subzone ‘Triplet Marker’ and associated strata correlation in complex fold repeated section, Noranda drillhole 225-5A, Orangedale Deposit near Malagawatch. 16 Mineral Resources Branch siliciclastic, 22% anhydrite and 55% salt. Major with the salt removed (780 m thick) is 15% Cycles 3 to 5 comprise 11% carbonate, 36% carbonate, 38% siliciclastic and 47% anhydrite. siliciclastic, 17% anhydrite and 36% salt. The overall Windsor Group composition of Major The relative proportion of anhydrite, and the Cycles 1 to 5 (1400 m thick) is 8% carbonate, 21% vertical and lateral facies distribution in each siliciclastic, 26% anhydrite and 45% salt. stratigraphic unit or cycle, is thus a factor governing gypsum potential. Structural repetition The highly water-soluble halite is removed by by recumbent and isoclinal folding and faulting is dissolution
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