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Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers

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Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers SHRP-H-332 Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers Cecil C. Chappelow A. Dean McElroy Robert R. Blackburn Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Boulevard Kansas City, MO 64110 David Darwin Frank G. de Noyelles Carl E. Locke University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Lawrence, KS 66045 Strategic Highway Research Program National Research Council Washington, DC 1992 PUBL. NO. SHRP-H-332 ISBN: 309-05267-x Contract H-205 Program Manager: Don M. Harriott Project Manager: L. David Minsk Production Editor: Katharyn L. Bbw Brosseau Program Area Secretary: Lisa A. McNeil November 1992 key words: corrosion degradation deicing chemicals ecology ice friction ice melting ice removal performance physical properties Strategic Highway Research Program National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington, DC 20418 (202) 334-3774 The publication of this report does not necessarily indicate approval or endorsement of the findings, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations either inferred or specifically expressed herein by the National Academy of Sciences, the United States Government, or the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or its member states. ©1992 National Academy of Sciences 2M/NAP/l192 Acknowledgments The research described herein was supported by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). SHRP is a unit of the National Research Council that was authorized by section 128 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987. This handbook was prepared by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) with input from the subcontractor, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. (CRINC), under SHRP Contract No. H-205, "Evaluation Procedures for Deicing Chemicals and Improved Sodium Chloride." The handbook contains a structured selection of specific test methods for complete characterization of chemical deicers. The work at MRI related to the handbook was conducted under the administrative direction of Dr. William D. Glauz, Principal Advisor; and Dr. Charles F. Holt, Director, Engineering and Environmental Technology Department. The handbook was prepared by Dr. Cecil C. Chappelow, Senior Advisor for Materials Sciences (MRI), Principal Investigator, with assistance from Mr. Robert R. Blackburn, Head of the Engineering and Statistical Sciences Section (MRI), Dr. A. D. McElroy, Research Associate for Applied Science (MRI), Dr. David Darwin, Professor of Civil Engineering (CRINC), and Dr. Frank de Noyelles, Professor of Botany and Systematics and Ecology (CRINC), who were Co-principal Investigators. Other contributors to the handbook were Dr. Carl E. Locke (CRINC), Mr. Gary R. Cooper (MRI), Ms. Diana Dickerson (CRINC), Dr. Steven L. McCabe (CRINC), Ms. Sonia L. Martinez (CRINC), and Mr. Charles S. Pinzino (MRI). ,°o 111 Contents Acknowledgments • • • • • • e • • • e • • e • • • e • • e • • e e • e e • • e e • e e • • e e • • e e • e e • e e o e iii List of Figures .................................................... xvii List of Tables ...................................................... xix Abstract .......................................................... xxi Executive Summary ........ ............................... ...... XXIII"'" I. Introduction .................................................... 1 2. Testing and Evaluation of Chemical Deicers ............................ 5 2.1 Fundamental Properties ..................................... 5 2.1.1 Ice Melting Potential ................................. 5 2.1.2 Fundamental Thermodynamic Factors .................... 6 2.2 Physicochemical Characteristics ................................ 7 2.3 Deicing Performance ........................................ 8 2.3.1 Ice Melting ........................................ 8 2.3.2 Ice Penetration ...................................... 9 2.3.3 Ice Undercutting ................................... 10 2.4 Materials Compatibility ..................................... 10 2.4.1 Compatibility with Bare Metals ........................ 11 2.4.2 Compatibility with Coated Metals ....................... 12 2.4.3 Compatibility with Concrete Metal Reinforcement .......... 12 2.4.4 Compatibility with Concrete ........................... 13 2.4.5 Compatibility with Nonmetals .......................... 14 2.5 Engineering Parameters .................................... 14 V 2.6 Ecological Effects ......................................... 15 2.7 Health and Safety ......................................... 15 3. Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers ......................... 17 3.1 Physicochemical Characteristics ............................... 18 3.1.1 Sampling ......................................... 18 3.1.2 Deicer Analysis .................................... 19 3.1.3 Aqueous Solubility .................................. 20 3.1.4 Freezing Point ..................................... 23 3.1.5 Eutectic Temperature ................................ 25 3.1.6 Eutectic Composition ................................ 26 3.1.7 Heat of Solution ................................... 28 3.1.8 Viscosity of Deicer Solutions .......................... 29 3.1.9 pH of Deicer Solutions ............................... 30 3.2 Deicing Performance ....................................... 31 3.2.1 Ice Melting Test (SHRP H-205.1 and H-205.2) ............. 31 3.2.2 Ice Penetration Test (SHRP H-205.3 and H-205.4) .......... 33 3.2.3 Ice Undercutting Test (SHRP H-205.5 and H-205.6) ......... 35 3.2.4 Ice Disbondment Test ............................... 38 3.3 Compatibility With Bare and Coated Metals ..................... 39 3.3.1 Corrosion of Bare Metal (SHRP H-205.7) ................ 39 3.3.2 Corrosion of Coated Metal Via Salt Spray ................ 40 3.4 Compatibility With Metals in Concrete ......................... 42 3.4.1 Corrosive Effects of Deicing Chemicals on Steel Reinforcement in Concrete (SHRP H-205.12) ............. 43 3.5 Compatibility With Concrete and Nonmetals ..................... 44 3.5.1 Rapid Method for Evaluation of Effects of Deicing Chemicals on Concrete (SHRP H-205.8) ......................... 44 3.5.2 Scaling Effects of Deicing Chemicals on Concrete (SHRP H-205.9) ......................................... 47 3.5.3 Abrasion Resistance ................................. 48 3.5.4 Concrete Mechanical Strength Retention ................. 49 3.5.5 Effects of Deicers on Nonmetals ........................ 51 3.6 Engineering Parameters .................................... 53 3.6.1 Frictional Characteristics (SHRP H-205.10) ............... 53 3.6.2 Particle Size Distribution ............................. 54 3.6.3 Deicer Particle Shape ................................ 55 3.6.4 Flow Characteristics ................................. 56 3.6.5 Storage Characteristics ............................... 57 vi 3.6.6 Dusting Susceptibility ................................ 60 3.6.7 Specific Gravity of Liquids ............................ 61 3.6.8 Density of Solids ................................... 61 3.7 Ecological Effects ......................................... 62 3.7.1 Ecological Test Protocol .............................. 62 3.7.2 Estimated Environmental Concentration (EEC) ............ 63 3.7.3 Ecological Effects Tests (SHRP H-205.11) ................ 64 3.8 Health and Safety Aspects ................................... 65 3.8.1 OSHA Protocol .................................... 65 3.8.2 Chemical Deicer Testing and Laboratory Safety ............ 67 Appendix A--Synopsis of Current Deicer Materials and Test Methods .. 69 1. Current Deicer Materials ......................................... 71 1.1 Chemical Characteristics .................................... 71 1.2 Deicing Applications ....................................... 72 1.2.1 Streets and Highways ................................ 72 1.2.2 Aircraft and Runway Deicing .......................... 73 1.2.3 Residential/Commercial Deicing (Sidewalks, Parking Lots) .... 73 1.3 Selection and Use Criteria .................................. 74 2. Deicer Test Methods ............................................. 75 2.1 Physicochemical Characterization ............................. 75 2.1.1 Sampling ......................................... 75 2.1.2 Deicer Analysis .................................... 76 2.1.3 Deicer Property Measurements ......................... 76 2.2 Deicing Performance ....................................... 78 2.2.1 Ice Melting ....................................... 78 2.2.2 Ice Penetration ..................................... 79 2.2.3 Ice Undercutting ................................... 79 2.3 Compatibility With Bare and Coated Metals ..................... 79 2.3.1 Bare Metal Corrosion ................................ 79 2.3.2 Corrosion of Coated Metal ............................ 80 2.4 Compatibility With Metals in Concrete ......................... 80 2.5 Compatibility With Concrete and Nonmetals ..................... 81 2.5.1 Concrete Scaling Effects .............................. 81 2.5.2 Compatibility With Nonmetals ......................... 82 2.6 Engineering Parameters .................................... 82 2.6.1 Frictional Characteristics ............................. 82 vii 2.6.2 Particle Size Distribution ............................. 82 2.6.3 Particle Shape ..................................... 83 2.6.4 Flow Properties ..................................... 83 2.6.5 Dusting Tendencies ................................. 83 2.6.6 Density .......................................... 83 2.6.7 Moisture Sensitivity ................................
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