The Continued Threat of Emerging Flaviviruses
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Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses
ARIZONA ARBOVIRAL HANDBOOK FOR CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE, AND ZIKA VIRUSES 7/31/2017 Arizona Department of Health Services | P a g e 1 Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 4 I: CHIKUNGUNYA ..................................................................................................... 5 Chikungunya Ecology and Transmission ....................................... 6 Chikungunya Clinical Disease and Case Management ............... 7 Chikungunya Laboratory Testing .................................................. 8 Chikungunya Case Definitions ...................................................... 9 Chikungunya Case Classification Algorithm ............................... 11 II: DENGUE .............................................................................................................. 12 Dengue Ecology and Transmission .............................................. 14 Dengue Clinical Disease and Case Management ...................... 14 Dengue Laboratory Testing ......................................................... 17 Dengue Case Definitions ............................................................ 19 Dengue Case Classification Algorithm ....................................... 23 III: ZIKA .................................................................................................................. -
Recognition TLR7 Signaling Beyond Endosomal Dendritic Cells
Flavivirus Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Delineates Key Elements of TLR7 Signaling beyond Endosomal Recognition This information is current as of September 29, 2021. Jennifer P. Wang, Ping Liu, Eicke Latz, Douglas T. Golenbock, Robert W. Finberg and Daniel H. Libraty J Immunol 2006; 177:7114-7121; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7114 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/10/7114 Downloaded from References This article cites 38 articles, 21 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/10/7114.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Flavivirus Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Delineates Key Elements of TLR7 Signaling beyond Endosomal Recognition1 Jennifer P. Wang,2* Ping Liu,† Eicke Latz,* Douglas T. Golenbock,* Robert W. Finberg,* and Daniel H. -
California Encephalitis Orthobunyaviruses in Northern Europe
California encephalitis orthobunyaviruses in northern Europe NIINA PUTKURI Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Doctoral Program in Biomedicine Doctoral School in Health Sciences Academic Dissertation To be presented for public examination with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, in lecture hall 13 at the Main Building, Fabianinkatu 33, Helsinki, 23rd September 2016 at 12 noon. Helsinki 2016 Supervisors Professor Olli Vapalahti Department of Virology and Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Department of Virology and Immunology, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland Professor Antti Vaheri Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Docent Heli Harvala Simmonds Unit for Laboratory surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden and European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden Docent Pamela Österlund Viral Infections Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Offical Opponent Professor Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research National Reference Centre for Tropical Infectious Disease Hamburg, Germany ISBN 978-951-51-2399-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-51-2400-5 (PDF, available -
A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses
A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses. Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, Corinne Maufrais, Valérie Caro, Hervé Bourhy To cite this version: Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, et al.. A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses.. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2014, 9 (1), pp.e87194. 10.1371/journal.pone.0087194.s006. pasteur-01430485 HAL Id: pasteur-01430485 https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01430485 Submitted on 9 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses Laurent Dacheux1*, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez1, -
Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B
Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B. Hayes Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus related to yellow fever, est (4). Serologic studies indicated that humans could also dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In be infected (5). Transmission of ZIKV by artificially fed 2007 ZIKV caused an outbreak of relatively mild disease Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to mice and a monkey in a labora- characterized by rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis on Yap tory was reported in 1956 (6). Island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This was the first ZIKV was isolated from humans in Nigeria during time that ZIKV was detected outside of Africa and Asia. The studies conducted in 1968 and during 1971–1975; in 1 history, transmission dynamics, virology, and clinical mani- festations of ZIKV disease are discussed, along with the study, 40% of the persons tested had neutralizing antibody possibility for diagnostic confusion between ZIKV illness to ZIKV (7–9). Human isolates were obtained from febrile and dengue. The emergence of ZIKV outside of its previ- children 10 months, 2 years (2 cases), and 3 years of age, ously known geographic range should prompt awareness of all without other clinical details described, and from a 10 the potential for ZIKV to spread to other Pacific islands and year-old boy with fever, headache, and body pains (7,8). the Americas. From 1951 through 1981, serologic evidence of human ZIKV infection was reported from other African coun- tries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, Central African n April 2007, an outbreak of illness characterized by rash, Republic, Sierra Leone (10), and Gabon, and in parts of arthralgia, and conjunctivitis was reported on Yap Island I Asia including India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, in the Federated States of Micronesia. -
Tick-Transmitted Diseases
Deer tick-transmitted infections zoonotic in the eastern U.S. •Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato): erythema migrans rash, fever, chills, muscle aches; can progress to arthritis or neurologic signs – 200-500 cases/100,000/year •Babesiosis (Babesia microti): malaria like, fever, chills, muscle aches, fatigue, hemolysis/anemia– 100-200 cases/100,000/year •Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum): fever, chills, muscle aches, headache—50-100 cases/100,000/year •Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD): fever, chills, muscle aches, headache – 50-100 cases/100,000/year •Deer tick virus fever/encephalitis: fever, headache, confusion, seizures– 1-5 cases/100,000/ year Erythema migrans: not just a “bulls-eye” Courtesy of Tim Lepore MD, Nantucket Cottage Hospital Life cycle of deer ticks…critical to develop interventions 40%-70% infection rate 10%-30% infection rate Grace period: Adaptations to extended life cycle Borrelia burgdorferi: 24-48 hours (upregulation of OspC, migration from gut to salivary glands) Babesia microti: 48-62 hours (sporogony from undifferentiated salivary sporoblast) Anaplasma phagocytophilum: 24-36 hours (acquisition of “slime layer”?) Tickborne encephalitis virus: none “Restore the risk landscape to what it was before 1980” The main drivers for emergence of the Lyme disease epidemic: 1905 Pout’s Pond, Deforestation, reforestation: Nantucket dominance of successional habitat Increased development and recreational use in reforested sites Burgeoning deer herds 1986 http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/publications/bulletins/b1010.pdf -
Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist. -
Transmission and Evolution of Tick-Borne Viruses
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Transmission and evolution of tick-borne viruses Doug E Brackney and Philip M Armstrong Ticks transmit a diverse array of viruses such as tick-borne Bourbon viruses in the U.S. [6,7]. These trends are driven encephalitis virus, Powassan virus, and Crimean-Congo by the proliferation of ticks in many regions of the world hemorrhagic fever virus that are reemerging in many parts of and by human encroachment into tick-infested habitats. the world. Most tick-borne viruses (TBVs) are RNA viruses that In addition, most TBVs are RNA viruses that mutate replicate using error-prone polymerases and produce faster than DNA-based organisms and replicate to high genetically diverse viral populations that facilitate their rapid population sizes within individual hosts to form a hetero- evolution and adaptation to novel environments. This article geneous population of closely related viral variants reviews the mechanisms of virus transmission by tick vectors, termed a mutant swarm or quasispecies [8]. This popula- the molecular evolution of TBVs circulating in nature, and the tion structure allows RNA viruses to rapidly evolve and processes shaping viral diversity within hosts to better adapt into new ecological niches, and to develop new understand how these viruses may become public health biological properties that can lead to changes in disease threats. In addition, remaining questions and future directions patterns and virulence [9]. The purpose of this paper is to for research are discussed. review the mechanisms of virus transmission among Address vector ticks and vertebrate hosts and to examine the Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & diversity and molecular evolution of TBVs circulating Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, in nature. -
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dhf)
DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) What are DENGUE and DHF? Dengue and DHF are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Cases of dengue and DHF are confirmed every year in travelers returning to the United States after visits to regions such as the South Pacific, Asia, the Caribbean, the Americas and Africa. How is dengue fever spread? Dengue virus is transmitted to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. What are the symptoms of dengue fever? The most common symptoms of dengue are high fever for 2–7 days, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain and rash. The rash is frequently not visible in dark-skinned people. Young children typically have a milder illness than older children and adults. Most patients report a non-specific flu-like illness. Many patients infected with dengue will not show any symptoms. DHF is a more severe form of dengue. Initial symptoms are the same as dengue but are followed by bleeding problems such as easy bruising, skin hemorrhages, bleeding from the nose or gums, and possible bleeding of the internal organs. DHF is very rare. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? Symptoms of dengue can occur from 3-14 days, commonly 4-7 days, after the bite of an infected mosquito. What is the treatment for dengue fever? There is no specific treatment for dengue. Treatment usually involves treating symptoms such as managing fever, general aches and pains. Persons who have traveled to a tropical or sub-tropical region should consult their physician if they develop symptoms. -
Japanese Encephalitis
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:405–415 405 NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TROPICAL DISEASE Japanese encephalitis Tom Solomon, Nguyen Minh Dung, Rachel Kneen, Mary Gainsborough, David W Vaughn, Vo Thi Khanh Although considered by many in the west to be West Nile virus, a flavivirus found in Africa, the a rare and exotic infection, Japanese encephali- Middle East, and parts of Europe, is tradition- tis is numerically one of the most important ally associated with a syndrome of fever causes of viral encephalitis worldwide, with an arthralgia and rash, and with occasional estimated 50 000 cases and 15 000 deaths nervous system disease. However, in 1996 West annually.12About one third of patients die, and Nile virus caused an outbreak of encephalitis in half of the survivors have severe neuropshychi- Romania,5 and a West Nile-like flavivirus was atric sequelae. Most of China, Southeast Asia, responsible for an encephalitis outbreak in and the Indian subcontinent are aVected by the New York in 1999.67 virus, which is spreading at an alarming rate. In In northern Europe and northern Asia, flavi- these areas, wards full of children and young viruses have evolved to use ticks as vectors adults aZicted by Japanese encephalitis attest because they are more abundant than mosqui- Department of to its importance. toes in cooler climates. Far eastern tick-borne Neurological Science, University of encephalitis virus (also known as Russian Liverpool, Walton Historical perspective spring-summer encephalitis virus) is endemic Centre for Neurology Epidemics of encephalitis were described in in the eastern part of the former USSR, and and Neurosurgery, Japan from the 1870s onwards. -
Your Child Or Family Member May Have Dengue Fever According to Their Clinical History and Physical Examination
Your child or family member may have dengue fever according to their clinical history and physical examination. If it is dengue, serious complications of the disease can develop. If the complications are recognized early, and a doctor is consulted, it may save the patient’s life. Your doctor can order more tests to see if the patient needs to be hospitalized. The doctor can also order specific tests for dengue, but those tests will take longer than a week for the results to come back. How to Care for the Patient While They Have a Fever: Bed rest. Let patient rest as much as possible. Control the fever. Give acetaminophen or paracetamol (Tylenol) every 6 hours (maximum 4 doses per day). Do not give ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) aspirin, or aspirin containing drugs. Sponge patient’s skin with cool water if fever stays high. Prevent dehydration which occurs when a person loses too much fluid (from high fevers, vomiting, or poor oral intake). Give plenty of fluids and watch for signs of dehydration. Bring patient to clinic or emergency room if any of the following signs develop: Decrease in urination (check number of wet diapers or trips to the bathroom) Few or no tears when child cries Dry mouth, tongue or lips Sunken eyes Listlessness or overly agitated or confused Fast heart beat (more than 100/min) Cold or clammy fingers and toes Sunken fontanel in infant DO WHILE THE PATIENT HAS FEVER DO WHILE THE PATIENT Prevent spread of dengue within your house. Place patient under bed net or use insect repellent on the patient while they have a fever. -
Dengue and Yellow Fever
GBL42 11/27/03 4:02 PM Page 262 CHAPTER 42 Dengue and Yellow Fever Dengue, 262 Yellow fever, 265 Further reading, 266 While the most important viral haemorrhagic tor (Aedes aegypti) as well as reinfestation of this fevers numerically (dengue and yellow fever) are insect into Central and South America (it was transmitted exclusively by arthropods, other largely eradicated in the 1960s). Other factors arboviral haemorrhagic fevers (Crimean– include intercontinental transport of car tyres Congo and Rift Valley fevers) can also be trans- containing Aedes albopictus eggs, overcrowding mitted directly by body fluids. A third group of of refugee and urban populations and increasing haemorrhagic fever viruses (Lassa, Ebola, Mar- human travel. In hyperendemic areas of Asia, burg) are only transmitted directly, and are not disease is seen mainly in children. transmitted by arthropods at all. The directly Aedes mosquitoes are ‘peri-domestic’: they transmissible viral haemorrhagic fevers are dis- breed in collections of fresh water around the cussed in Chapter 41. house (e.g. water storage jars).They feed on hu- mans (anthrophilic), mainly by day, and feed re- peatedly on different hosts (enhancing their role Dengue as vectors). Dengue virus is numerically the most important Clinical features arbovirus infecting humans, with an estimated Dengue virus may cause a non-specific febrile 100 million cases per year and 2.5 billion people illness or asymptomatic infection, especially in at risk.There are four serotypes of dengue virus, young children. However, there are two main transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and it is un- clinical dengue syndromes: dengue fever (DF) usual among arboviruses in that humans are the and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).