DOCSLIB.ORG

Central America and the Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Central America and the Caribbean United Nations Environment Programme Chemicals Central America and the Caribbean Central Central America and the Caribbean REGIONAL REPORT Regionally Based RBA PTS REGIONAL REPORT Assessment of Persistent Available from: UNEP Chemicals 11-13, chemin des Anémones CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE Switzerland Phone : +41 22 917 1234 Fax : +41 22 797 3460 Substances E-mail: [email protected] December 2002 http://www.chem.unep.ch UNEP Chemicals is a part of UNEP's Technology, Industry and Printed at United Nations, Geneva Economics Division GE.03-00159–January 2003–500 UNEP/CHEMICALS/2003/10 Global Environment Facility UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME CHEMICALS RReeggiioonnaallllyy BBaasseedd AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff PPeerrssiisstteenntt TTooxxiicc SSuubbssttaanncceess Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela CCEENNTTRRAALL AAMMEERRIICCAA AANNDD TTHHEE CCAARRIIBBBBEEAANN RREEGGIIOONNAALL RREEPPOORRTT DECEMBER 2002 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY This report was financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through a global project with co-financing from the Governments of Australia, France, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States of America. This publication is produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC). This publication is intended to serve as a guide. While the information provided is believed to be accurate, UNEP disclaim any responsibility for the possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences, which may flow from them. UNEP nor any individual involved in the preparation of this report shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by any persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC), was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, FAO, WHO, UNIDO and OECD (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. In January 1998, UNITAR formally joined the IOMC as a Participating Organization. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested together with a reference to the document. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to UNEP Chemicals. UNEP CHEMICALS Available from: UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE Switzerland Phone: +41 22 917 1234 Fax: +41 22 797 3460 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.chem.unep.ch UNEP Chemicals is a part of UNEP’s Technology, Industry and Economics Division ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................VI 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1.1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT...................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Objectives................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. METHODS......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. World Regional Dvisions........................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2. Project Management................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.3. Data ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.4. Funding.................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. SCOPE OF THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT ................................................ 2 1.3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3.2. Scope of Central American Assessment ................................................................................. 3 1.3.3. Interregional Links and Collaboration ....................................................................................3 1.4. CLIMATE .......................................................................................................... 3 1.5. POPULATION................................................................................................... 3 1.6. ECONOMY........................................................................................................ 3 1.7. GENERAL DEFINITIONS OF CHEMICALS................................................. 5 1.7.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.7.2. Pesticides................................................................................................................................. 5 1.7.3. Industrial compounds .............................................................................................................. 8 1.7.4. Unintended By-products ......................................................................................................... 9 1.7.5. Region-Specific Compounds................................................................................................... 9 1.8. SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 15 2. SOURCES OF PTS ............................................................................. 17 2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO PTS SOURCES ............................... 17 2.2. PESTICIDES.................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Aldrin and Dieldrin............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Chlordane .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.3. DDT....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4. Endosulfan............................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.5. Endrin.................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.6. Heptachlor ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.7. Hexachlorobenzene ............................................................................................................... 21 2.2.8. Mirex ..................................................................................................................................... 21 i 2.2.9. Toxaphene............................................................................................................................. 21 2.3. INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS........................................................................ 22 2.3.1. Polychlorinated Biphenyls.................................................................................................... 22 2.4. UNINTENTED BYPRODUCTS..................................................................... 22 2.4.1. Dioxins and Furans............................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2. Atrazine................................................................................................................................. 26 2.4.3. Brominated Flame Retardants............................................................................................... 27 2.4.4. Endosulfan ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.4.5. Lindane (γ-HCH) .................................................................................................................. 28 2.4.6. OrganicMmercury................................................................................................................. 28
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Latin America and Caribbean Region LIST of ACRONYMS
    Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development in Latin America and Caribbean Region LIST OF ACRONYMS ALBA Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas IPs Industrial Parks BIDC Barbados Investment and Development INTI National Institute of Industrial Corperation Technologies (Argentina) BRICS Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China ISID Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial and South Africa („emerging economies“) Development CAF Development Bank for Latin America ITPOs Investment and Technology Promotion CAIME High Level Centre for Research, Offices Training and Certification of Production LATU Technological Laboratory of Uruguay (Uruguayan Project) MERCOSUR Southern Common Market CAN Andean Community MoU Memorandum of Understanding CARICOM Caribbean Community ODS Ozone Depleting Substances CELAC Community of Latin American and OESC Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Caribbean States OFID OPEC Fund for International Development CFCs Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons PCBs Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls CIU Uruguayan Chamber of Industries POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants CNI National Confederation of Brazil PPPs Public Private Partnerships COPEI Peruvian Committee on Small Industry RO Regional Office ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America SDGs Sustainable Development Goals EU European Union SELA Latin American Economic System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN SEZs Special Economic Zones System) SICA Central American Integration System GEF Global Environmental Facility SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises GNIC Great Nicaraguan Interoceanic
    [Show full text]
  • Central Valley & Highlands
    © Lonely Planet Publications 124 lonelyplanet.com ALAJUELA & THE NORTH OF THE VALLEY 125 History exhibit, trout lake and the world’s largest butterfly Central Valley & Of the 20 or so tribes that inhabited pre- enclosure. Hispanic Costa Rica, it is thought that the Monumento National Arqueológico Guayabo Central Valley Huetar Indians were the most ( p160 ) The country’s only significant archaeological site Highlands dominant. But there is very little historical isn’t quite as impressive as anything found in Mexico or evidence from this period, save for the ar- Guatemala, but the rickety outline of forest-encompassed cheological site at Guayabo. Tropical rains villages will still spark your inner Indiana Jones. Parque Nacional Tapantí-Macizo Cerro de la The rolling verdant valleys of Costa Rica’s midlands have traditionally only been witnessed and ruthless colonization have erased most of pre-Columbian Costa Rica from the pages Muerte ( p155 ) This park receives more rainfall than during travelers’ pit stops on their way to the country’s more established destinations. The of history. any other part of the country, so it is full of life. Jaguars, area has always been famous for being one of the globe’s major coffee-growing regions, In 1561 the Spanish pitched their first ocelots and tapirs are some of the more exciting species. CENTRAL VALLEY & and every journey involves twisting and turning through lush swooping terrain with infinite permanent settlement at Garcimuñoz, in Parque Nacional Volcán Irazú ( p151 ) One of the few lookouts on earth that affords views of both the Caribbean HIGHLANDS coffee fields on either side.
    [Show full text]
  • North America Other Continents
    Arctic Ocean Europe North Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Africa Pacific Ocean South Indian America Ocean Oceania Southern Ocean Antarctica LAND & WATER • The surface of the Earth is covered by approximately 71% water and 29% land. • It contains 7 continents and 5 oceans. Land Water EARTH’S HEMISPHERES • The planet Earth can be divided into four different sections or hemispheres. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line (latitude) that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, while the Prime Meridian is the imaginary vertical line (longitude) that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • North America, Earth’s 3rd largest continent, includes 23 countries. It contains Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, all Caribbean and Central America countries, as well as Greenland, which is the world’s largest island. North West East LOCATION South • The continent of North America is located in both the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. • It measures 24,256,000 sq. km and takes up a little more than 16% of the land on Earth. North America 16% Other Continents 84% • North America has an approximate population of almost 529 million people, which is about 8% of the World’s total population. 92% 8% North America Other Continents • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth’s Oceans. It covers about 15% of the Earth’s total surface area and approximately 21% of its water surface area.
    [Show full text]
  • African Traditional Plant Knowledge in the Circum-Caribbean Region
    Journal of Ethnobiology 23(2): 167-185 Fall/Winter 2003 AFRICAN TRADITIONAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE IN THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN REGION JUDITH A. CARNEY Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ABSTRACT.—The African diaspora to the Americas was one of plants as well as people. European slavers provisioned their human cargoes with African and other Old World useful plants, which enabled their enslaved work force and free ma- roons to establish them in their gardens. Africans were additionally familiar with many Asian plants from earlier crop exchanges with the Indian subcontinent. Their efforts established these plants in the contemporary Caribbean plant corpus. The recognition of pantropical genera of value for food, medicine, and in the practice of syncretic religions also appears to have played an important role in survival, as they share similar uses among black populations in the Caribbean as well as tropical Africa. This paper, which focuses on the plants of the Old World tropics that became established with slavery in the Caribbean, seeks to illuminate the botanical legacy of Africans in the circum-Caribbean region. Key words: African diaspora, Caribbean, ethnobotany, slaves, plant introductions. RESUME.—La diaspora africaine aux Ameriques ne s'est pas limitee aux person- nes, elle a egalement affecte les plantes. Les traiteurs d'esclaves ajoutaient a leur cargaison humaine des plantes exploitables dAfrique et du vieux monde pour les faire cultiver dans leurs jardins par les esclaves ou les marrons libres. En outre les Africains connaissaient beaucoup de plantes dAsie grace a de precedents echanges de cultures avec le sous-continent indien.
    [Show full text]
  • DIPECHO VI Central America FINAL
    European Commission Instructions and Guidelines for DG ECHO potential partners wishing to submit proposals for a SIXTH DIPECHO ACTION PLAN IN CENTRAL AMERICA COSTA RICA, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, PANAMA Budget article 23 02 02 Deadline for submitting proposals: 30 April 2008 1 Table of contents BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................ 3 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME AND PRIORITY ISSUES FOR THE 6TH ACTION PLAN FOR CENTRAL AMERICA .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Principal objective .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Strategic programming imperatives (sine qua non)......................................................................... 6 1.4 Type of activities ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Priorities in terms of geographical areas, hazards and sectors ...................................................... 11 1.6 Visibility and Communication requirements................................................................................. 16 2. FINANCIAL ALLOCATION PROVIDED ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of Turneffe Atoll Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs in Protecting Belize City from Storms
    The Value of Turneffe Atoll Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs in Protecting Belize City from Storms Prepared by: Dr. Tony Fedler Gainesville, FL Prepared for: Turneffe Atoll Trust Belize City, Belize August 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv Ecosystem Services Provided by Coral Reefs, Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Beds………………………… 1 Measuring the Value of Shoreline Protection…………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Shoreline Protection Valuation Studies……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 The Value of Shoreline Protection for Turneffe Atoll and Belize……………………………………………………….. 8 World Resources Institute Project……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Belize Coastal Zone Management Plan………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Summary of Other Economic Benefits from Coral Reefs, Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Beds………. 14 Discussion and Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was initiated with funding from the Mesoamerican Reef Fund (MAR Fund) and Turneffe Atoll Trust. It was aided considerably by several congenial staff members of the Coastal Zone Management Authority & Institute (CZMAI). Ms. Andria Rosado, CZMAI GIS Technician, was very instrumental in providing valuable information for the Storm Mitigation Project. She generated ecosystems maps displaying three main ecosystems (i.e. seagrass, mangrove
    [Show full text]
  • Major Trends Affecting Families in Central America and the Caribbean
    Major Trends Affecting Families in Central America and the Caribbean Prepared by: Dr. Godfrey St. Bernard The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Phone Contacts: 1-868-776-4768 (mobile) 1-868-640-5584 (home) 1-868-662-2002 ext. 2148 (office) E-mail Contacts: [email protected] [email protected] Prepared for: United Nations Division of Social Policy and Development Department of Economic and Social Affairs Program on the Family Date: May 23, 2003 Introduction Though an elusive concept, the family is a social institution that binds two or more individuals into a primary group to the extent that the members of the group are related to one another on the basis of blood relationships, affinity or some other symbolic network of association. It is an essential pillar upon which all societies are built and with such a character, has transcended time and space. Often times, it has been mooted that the most constant thing in life is change, a phenomenon that is characteristic of the family irrespective of space and time. The dynamic character of family structures, - including members’ status, their associated roles, functions and interpersonal relationships, - has an important impact on a host of other social institutional spheres, prospective economic fortunes, political decision-making and sustainable futures. Assuming that the ultimate goal of all societies is to enhance quality of life, the family constitutes a worthy unit of inquiry. Whether from a social or economic standpoint, the family is critical in stimulating the well being of a people. The family has been and will continue to be subjected to myriad social, economic, cultural, political and environmental forces that shape it.
    [Show full text]
  • Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua): Patterns of Human Rights Violations
    writenet is a network of researchers and writers on human rights, forced migration, ethnic and political conflict WRITENET writenet is the resource base of practical management (uk) independent analysis e-mail: [email protected] CENTRAL AMERICA (GUATEMALA, EL SALVADOR, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA): PATTERNS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS A Writenet Report by Beatriz Manz (University of California, Berkeley) commissioned by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Status Determination and Protection Information Section (DIPS) August 2008 Caveat: Writenet papers are prepared mainly on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. The papers are not, and do not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author and are not necessarily those of Writenet or UNHCR. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms ................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ................................................................................ iii 1 Introduction........................................................................................1 1.1 Regional Historical Background ................................................................1 1.2 Regional Contemporary Background........................................................2 1.3 Contextualized Regional Gang Violence....................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: an Overview
    Updated February 16, 2021 U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: An Overview Introduction for Engagement in Central America and, with congressional Central America has received considerable attention from support, more than doubled annual foreign aid to the region. U.S. policymakers over the past decade, as it has become a major transit corridor for illicit narcotics and a top source of The Trump Administration repeatedly sought to scale back irregular migration to the United States. In FY2019, U.S. funding for the Central America strategy. It proposed authorities at the southwest border apprehended nearly significant year-on-year assistance cuts for the region in 608,000 unauthorized migrants from El Salvador, each of its annual budget requests and suspended most aid Guatemala, and Honduras (the Northern Triangle of Central for the Northern Triangle in March 2019, two years into the America); 81% of those apprehended were families or strategy’s on-the-ground implementation. Congress chose unaccompanied minors, many of whom were seeking not to adopt many of the proposed cuts, but annual funding asylum (see Figure 1). Although the Coronavirus Disease for the Central America strategy declined from $750 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted illicit trafficking and million in FY2017 to $505.9 million in FY2021—a nearly irregular migration flows in FY2020, many analysts expect 33% drop over four years (see Figure 2). a resurgence once governments throughout the Western Hemisphere begin lifting border restrictions. Both Congress and the Biden Administration have called for a reexamination of U.S. policy toward Central America Figure 1. U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
    US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Court Claim No. 376 of 2005
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BELIZE, A.D. 2005 CLAIM NO. 376 SAID MUSA Claimant BETWEEN AND ANN­MARIE WILLIAMS HARRY LAWRENCE REPORTER PRESS LIMITED Defendants __ BEFORE the Honourable Abdulai Conteh, Chief Justice. Mr. Kareem Musa for the claimant. Mr. Dean Barrow S.C. for the defendants. __ JUDGMENT Introduction Given the dramatis personae in this case which, by any account, contains an unusual cast, I had during the hearing constantly to remind myself that this was a trial of a claim in a court of law and not a political trial, whatever this may mean. On the one hand, is arrayed the Prime Minister and leader of one of the political parties (the PUP), who has his son as his attorney. Ranged on the other side is the Leader of the Opposition and the leader of the other main political party (the UDP) as the attorney for the defendants of whom the second defendant, Mr. H. 1 Lawrence admitted, albeit, under cross examination, that he was a founding member of the UDP. Mr. Lawrence who struck me as an honest witness now says his newspaper, The Reporter, supports no political party and has no partisan agenda. However, given the persons involved in this case, the political overtones of the case could not be missed. However, I need hardly say that this is a court of law and the issues joined between the parties are to be decided only in accordance with the law and evidence, and nothing more and nothing less. 2. Mr. Said Musa, the claimant in this case, is the Prime Minister of Belize, the Area Representative of the Fort George Division in the House of Representatives, leader of the People’s United Party (PUP), one of the two main political parties in the country, as well as a member of the bar with the rank of a Senior Counsel.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Toxicity of Atrazine, Endosulfan Sulphate and Chlorpyrifos
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2008) 81:485–489 DOI 10.1007/s00128-008-9517-3 Acute Toxicity of Atrazine, Endosulfan Sulphate and Chlorpyrifos to Vibrio fischeri, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, Relative to Their Concentrations in Surface Waters from the Alentejo Region of Portugal P. Palma Æ V. L. Palma Æ R. M. Fernandes Æ A. M. V. M. Soares Æ I. R. Barbosa Received: 28 September 2007 / Accepted: 20 August 2008 / Published online: 8 September 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract Ecotoxicological effects of the herbicide atra- the herbicide atrazine are three of the pesticides most fre- zine and the insecticides endosulfan sulphate and chlor- quently used in Alentejo region crops. These compounds pyrifos were evaluated using a test battery comprising were chosen taking in account their concentration in the aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. According surface water of Alentejo region, mainly in Guadiana River, to the categories established in the EU legislation, atrazine and their environmental significance. The herbicide atrazine can be considered non-harmful for the species tested, while may reach values above maximum admissible concentration the insecticides can be considered very toxic for the crus- (MAC) allowed by Portuguese Legislation for surface taceans. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that the waters (Decreto-Lei n8236/98 1998). Despite that, atrazine sensitivity of organisms were as follows: Thamnocephalus did not pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment. platyurus [ Daphnia magna [ Vibrio fischeri. Chlorpyri- However, Solomon et al. (1996) cautioned that, when atra- fos may act as a toxic compound in the aquatic environment zine is retained in small, standing-water reservoirs or has of Guadiana River, as it may be detected in water at levels repeated inputs to a reservoir, damage can occur in the that promote toxic effects.
    [Show full text]