ABC495A 9= B85 ;965# A38>;2@A89?# 2=4 54C32B9>=2; 23895D5<5=B >6 7C2@9=> 42 D5@>=2 !(*.+$(+-'" !D>;% 9" 9EQ BLRPURQ 2 BLIUMU AWFPMVVIH JRT VLI 4IKTII RJ ?L4 EV VLI CQMXITUMV[ RJ AV% 2QHTIYU (/-/ 6WOO PIVEHEVE JRT VLMU MVIP MU EXEMOEFOI MQ @IUIETGL1AV2QHTIYU06WOOBIZV EV0 LVVS0&&TIUIETGL$TISRUMVRT[%UV$EQHTIYU%EG%WN& ?OIEUI WUI VLMU MHIQVMJMIT VR GMVI RT OMQN VR VLMU MVIP0 LVVS0&&LHO%LEQHOI%QIV&('')*&)/-, BLMU MVIP MU STRVIGVIH F[ RTMKMQEO GRS[TMKLV STUDIES IN THE LIFE, SCHOLARSHIP, AND EDUCATIONALACHIEVEMENT OF GUARINO DA VERONA(1374-"1h60) by Ian Thomson Submitted June 1968 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St. Andreeve /OL,. t `"Ja .ý I oý, Xý> ýSi gý' , Jý""- a bý ý ,ý; L TA13LE OF CONTENTS Page Xntroduotlon 1. Lif o of Guarino da Verona (3.374-1460) 2. Transrniool. on and text of the letters of Guarino 301 3. Gumrtno's letteroe in what oenso are they "familiar"? 31Q 4" GU=Ino's Latin atYie anc3 orthography 339 5" The letters written in Greek a69 6. Guarirno'8 attitude to history and historiography 346 Guarino and humour 410 8. Guarino as a figure in oontrovers7 41 9" Guarino and humanistic education 411 10. Summaries and translations of tho letters bob 11. Appendix As Translations with notes, of Lodovico carbon's funeral oration on Guarino (lob©) II94 12. Appendix Br Translation, with notes, of the speech of the Anonymous Panegyrist (1424) 1217 33. Appendix G: List of citations from classical authors in Guarino's letters. 1147 Bibliography AQKNOLLDGEXM S I gratefully acknowledge the assistance given to as in the preparation of this study by Professor J. W. L. Adams of the Department of Education. More then once his wide knovledge of Renaissance education and his excellent scholarship in Latin and Greek saved me from serious error. For any inelegances and errors in this final version I am alone responsible. But above all, I thank him for his unfailing kindness,, taatq and patience. Slightly to adapt the words of the Elder Pliny, "gratum est fateri per quem profecerim". I must also thank Mr colleague at Indiana University Professor Aubrey Diller, with whom I have spent many delight.. ful and instructive hours in discussing the history of MSS., particularly those of Strabo. iii DECLARATIONBY CANDIDATE I declare that this thesis is of my own composition and that the work of which it is a record was done by igpself; further, that this thesis has not been accepted in any previous application for a higher degree. T further state that I was admitted as a research student for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as from October, 1960, under Ordinances 16 and 61 of Ordinance General 12 of the University of St. Andrews. Ian Thomson GTATEMENTBY SUPERVISOR I certify that the conditionsoot the Ordinance and Regulations have been fulfilled by the candidate. iv INTROWCTION This study of Guarino da Verona was undertaken for two main reasons. First, there exists in English no full-length study of his life and achievement in education and scholarship. The primary sources of evidence are in Latin, Greek, or Italian of the fifteenth century, while the vast bulk of secondary materials, in the way of biography and critical comment on Guarino"s works, is in Italian. Since these languages are unknown, or imperfectly known, to many students of history or education, the entire contents of Guarino's epistolary have been rendered into English either in summary or, in the case of certain letters, in translation. Thus Guarino's most significant body of written work and one of the most interesting documents of the early Renaissance is nov available for use by those who are not linguists. The summaries are broken into numbered sections for convenience of reference and to indicate a change of subject. An effort has been made to include all the main ideas, shorn of mere rhetoric and obviously unimportant details, without vholly losing the flavour of the original letters. Thus where the latter suffer from prolixity, repetitiveness, or obscurity of allusion, an attempt has been made to reflect these stylistic characteristics in the summaries. Some explanatory comment has been appended to certain letters to aid those who might wish to use, the summaries and translations independently of the rest of this study. Certain letters have been Y translated vhere their importance or intrinsic interest seemed to varrsnt its or because their contents lent themselves almost as concisely to translation as to su=narizatin. The sumxuries and translations were included also because they contain much of the evidence for simple statements of fact made in the Life of Guarino and eher essays which constitute this study. In such cases a reference is made in parenthesis to some particular letter or letters. Where the conclusions drawn are based on evidence which admits of a different interpretation, the evidence is marshalled in full. Appendices A and B also contain Fhgaish translations, with explanatory comments at the and of each, of two documents frequently cited in works 'on Guarino: the speech of the so-called Anonymous Panegyrist or Anonymous Veronese and Lodovico Carbone's funeral speech on Guarino. Neither work has until now appeared in English translation, The second main reason for this study was the need to re-consider Guarino in the light of modern research. Interest in Guarino really began in the eighteenth century, when historians first set themselves to considering the Italian Renaissance as a phenomenon in cultural history, and Guarino's letters began to be collected in small batches for publication. This is more fully discussed in Transmission and Text of the Letters of Guarino. From the latter half of the nineteenth century, which saw the appearance of John Addington Symonds' euren-volume study, The Renaissance in Italy, Georg Voigt's Wiederbelebung des classichen Altertums, and Jacob Burckhardt's Die Kultur der Renaissance VI in Italien no major encyclopaedia or work of any pretensions on European education and culture has failed to mention Guarino. Carlo da' Kosmini*s di Veronese three-volume rrrr.Vita rrwrýi e disciplina""r- Guarinoýwr " rýrrrrr. rr"-r"r e de'i. Bubi"nr. ýr"ýnrw"" discepoli r iýsti. r (1805-1806) vas the pioneer study$ but much of it, particularly in matters of chronology, is now obsolete. Of solid, but more limited importance, was Luigi Napoleone Cittadella's I Guarini (1870), a short work on the family of that name, Much of Cittadelia. 's evidence is drawn directly from the archives of Verona, Modena, and Ferrara. But by far the most thorough and important work on Guarino was done by the great Remigio Sabbadini in a long series of books and articles (See Bibliogrra phy). Pre-eminent among these were his Vita, di Guarino (1891), La acuola e gli studi di Guarino (1896) and the monumental three-volume annotated edition of Guarino's letters (1915-1919) which formed the nucleus of this present dtudy. Sabbadini's work represented the consummation of all previous efforts and vas to thorough that it became the great mine quarried by all subsequent vriters9 among them Giulio Bertoni in Guarino fra letterati e cortigiani a (1921). Ferrara Notable among English writers was W. H. Woodyard, who devotes considerable space to Guarino in his two books Vittorino da Feltre and (1896) other humanist educatbre and Studies in Education during the Awe of (1906). the Renaissance But as Woodward's titles iaply, his discussions of Guarino are inOdental and limited in scope. Moreover, Woodvard Was writing before the publication of the letters and from a nineteenth century standpoint. Two other major works should be mentioned Which have appeared since Sabbadini and deal to some extent with Guarino: E. Gerin's L'Edueazione in Europa vii 1400-1600 (especially p. 13T»1)+7) and Bolgar's Classical heritage end its beneficiaries. But the information on Guarino contained in these Works and a host of other books and articles Within the last half century which deal incidentally Frith Guarino is more or less tralatitiously adapted from Sabbadini or Woodvard. At the some time,, however$ a certain amount of new material in the shape of letters unknown to Sabbadini, has come to light. This new material and its provenience is discussed in Transmission and Text of the letters. The time is therefore ripe for a review of traditional notions on Guarino, an amassing of all the new evidence, and an attempt to assess their composite effect. This study, then, does not dwell on any single aspect or follow any one line of argumentation through to a generalized conclusion, but is rather what the French calla wise auf, which takes into account prevailing attitudes of scholarship and the numerous books and articles on Guarino up to the present time, and subordinates the whole to the needs of a general, modern survey. I have felt it necessary to begin with a biography of Guarino primarily because no full-length vork of this nature exists in English. Sabbadini's Vita di Guarino, a model of clarity, rapidity, and veil-proportioned elements, has been of immense assidance, but I deliberately did not use it until I had sketched out the main lines of my orn. Mine is somewhat fuller than $abbadinits and incorporates some of the more specialized information vbich Sabbadini dealt with in La scubla e gii studi di Guarino. In particular, I have touched rather more fully on {uarino'a contributions to schcärship Viii than gabbadini does in his Vita. Like Sabbadini, I have not dealt in any detail with Guarino's orations with the exception of those of biographical significance.