DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis and Design of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with Holes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis and Design of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams with Holes ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER BEAMS WITH HOLES A thesis submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Manoochehr Ardalany Supervised by: Prof. Andy Buchanan Assoc. Prof. Massimo Fragiacomo Dr. Bruce Deam Assoc. Prof. Peter Moss Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand September 2012 Abstract Timber has experienced new interest as a building material in recent times. Although traditionally in New Zealand it has been the main choice for residential construction, with recently introduced engineered wood products like Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), the use of timber has developed to other sectors like commercial, industrial, and multi-story buildings. The application of timber in office and commercial buildings poses some challenges with requirements for long span timber beams yet with holes to pass services. The current construction practice with timber is not properly suited for the aforementioned types of structures. There has been significant progress in designing timber structures since the introduction of timber codes like NZ3603-Timber Structures Standard; however, there are still a number of problems such as holes in beams not being addressed in the code. Experimental and numerical investigation is required to address the problem properly. In Europe, there have been a few attempts to address the problem of cutting holes and strength reduction because of holes/penetrations in glulam beams. However, LVL has not received much attention due to smaller production and use. While other researchers are focusing on glulam beams with holes, this research is targeting LVL beams with holes. This thesis extends existing knowledge on LVL beams with holes and reinforcement around the holes through experimental tests and numerical analysis. An experimental program on LVL specimens has been performed to indicate the material properties of interest that will be used in the analysis and design chapters through whole of the thesis. A wide-ranging experimental program was also performed on beams with holes, and beams with reinforcement around the holes. The experimental program pushes forward existing methods of testing by measuring the load in the reinforcement. i Analysis of LVL beams with holes using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics (NLFM) has been performed and compared with experimental results. Two dimensional finite element models (2D) and three- dimensional finite element models (3D) are incorporated in ABAQUS and have been used for analysis of beams with holes and reinforcement around the holes. The theory of a beam on an elastic foundation is applied to beams with holes. Analytical formulations are developed capable of predicting the cracking load (load associated with crack initiation). For loads smaller than the cracking load, no reinforcement will be required for the holes. Larger holes need reinforcing and a truss model is proposed for derivation of analytical formulations for the tensile load predictions around holes. It is concluded that the numerical and analytical models presented in this thesis are a sound basis for analysis and design of LVL beams with holes and for the design of reinforcement around the holes. However, future research is required to further verify and improve these prediction models. ii Acknowledgements There are so many that have contributed to this body of research, in so many ways, that it is difficult to know where to begin. I will start by acknowledging the entire Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Specifically, I would like to thank my supervisors: Prof. Andy Buchanan, Assoc. Prof. Massimo Fragiacomo, Dr. Bruce Deam, Prof. Keith Crews, and special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Peter Moss that helped a lot in finalizing the thesis with his smart way of solving problems. Other academic staffs from the department that have guided my research include Assoc. Prof. Stefano Pampanin, Prof. Athol Carr, Dr. David Carradine, Assoc. Prof. Misko Cubrinovski, Assoc. Prof. Greg MacRae, Dr. Brendon Bradley, Dr. Alessandro Palermo, Dr. Elizabeth Bowman, and Prof. Roger Nokes. Thank you for your guidance. Special thanks to postgraduate students: Wouter van Beerschoten, Dennis Pau, Vindo Sadashiva, Javad Arefi, Mostafa Nayyerlo, Arun Puthanpuria, Umut Akguzal, Daniel Morder, and many others who are hard to remember. To staff and lab technicians: Elizabeth Ackerman, Alan Joliffe, Louise Barton, Alan Poynter, John Maley, Peter Coursey, Russel McConchie, Stuart Toase and many other good technicians in Structural Lab that helped a lot with experimental set up and testing. Thank you for your patience and efforts. To past postgraduate students: Dr. David Yeoh, Dr. Umut Akgusel, Dr. Mike Newcombe, and Dr. Asif Iqbal, thank you for all the time spent deliberating and your friendship. iii I acknowledge contributions from researchers outside the University of Canterbury that have contributed: Dr. Simon Aicher from Stuttgart University, Prof. Bob Leicester from CSIRO, Australia, Dr. Joergen Jensen from University of Auckland, Prof. Per Johan Gustafsson from University of Lund, Sweden, Dr. Stephen Franke from University of Auckland, Dr. Bettina Franke from University of Auckland, Prof. Pierre Quenneville, from University of Auckland, Dr. Thomas Bogensperger from Graz University of Technology, Austria, Dr. Robert Finch from Structural Timber Innovation Company (STIC), New Zealand, Dr. Marco Ballerini from the University of Treneto, Italy, and postgraduate student Robert Jockwer from ETH, Zurich, Swiss. The financial support of the Structural Timber Innovation Company (STIC), University of Canterbury (UC) doctoral scholarship, Department of Civil Engineering scholarship, and the European IRSES travel fund, enriched my research by allowing me to attend several national and international conferences. I would like to extend my deep appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Hooshang Dabbagh from University of Kordestan, Iran who encouraged me to follow a PhD program. Finally, I would like to thank my family, especially my mother and father, whom tolerated of not seeing me for about four years, my brother Shahram whom made me hopeful through my university study. My wife Nazanin whom pushed me forward to finish my PhD studies on time. I have always felt your love and support in my heart. iv List of publications During the course of this research, a number of publications have been made, which are based on the work presented in this thesis. They are listed here for reference: Journal papers Ardalany, M., Deam, B. and Fragiacomo, M. (2012). "Experimental results of fracture energy and fracture toughness evaluation of Radiata Pine Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) in mode I (opening)." Journal of Materials and Structures RILEM 45(8): 1189- 1205. Ardalany, M., Deam, B., Fragiacomo, M. and Carradine, D. (2012). "Experimental and numerical analysis of hole placement in depth of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering (AJSE): 1-11 (Accepted). Ardalany, M., Fragiacomo, M., Deam, B. and Crews, K. (2012). "Analytical cracking load estimation of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams with holes." Journal of Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff (Accepted). Ardalany, M., Fragiacomo, M., Moss, P. and Deam, B. (2012). "A new model for tensile load prediction in the reinforcement around the holes in shear dominant areas in Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams." Journal of Materials and Structures RILEM (Accepted): 1-32. Ardalany, M., Carradine, D., Fragiacomo, M. and Deam, B. (2012). "Experimental tests on Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams with holes and different methods of reinforcement of the holes", Journal of Structures and Buildings (under review). v Conference papers Ardalany, M., Fragiacomo, M., Deam, B. and Buchanan, A. (2012), ―Design of reinforcement around holes in Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams‖, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2012), P. Quenneville, Auckland, New Zealand 1: 539-547. Ardalany, M., Deam, B., Fragiacomo, M. and Crews, K. (2010). "Tension perpendicular to grain strength of wood, Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Cross banded LVL (LVL-C)." 21st Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials: 891- 896. Ardalany, M., Deam, B. and Fragiacomo, M. (2010). ―Numerical investigation of the load carrying capacity of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) joists with holes‖, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2010). Riva del Garda, Italy. vi Table of contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii List of publications ........................................................................................................... v Table of contents ............................................................................................................ vii List of figures ................................................................................................................. xv List of tables ................................................................................................................ xxvi List of notation ...........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GP LAM® Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L257(F)
    GP LAM® Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L257(F) Georgia-Pacific Wood Products LLC Revised February 12, 2008 Products: GP Lam® 1.8-SP, 1.9-ES, 2.0-ES and 2.1-ES LVL Georgia-Pacific Wood Products LLC, 1000 North Park Drive, Roxboro, North Carolina 27573 (336) 599-1000 www.gp.com 1. Basis of the product report: • 2006 International Building Code: Section 104.11 Alternative Materials • 2006 International Residential Code: Section R104.11 Alternative Materials • 2004 Florida Building Code, Building: Section 104.11 Alternative Materials • ASTM D 5456-03 recognized by the 2006 International Building Code • ASTM D 5456-05 recognized by the 2006 Supplement to the 2004 Florida Building Code • APA Reports T2002P-44, T2002P-45, T2003M-13, T2003P-46, T2004M-41, T2004M-56, T2004M-80, T2005M-23, T2005M-97 and other qualification data 2. Product description: GP Lam® LVL is made with veneer sheets of various species and grades in accordance with the in-plant manufacturing standard approved by APA. GP Lam® LVL are available in thicknesses from 3/4 inch to 5-1/4 inches, widths of 1-1/2 inches to 48 inches and lengths up to 80 feet. 3. Design properties: Table 1 lists the design properties and Table 2 lists the equivalent specific gravities for connection design for GP Lam® LVL. The allowable spans for GP Lam® LVL shall be in accordance with the recommendations provided by the manufacturer as published in the GP Engineered Lumber Residential Floor and Roof Systems Product Guide (Lit. Item 123040 dated June 2006). 4. Product installation: GP Lam® LVL shall be installed in accordance with the recommendations provided by the manufacturer as published in the GP Engineered Lumber Residential Floor and Roof Systems Product Guide (Lit.
    [Show full text]
  • LP Solidstart LVL Technical Guide
    U.S. Technical Guide L P S o l i d S t a r t LV L Technical Guide 2900Fb-2.0E Please verify availability with the LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products distributor in your area prior to specifying these products. Introduction Designed to Outperform Traditional Lumber LP® SolidStart® Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a vast SOFTWARE FOR EASY, RELIABLE DESIGN improvement over traditional lumber. Problems that naturally occur as Our design/specification software enhances your in-house sawn lumber dries — twisting, splitting, checking, crowning and warping — design capabilities. It ofers accurate designs for a wide variety of are greatly reduced. applications with interfaces for printed output or plotted drawings. Through our distributors, we ofer component design review services THE STRENGTH IS IN THE ENGINEERING for designs using LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products. LP SolidStart LVL is made from ultrasonically and visually graded veneers arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the strength and CODE EVALUATION stifness of the veneers and to disperse the naturally occurring LP SolidStart Laminated Veneer Lumber has been evaluated for characteristics of wood, such as knots, that can weaken a sawn lumber compliance with major US building codes. For the most current code beam. The veneers are then bonded with waterproof adhesives under reports, contact your LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products pressure and heat. LP SolidStart LVL beams are exceptionally strong, distributor, visit LPCorp.com or for: solid and straight, making them excellent for most primary load- • ICC-ES evaluation report ESR-2403 visit www.icc-es.org carrying beam applications. • APA product report PR-L280 visit www.apawood.org LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E: AVAILABLE SIZES b FRIEND TO THE ENVIRONMENT LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E is available in a range of depths and b LP SolidStart LVL is a building material with built-in lengths, and is available in standard thicknesses of 1-3/4" and 3-1/2".
    [Show full text]
  • Carpentry/Carpenter
    Job Ready Credential Blueprint 46.0201- Carpentry/Carpenter Carpentry Code: 4215 / Version: 01 Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved. Carpentry General Assessment Information Blueprint Contents General Assessment Information Sample Written Items Written Assessment Information Performance Assessment Information Specic Competencies Covered in the Test Sample Performance Job Test Type: The Carpentry industry-based credential is included in NOCTI’s Job Ready assessment battery. Job Ready assessments measure technical skills at the occupational level and include items which gauge factual and theoretical knowledge. Job Ready assessments typically oer both a written and performance component and can be used at the secondary and post-secondary levels. Job Ready assessments can be delivered in an online or paper/pencil format. Revision Team: The assessment content is based on input from secondary, post-secondary, and business/industry representatives from the states of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Pennsylvania, and Texas. CIP Code 46.0201- Carpentry/Carpenter Career Cluster 2- Architecture and Construction 47-2031.01 – Construction Carpenters The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE), the leading professional organization for career and technical educators, commends all students who participate in career and technical education programs and choose to validate their educational attainment through rigorous technical assessments. In taking this assessment you demonstrate to your school, your parents and guardians, your
    [Show full text]
  • Butt Joint and Fastener Finishing Guidelines Issue 2
    ________________________________________________________________________ TECHNICAL BULLETIN No.: 042314-1007 Subject: Butt Joint and Fastener Finish Guideline Issue Date: April 23, 2014 Issue No.: 1 1.0 PURPOSE 1.1 To provide a butt joint and fastener preparation guideline. 2.0 GENERAL 2.1 Magnum Board® can be finished with almost any product on the market today including, but not limited to, Portland type stuccos, synthetic stuccos, stone, brick, fabric finishes and paint. 2.2 When using these products, always follow the Manufacturer’s guidelines for surface preparation and installation. 3.0 RESPONSIBILITY 3.1 It is the responsibility of the installer to ensure the framing to which the Magnum Board® sheathing is to be fastened is square and will provide the finished look desired by the owner and / or contractor. 3.2 It is also the responsibility of the applicator of the above finish product to ensure the installed Magnum Board® is properly prepared to receive the selected finish. 4.0 MATERIAL HANDLING REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Stage materials as close to the point of installation as possible. 4.2 Store Magnum Board® flat and protect it from weather and jobsite dirt before, during and after installation. 4.3 Protect the corners of Magnum Board® prior to and during installation. 4.4 Do not stack other materials on top of Magnum Board®. 1 5.0 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Premium-grade, high-performance, moisture-cured, 1-component, polyurethane-based, non-sag elastomeric sealant / adhesive such as “Sikaflex 1a” or equal. 5.2 Joint compound. Lightweight exterior spackling can be substituted for fastener finishing. 5.3 Fiberglass joint taper, woven.
    [Show full text]
  • Chestnut Oak Shortleaf Pine
    Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus) The Need to Know: How Trees Grow Paul Wray Paul Wray Paul Paul Wray Paul Kentucky Forestry Kentucky Forestry The Eastern Red Cedar is actually in the juniper family and is not closely related Although its serrated leaves resemble those of an American chestnut, this tree to other cedars. Its tough, stringy bark and waxy, scaly needles are designed for is actually a species of oak. It is also referred to as rock oak because it likes to survival in very dry conditions. The berries of the red cedar are an important food grow in rocky areas. The bark of a chestnut oak has vertical rectangular chunks. source for many songbirds. The wood is prized by builders for its rich red color, Good acorn crops are infrequent, but when available, the sweet nuts are eaten by sweet smell, and weather-resistant properties. deer, wild turkeys, squirrels and chipmunks. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) White Oak (Quercus alba) Paul Wray Paul Paul Wray Paul Richard Webb Richard This evergreen shrub can be found in a variety of habitats along Eastern North The leaves of the white oak have rounded lobes, and the bark is light gray and America. It has a gnarled, multi-stemmed trunk with ridged bark, and typically scaly on older trees. The acorns are elongated with a shallow cap, and have a grows as a rounded, dense shrub of 5-15 feet tall. The leaves are broad with sweet taste, which makes them a favorite food for deer, bear, turkeys, squirrels pointed tips, and the mountain laurel’s noteworthy cup-shaped flowers bloom in and other wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Identification and Chemistry' Covers the Physicalproperties and Structural Features of Hardwoods and Softwoods
    11 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 031 555 VT 007 853 Woodworking Technology. San Diego State Coll., Calif. Dept. of Industrial Arts. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEA Washington, D.C. Pub Date Aug 68 Note-252p.; Materials developed at NDEA Inst. for Advanced Studyin Industrial Arts (San Diego, June 24 -Au9ust 2, 1968). EDRS Price MF -$1.00 He -$13.20 Descriptors-Curriculum Development, *Industrial Arts, Instructional Materials, Learning Activities, Lesson Plans, Lumber Industry, Resource Materials, *Resource Units, Summer Institutes, Teaching Codes, *Units of Study (Sublect Fields), *Woodworking Identifiers-*National Defense Education Act TitleXIInstitute, NDEA TitleXIInstitute, Woodworking Technology SIX teaching units which were developed by the 24 institute participantsare given. "Wood Identification and Chemistry' covers the physicalproperties and structural features of hardwoods and softwoods. "Seasoning" explainsair drying, kiln drying, and seven special lumber seasoning processes. "Researchon Laminates" describes the bending of solid wood and wood laminates, beam lamination, lamination adhesives,. andplasticlaminates."Particleboard:ATeachingUnitexplains particleboard manufacturing and the several classes of particleboard and theiruses. "Lumber Merchandising" outhnes lumber grades andsome wood byproducts. "A Teaching Unitin Physical Testing of Joints, Finishes, Adhesives, and Fasterners" describes tests of four common edge pints, finishes, wood adhesives, and wood screws Each of these units includes a bibhography, glossary, and student exercises (EM) M 55, ...k.",z<ONR; z _: , , . "'zr ss\ ss s:Ts s , s' !, , , , zs "" z' s: - 55 Ts 5. , -5, 5,5 . 5, :5,5, s s``s ss ' ,,, 4 ;.< ,s ssA 11111.116; \ ss s, : , \s, s's \ , , 's's \ sz z, ;.:4 1;y: SS lza'itVs."4,z ...':',\\Z'z.,'I,,\ "t"-...,,, `,.
    [Show full text]
  • End Jointing of Laminated Veneer Lumber for Structural Use
    End jointing of laminated veneer lumber for structural use J.A. Youngquist T.L. Laufenberg B.S. Bryant proprietary process for manufacturing extremely long Abstract lengths of the material both in panel widths and in LVL Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) materials rep- form. The proprietary process requires a substantial resent a design alternative for structural lumber users. capital investment, limiting production of LVL. If ex- The study of processing options for producing LVL in isting plywood facilities were adapted to processing of plywood manufacturing and glued-laminating facilities 5/8-inch- to 1-1/2-inch-thick panels, subsequent panel is of interest as this would allow existing production ripping and end jointing of the resultant structural equipment to be used. This study was conducted in three components could conceivably compete both in price and phases to assess the feasibility of using visually graded performance with the highest structural grades of lum- veneer to produce 8-foot LVL lengths which, when end ber. Herein lies the major concern of this study: Is it jointed, could be competitive with existing structural technically feasible to manufacture end-jointed LVL lumber products. Phase I evaluated panel-length from PLV panels made in conventional plywood 3/4-inch-thick LVL made from C- or D-grade 3/16-, 1/8-, presses? or 1/10-inch-thick veneer, and the effect of specimen width on flexural and tensile properties. Phase II evalu- An evaluation of the production and marketing ated the use of vertical and horizontal finger joints and feasibility of LVL products made from panel lengths scarfjoints to join 3/4-inch thicknesses of LVL.
    [Show full text]
  • Competition Rules
    2021 New Jersey State Fair Lumber Jack / Lumber Jill Competition Sponsored by Montague Tools & Supply Company Saturday August 7th 2021 6:00pm in Outdoor Arena Contacts: Mike Lacken 973-670-5220 Bill Oswald 973-948-6400 ext 20 email [email protected] Competition Rules DUE TO INCREASE IN PARTIPANTS ALL PARTNER EVENTS ARE LIMITED TO ONE PARTNER PER COMPETITOR (NO EXEPTONS) JACK AND JILL EVENTS WILL BE AWARDED PRIZES ONLY. NO POINTS IN ORDER TO KEEP OVERALL SCORES FAIR. WOOD CHOPPING 1. Eye protection required 2. No restrictions are placed on type and size of axe 3. Chopping Blocks will be provided (First come first serve) LOG ROLLING CONTEST 1. Eye protection required. 2. Two-person team must propel a log resting against two stakes in the ground a distance of 30 feet to a second set of stakes using cant hooks or peavey’s only. The log must contact both stakes at the far end of the field at the same time and must then come to rest against the first pair to finish. No hands and feet may be used. TWO-PERSON CROSSCUT SAW CONTEST 1. Eye protection required. 2. One cut down a 8”x 8” square log 3. Divisions are Men /Women/ Jack & Jill WOOD SPLITTING CONTEST 1. Eye protection required. 2. Each contestant will be given three or four pieces of wood, each approximately 2’ long, with a 3” dot painted in the center. Each piece must be split into 4 pieces, each having a portion of the dot on it. 3. Contestants will supply their own splitting mauls.
    [Show full text]
  • Current U.S. Forest Data and Maps
    CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA AND MAPS Forest age FIA MapMaker CURRENT U.S. Forest ownership TPO Data FOREST DATA Timber harvest AND MAPS Urban influence Forest covertypes Top 10 species Return to FIA Home Return to FIA Home NEXT Productive unreserved forest area CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA (timberland) in the U.S. by region and AND MAPS stand age class, 2002 Return 120 Forests in the 100 South, where timber production West is highest, have 80 s the lowest average age. 60 Northern forests, predominantly Million acreMillion South hardwoods, are 40 of slightly older in average age and 20 Western forests have the largest North concentration of 0 older stands. 1-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 100- 120- 140- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 400+ 119 139 159 199 240 279 319 399 Stand-age Class (years) Return to FIA Home Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA Forest ownership AND MAPS Return Eastern forests are predominantly private and western forests are predominantly public. Industrial forests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S. Timber harvest by county FOREST DATA AND MAPS Return Timber harvests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. The South is the largest timber producing region in the country accounting for nearly 62% of all U.S. timber harvest. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Veneer-Joint Forms and Allocations on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo-Bundle Laminated Veneer Lumber
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Effect of Different Veneer-joint Forms and Allocations on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo-bundle Laminated Veneer Lumber Dan Zhang, Ge Wang,* and Wenhan Ren Bamboo-bundle laminated veneer lumber (BLVL) was produced by veneer lengthening technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different veneer-joint forms and allocations on the mechanical properties of BLVL. Four veneer-joint forms, i.e., butt joint, lap joint, toe joint, and tape joint, and three lap-joint allocations, i.e., invariable allocation (Type I), staggered allocation (Type II), and uniform allocation (Type III), were investigated in laminates. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of veneer-joint BLVL were reduced in comparison with that of un-jointed BLVL. It was found that the best veneer-joint form was the lap joint laminate, of which the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture values were reduced by 38.41%, 0.66%, and 10.92%, respectively, when compared to the un- jointed control samples. Type III showed the lowest influence on bending and tensile properties, followed by Type II. Keywords: Bamboo-bundle laminated veneer lumber; Joint forms; Mechanical properties; Joint allocations Contact information: International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China, 100102; * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION As wood resource availability declines and its demand increases in today’s modern industrialized world, it is important to explore new, sustainable building materials. In particular, bamboo has recently been recognized as a promising alternative raw material due to its abundance, fast growth rate, and high tensile strength (Jiang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Roof Framing Connections in Conventional
    U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research RROOOOFF FFRRAAMMIINNGG CCOONNNNEECCTTIIOONNSS IINN CCOONNVVEENNTTIIOONNAALL RREESSIIDDEENNTTIIAALL CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN PATH (Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing) is a new private/public effort to develop, demonstrate, and gain widespread market acceptance for the “Next Generation” of American housing. Through the use of new or innovative technologies the goal of PATH is to improve the quality, durability, environmental efficiency, and affordability of tomorrow’s homes. PATH is managed and supported by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). In addition, all Federal Agencies that engage in housing research and technology development are PATH Partners, including the Departments of Energy and Commerce, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). State and local governments and other participants from the public sector are also partners in PATH. Product manufacturers, home builders, insurance companies, and lenders represent private industry in the PATH Partnership. To learn more about PATH, please contact: 451 7th Street, SW Suite B 133 Washington, DC 20410 202-708-5873 (fax) e-mail: [email protected] website: www.pathnet.org Visit PD&R's Web Site www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R's Research Information Service, include listservs; special interest, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources); access to public use databases; hotline 1-800-245-2691 for help accessing the information you need. RROOOOFF FFRRAAMMIINNGG CCOONNNNEECCTTIIOONNSS IINN CCOONNVVEENNTTIIOONNAALL RREESSIIDDEENNTTIIAALL CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN Prepared for The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Murphy Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L283 Murphy Engineered Wood Division Revised May 30, 2013
    Murphy Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L283 Murphy Engineered Wood Division Revised May 30, 2013 Product: 2250Fb-1.5E, 2600Fb-1.7E, 2750Fb-1.8E, 2850Fb-1.9E, 2950Fb-2.0E, 3100Fb-2.0E, and 3100Fb-2.2E Murphy LVL Murphy Engineered Wood Division, 412 West Central, Sutherlin, Oregon 97479 (541) 459-4545 www.murphyplywood.com 1. Basis of the product report: 2012 and 2009 International Building Code (IBC): Sections 104.11 Alternative Materials and 2303.1.9 Structural composite lumber 2012 and 2009 International Residential Code (IRC): Section R104.11 Alternative Materials, and 2012 IRC Sections R502.1.7, R602.1.4, and R802.1.6 Structural composite lumber ASTM D5456-09 and ASTM D5456-05a recognized by the 2012 IBC and IRC, and 2009 IBC, respectively APA Reports T2008P-10, T2008P-31, T2008P-43, T2008P-113, T2009P-12, T2009P-15, T2010P-02, T2010P-33, T2012P-03, and other qualification data 2. Product description: Murphy laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is made with wood veneers laminated with grain parallel to the length of the member in accordance with the in-plant manufacturing standard approved by APA. Murphy LVL is available with thicknesses up to 7 inches, widths up to 24 inches, and lengths up to 80 feet. 3. Design properties: Table 1 lists the design properties, Table 2 lists the equivalent specific gravities for connection design, and Table 3 lists the allowable nail spacing for Murphy LVL. The allowable spans for Murphy LVL shall be determined based on the information provided in this report and/or based on recommendations provided by the manufacturer (http://murphyplywood.com/downloads/7417%20Murphy%20LVL%20GuideSept2010Rev.pd f).
    [Show full text]