GUN PROLIFERATION & VIOLENCE &RPSOLFDWLQJ&RQÁLFW'\QDPLFV 3HDFH%XLOGLQJ
Jennifer Santiago Oreta, Ph.D.
Cover Artworks JUN PORLARES with +63 929.555.4829 Arjan Aguirre Davao Bernadette Eugenio Ma. Victoria Caranay Layout & Design Vladimir Reyes Aimee Tagasa
RYAN G. PALACOL [email protected] Edited by AX Digital Pallete Designs Jasmin Nario Galace, PhD +63 927.654.4785 www.axdpdesigns.com TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER Introduction & Context 3 1 Jennifer Santiago Oreta
CHAPTER The State of Affairs: Gun 8 2 Proliferation in the Philippines Jennifer Santiago Oreta
CHAPTER History of Firearms Proliferation 25 3 in the Philippines Arjan Aguirre & Jennifer Santiago Oreta
CHAPTER The Legal Terrain 36 4 of Firearms Ownership Jennifer Santiago Oreta with Bernadette Eugenio
CHAPTER 5 The Firearms Industry 54 Jennifer Santiago Oreta & Arjan Aguirre
CHAPTER 6 Perceptions of Social Insecurity 67 & Community Safety Jennifer Santiago Oreta with Ma. Victoria Caranay, Bernadette Eugenio, Vladimir Reyes
CHAPTER 7 The Peace Process & the Need 76 for Arms Control & Management Jennifer Santiago Oreta & Ma. Victoria Caranay
APPENDICES Appendix 4.1 Annual License Fees Civilian Ownership of FA 53 Appendix 5.1 Small Arms Producers 65 Appendix 5.2 Private Gun Ownership Per 100 residents 66 Appendix 7.1 Comparative Analysis of DDR: Select Countries 91
TABLES ;HISL +PZ[YPI\[PVUVM-PYLHYTZ-(3PJLUZLZI`8\HSPÄJH[PVU 9 ;HISL +PZ[YPI\[PVUVM3PJLUZLKHUK3VVZL-PYLHYTZ:LSLJ[LK7LYPVKZ 11 ;HISL 5\TILYVM-PYLHYTZ0U]VS]LKPU*YPTLZ:LSLJ[LK7LYPVKZ 13 Table 2.4 Weapons Holding of Insurgent Groups 18 ;HISL ;OL3HYNLZ[(YTZ7YVK\JPUN*VYWVYH[PVUZPU[OL>VYSK 54 Table 5.2 Licensed Firearms Purchased from Gun Dealers (1990 to 2008) 60 Table 5.3 Type of Registered Firearms 62 Table 7.1 Pressure Points where Firearms Proliferate 88 Table 7.2 SALW Pressures Points in the Horn of Africa 94
REFERENCES 95
Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 1 Introduction & Context
The issue of gun proliferation is contentious.
One,[OL[VWPJP[ZLSMPZJVU[YV]LYZPHS0U[OL TwoUV[]LY`THU`WLVWSL]PL^gun-proliferation as thePZZ\L:\YL[OLYLHYL KLH[OZPU]VS]LKI\[PUHZVJPL[`[OH[OHZILLUKLZLUZP[PaLKI`]PVSLUJL[OLZL L]LU[ZHYLKPZTPZZLKHZWHY[VM[OLº^H`[OPUNZHYL»0UMHJ[WLVWSLOHKMV\UK ^H`Z[VTHRLN\UYLSH[LK]PVSLUJLWHSH[HISL-VYPUZ[HUJL[OL LSLJ[PVU ^P[OYLWVY[LKS`KLH[OZHZJVTWHYLK[V PU7579LWVY[^HZ considered a “relatively” WLHJLM\SLSLJ[PVU"JP]PSPHUKLH[OZK\L[V[OLJVUÅPJ[ between the government forces and rebels are considered as “collateral damage”"HKYP]LYNL[[PUNZOV[ILJH\ZLVMH[YHMÄJHS[LYJH[PVUPZYLNHYKLK HZHU¸PZVSH[LKL]LU[¹>OH[»Z\Z\HSS`NP]LUH[[LU[PVUHYL[OLJYPTLYH[L[OL PUZ\YNLUJ`HUK[OLLSLJ[PVU]PVSLUJL>OPSL[OLZLPZZ\LZHYLPTWVY[HU[[OL TVZ[VI]PV\ZPZVM[LUNSVZZLKV]LY¶HSSVM[OLZLPU]VS]LKN\UZHUKHSSVM[OLZL became issues precisely because of the easy access to guns. Three,N\UZVYÄYLHYTZPUHZVJPL[`^P[O^LHRZLJ\YP[`LUMVYJLTLU[HYL regarded ambivalently. Those who doubt the capacity of security law enforcers to carry out their job well view it as an instrument of protection. This is LZWLJPHSS`[Y\LPUJVUÅPJ[HYLHZ6U[OLV[OLYOHUK[OVZL^OVKVUV[WVZZLZZ N\UZ]PL^N\UV^ULYZ^P[OKPZ[YLZZ4VYLZVPU[OLOHUKZVMVYNHUPaLK NYV\WZ¶^OL[OLYZ[H[LVYUVUZ[H[LÄYLHYTZILJVTLHUPUZ[Y\TLU[VMWV^LY HUKJVLYJPVU7VZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZPUOLYLU[S`JYLH[LZHZLJ\YP[`PZZ\LPUH JVTT\UP[`ZL[[PUN0UV[OLY^VYKZN\UZUV[VUS`OH]LHZVJPHSS`JVUZ[Y\J[LK value; their value and appreciation is also contextual. ;OPZYLZLHYJOYLÅLJ[Z[OLZLJVU[YV]LYZPLZ0[H[[LTW[Z[VU\HUJL[OLZ\IQLJ[ beyond the binary positions of gun possession and ownership versus those who do not approve of the same. It presents the social and policy-level dilemma [OH[JVU[L_[\HSPaL^O`WVSPJ`THRLYZZLLT[VHS^H`ZWLYMVYTHIHSHUJPUNHJ[ >OPSL[OLYLZLHYJOHJRUV^SLKNLZ[OLYLHSP[`VM[OLWVSHYWVZP[PVUZYLNHYKPUN ÄYLHYTZV^ULYZOPWP[H]VPKZ[OL[`WPJHSMVYT\SHVMLP[OLYZ\WWVY[PUNWVZZLZZPVU or rejecting it. CHAPTER 1 | Introduction & Context 3 Framework of the Study JVSVUPaLYZN\UWVZZLZZPVUK\YPUN[OLYL]VS\[PVUMVYPUKLWLUKLUJL^HZPSSLNHS ;OLZVJPHSS`JVUZ[Y\J[LK]HS\LVMN\UZVYÄYLHYTZPZJSVZLS`HZZVJPH[LK^P[O but nonetheless supported by the population. OV^VUL]PL^Z[OLSVNPJILOPUK[OLZVJPHSVYNHUPaH[PVUWHY[PJ\SHYS`[OLSL]LSVM 0UV[OLY^VYKZKL]PHU[ILOH]PVYZVYJYPTLZHYLJVU[L_[KLWLUKLU[HUK[PTL social order and control in society. KLWLUKLU[)HYRHU º+L]PHUJL»KLÄULKPZQ\KNLKUV[VUS`IHZLKVU[OL behavior but also in the context and circumstance to which the action occurred. 6UVULOHUK[OLYLPZ[OL]PL^[OH[ZVJPL[`HUKZVJPHSVYKLYPZIHZLKVU[OL (Ibid) The label ‘deviant’ or ‘criminal’ is based on the subjective agreement consensual agreement and commonality of values of people in a community. VM[OLWV^LYOVSKLYZPUZVJPL[`0[PZ[OLHWWSPJH[PVUVMY\SLZHZKLÄULKI`[OL :[HIPSP[`PZTHPU[HPULKI`LUZ\YPUN[OH[L]LY`VULPZVU[OLZHTLWHNLHUK WV^LYM\STHQVYP[`Y\SLZ[OH[HYLZ\WWVZLK[VILULÄ[ZVJPHSVYKLYHUKOHYTVU` there exists an implicit agreement among its members. It is apparent that this view regards individuals as capable of voluntarily limiting their desires for the ¸;OLW\UPZOTLU[VMKL]PHUJLJSHYPÄLZZVJPHSUVYTZHUKYLPUMVYJLZ ILULÄ[VM[OLNYV\W;OPZMYHTLOHZHZ[YVUNUVYTH[P]LZVTLOV^PK`SSPJ]PL^VM social ties among those doing or watching the punishing.“ society. +\YOLPT PU)HYRHU 4 Social control in this context pertains to the willingness of individuals to change .\UWVZZLZZPVU[OLYLMVYLPZLP[OLYH[OYLH[[V[OLJVUZLUZ\HSWLHJLI\[JHU [OLPY^H`ZPUVYKLY[VÄ[HNYV\W;OLPUKP]PK\HS»Z^PSSPUNULZZ[VZLSMYLWYVHJOPU also be viewed as an instrument to maintain it. If the community has been used HZLUZLYLÅLJ[Z[OLLMMLJ[P]LULZZVM[OLZVJPHSPUZ[P[\[PVUZ»HIPSP[`[VYLN\SH[LHUK [VUVUJVLYJP]LTLHUZ[VLUMVYJLOHYTVU`PU[YVK\JPUNHN\U¶[LJOUPJHSS`H temper the individual’s desire in exchange for societal harmony. For the most foreign instrument - in such a setting can be viewed as a threat to consensual WHY[ZVJPHSJVU[YVSPZ[OLV\[JVTLVMHUVYTH[P]LZVJPHSPaH[PVUWYVJLZZJYLH[PUN WLHJL6U[OLV[OLYOHUKPM[OLJVTT\UP[`PZ\ZLK[VZLLPUN^LHWVUZVY [OLPTHNLVMHJVUZLUZ\HSZVJPL[`+LÅLT ! "ZLLHSZV4LHK \ZPUN^LHWVUZ[VLUMVYJLJVU[YVSÄYLHYTZJHUIL]PL^LKHZHUPUZ[Y\TLU[[V This view is based on the belief that social harmony is indeed possible based maintain peace. on consensual peace among the members. The regulatory regime in gun ownership 6U[OLOHUK[OLVWWVZP[L]PL^Z[H[LZ[OH[ZVJPHSVYKLYPZWVZZPISLVUS`PM[OLYL :VJPHSJVU[YVSOHZHS^H`ZILLUPTWVZLKPUYLNHYK[VN\UZÄYLHYTZWVZZLZZPVU PZHUH\[OVYP[`[OH[JV\SKJ\YI[OLPUKP]PK\HSZ»KLZPYLZHUKPUOLYLU[ZLSÄZOULZZ for the simple reason that only the state should have the monopoly of the for the collective good. It does not subscribe to the idea that individuals have legitimate use of violence. (Weber 1918) Despots resist gun ownership by the magnanimity to voluntarily give up pursuing their own agenda for the HZPNUPÄJHU[U\TILYVM[OLWVW\SH[PVUZPUJLOPZ[VY`ZOV^Z[OH[HUHYTLK collective welfare.1 population has the capacity to rise up against a dictator. This is the context of the right to bear of armsWYV]PZPVUPU[OL<:*VUZ[P[\[PVU;OLÄYZ[HJ[VM ;OLRPSSPUNZHZZVJPH[LK^P[OHIPNV[LKHUKYHJPZ[]PL^VMJVTT\UP[`KYHTH[PaLK 4HYJVZ5PUMHJ[^OLUOLKLJSHYLKTHY[PHSSH^PU ^HZ[VYV\UK\WHSSN\UZ LZWLJPHSS`K\YPUN[OL:LJVUK>VYSK>HY^LYLJSLHYPUKPJH[PVUZ[OH[H in civilian possession. harmonious peace based on community consensus is not only premised on ZOHR`NYV\UKZI\[JHUHJ[\HSS`IL\ZLK[VQ\Z[PM`H[YVJPV\ZHJ[Z Since most of the criminal acts utilize weapons - the most effective of which are guns- the normal and expected reaction of law enforcers is to regulate ;OLJVUJLW[VMZVJPHSJVU[YVSPZ[O\ZWLYJLP]LKHZHZL[VMPUZ[P[\[PVUZHUKH P[Z\ZL"OLUJL[OLYLN\SH[VY`YLNPTL[OH[PZLUMVYJLKPUN\UZHUKÄYLHYTZ system of mechanisms which main goal is to prevent and/or address deviant possession on civilians. This regulatory regime has behaviors in society. It is “employed to refer to the more repressive and coercive been in existence since the time of colonization until 3 Legitimacy is the MVYTZVMJVU[YVS[OH[HYLPUZ[P[\[LKUV[I`ZVJPHSPaH[PVUPU[VUVYTZI\[VU[OL the present. subjective agreement of IHZPZVMWV^LYHUKMVYJL¹+LÅLT the relevant population Groups and individuals who favor civilian gun on what is ethical and proper. It usually is based +L]PHU[ILOH]PVYZOH]LILLUYLNHYKLKHZ[OYLH[Z[V[OLZVJPHSOHYTVU`^P[O ownership challenge this framing. They argue that on the acceptable ‘rules’ some labeled as crimes. While crime is a legal concept2P[PZHSZVHZVJPHS [OLZ[H[LZLJ\YP[`VYNHUZ¶[OLWVSPJLTPSP[HY`HUK – rules that are defined either legally or based on construction. An act that is considered as a crime in one context may be KLW\[PaLK\UP[Z¶MHPS[VTHRLWLVWSLMLLSZLJ\YL the customary, traditional WLYMLJ[S`SLNHSPUHUV[OLY-VYPUZ[HUJLHIVY[PVUPZH IV[OPU[OLPYOVTLZHUKJVTT\UP[PLZ;O\ZJP]PSPHUZ values of the community. resort to arming themselves as a deterrent to the 4 Emile Durkheim also JYPTLPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZI\[PZSLNHSPUJLY[HPUZ[H[LZ 1 for an extended discussion believes that deviance PU[OL<:(4HYPQ\HUHPZIHUULKPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ on the topic, see Social criminal and hostile acts of those who challenge is necessary for social I\[PZHSSV^LKPUZVTL,\YVWLHUJV\U[YPLZHSILP[PU Contract theories of John peace in the community. It is perceived as a way change – deviance is Locke and Thomas Hobbes the natural expression of SPTP[LKX\HU[P[`4VYLV]LYHKL]PHU[ILOH]PVYTH`IL 2 crime is formally defined [VKL[LYHNNYLZZVYZ-PYLHYTZ[O\ZHYL]PL^LK freedom of thought. regarded as illegalI\[UV[ULJLZZHYPS`PSSLNP[PTH[L3 as a “behavior that is as an instrument of protection. Acquiring guns 5 Philippine President considered so harmful that Marcos declared martial -VYL_HTWSLIHZLKVU[OLPTWVZLKY\SLZVM[OL it is banned by criminal HZWYV[LJ[PVUPUZ[Y\TLU[PZ[O\ZHreaction to law from 1972 to 1981 a law.” (Barkan 2005) perceived external situation. 4 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 1 | Introduction & Context 5 ;OLWHYHKV_OV^L]LYPZ[OH[^OPSLN\UWVZZLZZPVUZLLTPUNS`THRLZWLVWSL WLYJLW[PVUVMH^LHRZ[H[LTV[P]H[LZWLVWSL[VZLJ\YLHYTZMVYWYV[LJ[PVU MLLSZLJ\YLP[ZWYVSPMLYH[PVUJHUHSZVTHRLWLVWSLMLLSTVYLPUZLJ\YL4VYL N\UZPUJPYJ\SH[PVUJYLH[LNYLH[LYYPZRZMVYTPZ\ZL:LL-PN\YL(OPNO “The demand for small arms and light weapons is often fuelled by incidence of violence caused by guns also creates some question on the JVUKP[PVUZVMPUZLJ\YP[`VWWYLZZPVUO\THUYPNO[Z]PVSH[PVUZHUK Z[YLUN[OVM[OLHYN\TLU[[OH[N\UZHYLPUZ[Y\TLU[ZVMWYV[LJ[PVU;OPZZWPRLZ \UKLYKL]LSVWTLU[¹<5+7,ZZLU[PHSZ5V 5V] [OLKLTHUKMVYÄYLHYTZHUKJVUZLX\LU[S`PUJYLHZLZHSZV[OLWYLZZ\YLMVY state security forces to enforce social control/ regulatory measures over gun 0UºJVUÅPJ[»HYLHZ^OLYLYLILSNYV\WZOH]LZ[YVUNWYLZLUJL[OLLHZ`HJJLZZ proliferation. to guns can instigate or even intensify existing hostilities between and among groups. More guns in circulation can further exacerbate the already volatile The demand for stronger regulatory measures usually comes from groups who ZVJPHSWVSP[PJHSHUKLJVUVTPJKP]PKLZ[OH[L_PZ[PU7OPSPWWPULZVJPL[` believe that order in society is possible based on the consensual agreement VMP[ZTLTILYZ0U[OPZ]PL^WVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZOPUKLYZ[OLWVZZPIPSP[`VM This research argues that people generally acquire guns because of perceived achieving community consensus since it provides the leeway of resorting to WO`ZPJHSZVJPHSPUZLJ\YP[`HUKUV[K\L[V[OLPUOLYLU[HNNYLZZP]LUH[\YLVM MVYJLYH[OLY[OHUNLU\PULS`W\YZ\PUNHUHNYLLHISLZVS\[PVU[VJVUÅPJ[Z/LUJL PUKP]PK\HSZHUKNYV\WZHZZVTL^V\SKSPRL[VILSPL]L7 The way to mitigate [OLOPNOLY[OLPUJPKLUJLVMN\U]PVSLUJL[OLNYLH[LY[OLWYLZZ\YL[OLZLNYV\WZ such is for state security forces to put their acts together and ensure the exert on law enforcers to impose gun control. physical protection and security of the peoples. ;OH[UV[^P[OZ[HUKPUN[OPZYLZLHYJOHSZVHYN\LZ[OH[ZPKLI`ZPKL^P[O[OL need for the state apparatus to perform its mandated function is the need Perception of social and physical The response is based on one’s for regulation and control as regards civilian gun ownership. While the insecurity is based on one’s assessment of the situation; interpretation of the situation arms/ guns construed as micro- research does not discount the possibility of pursuing societal peace based deterrence VUJVTT\UP[`JVUZLUZ\ZZ\JOJHUVUS`ILWVZZPISLPM[OLYLHYL¸UVI\SSL[Z I don’t feel safe-everyone has whizzing by.”8 a gun. I will get a gun to protect myself Chapters of the Book The situation is out of control/ I can defend myself against ;OLÄYZ[JOHW[LYVM[OLIVVRWYLZLU[Z[OL[OLVYL[PJHSMYHTLHUKHYN\TLU[VM[OL too much crime is happening. attackers. research. It poses the contending views of social control based on community consensusHUKZVJPHSJVU[YVSIHZLKVUregulation and punishment. These Figure 1: The social construction of demand and the consequent effect to gun contending views largely frame the discourse as regards arms control and proliferation management in the Philippine context. ;OPZOHZILLU[OLLIIHUKÅV^VM[OLN\UWYVSPMLYH[PVUKLIH[LPU[OL *OHW[LYSVVRZH[[OLZ[H[LVMHMMHPYZVMN\U 7OPSPWWPULZ>OLU[OLPUJPKLUJLVMN\U]PVSLUJLPZOPNO[OLWYLZZ\YLMVY WYVSPMLYH[PVUPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZHUK[OLSLNHSHUKPSSPJP[ 7 This argument challenges THYRL[Z^OPSL*OHW[LY[YHJLZ[OLOPZ[VY`VM[OL the hasty generalization YLN\SH[PVUPZOPNOHZ^LSS>OLUN\U]PVSLUJLPUJPKLU[ZHYLSV^[OLKLIH[L that there are individuals [HRLZHIHJRZLH[ ÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`HUK[OLWYVJSP]P[`VMJP]PSPHUZ[V[OPZ and groups who are instrument. “trigger-happy,” have a “culture of violence,” Argument of the study or a “culture of guns.” 9LNHYKSLZZVMVUL»ZWVZP[PVUPU[OLKLIH[L[OLYLHSP[`YLTHPUZ[OH[[OLLHZ` Chapter 4 reviews the existing legal regime of It is the social structure ÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVUPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ^OPSL*OHW[LY and condition and not 5 HJJLZZ[VÄYLHYTZHUK^LHWVUZL_HJLYIH[LZ[OLJVUÅPJ[MVYTH[PVUHUK the inherent nature of dynamics in the country. The Philippine Human Development Report (2004) L_HTPULZ[OLÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`PU[OLJV\U[Y` individuals that motivates people to secure weapons posited that perceptions and experience of deprivation are an impetus for of protection. That humans JVUÅPJ[MVYTH[PVUPU[OLJV\U[Y`;OLYLHSP[`VM\UTL[ULLKZIV[OLJVUVTPJHUK Chapter 6 problematizes on how gun proliferation are inherently violent is WVSP[PJHSM\LSZ[OLWLYJLW[PVUVMKLWYP]H[PVU[OH[M\Y[OLYW\ZOWLVWSL[VYLZVY[[V PTWHJ[ZVU[OLZVJPHSPUZLJ\YP[`VMJP]PSPHUZ-PUHSS` also challenged in the *OHW[LY SVVRZH[OV^ÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVUPTWHJ[Z Seville Statement drafted violence. Criminality and insurgency thrive in a context where the perception of by scientists and scholars relative deprivation6 is high. VU[OLWLHJLTHRPUNHUKWLHJLHUKHYN\LZMVY in Seville Spain in 1988 a comprehensive arms control and management 8 This term was used by CHR Commissioner Etta .\UV^ULYZZ[H[LH\[OVYP[PLZJYPTPUHSZHUK 6 The term “relative program. Rosales in the Round insurgents are able to wield power over others who deprivation” was Table Discussion held at introduced by Ted Robert the Camp Aguinaldo- do not possess guns. The perception of physical Gurr in his seminal work, Commissioned Officers PUZLJ\YP[`HTVUNJP]PSPHUZQ\_[HWVZLK^P[OH Why Men Rebel (1971). Club, ___ August 2010 6 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 1 | Introduction & Context 7 Table 2.1: Distribution of Firearms (FA) CHAPTER 2 3PJLUZLZI`8\HSPÄJH[PVU 5 No. of FA Qualification* No. of FA 2002 The State of Affairs: 1st Semester 2008 Businessmen 243,253 283,522 1 Gun Proliferation in the Philippines Private individual 150,345 -- Scty Agencies -- 217,124 Jennifer Santiago Oreta Pvt. Employees 128,838 172,414 AFP/ PNP/ BJMP/ BFP* 93,688 134,000 Govt Employee/ Official 82,811 104,950 Govt Entities 30,711 54,858 Professionals 37,468 42,084 Elected Officials 14,621 25,632 0U[OLWYLZLU[Z[\K`[OL[LYTZguns, small armsHUKÄYLHYTZ – used Retired AFP/ PNP 13,369 17,270 Z`UVU`TV\ZS`PU[OPZWHWLYHYL[HRLU[VTLHUOHUKOLSK^LHWVUZVM Private Entities 10,353 12,494 TPSP[HY`JVTTLYJPHSVYZWVY[PUNZWLJPÄJH[PVU[OH[ÄYLHWYVQLJ[PSL[OYV\NOH Ret. Govt Employees/Officials 8,500 9,016 2 tube by explosive charge. ;OL[LYTJV]LYZN\UZ[OH[HYLVMÄJPHSS`HUKSLNHSS` Reservist -- 6,383 THU\MHJ[\YLKSPRLYL]VS]LYZHUKZLSMSVHKPUNWPZ[VSZYPÅLZHUKJHYIPULZZ\I Ret. Private Employee 605 819 THJOPULN\UZHZZH\S[YPÅLZSPNO[THJOPULN\UZ:THSS(YTZ:\Y]L` 3HZ Religious Official -- 378 ^LSSHZOVTLTHKLN\UZSPRL¸WHS[PR¹¸Z\TWHR¹HUKZ\JOV[OLYPTWYV]PZH[PVUZ Diplomatic Corps -- 130 [OH[ÄYLHWYVQLJ[P]L\ZPUNN\UWV^KLY TOTAL 814,562 1,081,074 * in italics: private/ civilian owners Guns-in-circulationPU[OPZZ[\K`JV]LYZSLNHSHUKPSSLNHSÄYLHYTZHUK^PSSUV[ *AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines), PNP (Philippine National Police), BJMP (Bureau differentiate between those in government and in civilian hands. The basic of Jail Management and Penology), BFP (Bureau of Fire Protection) consideration is access[OH[PZ[OLWLYJLU[HNLVM[OLOV\ZLOVSKWVZZLZZPUN ÄYLHYTZ[OLL_[LU[[V^OPJOÄYLHYTZHYLYLN\SH[LKHUK[OLU\TILYVMÄYLHYTZ in civilian hands. (JJVYKPUN[V[OL:THSS(YTZ:\Y]L` [OLLZ[PTH[LVM 0U[OLÄYZ[ZLTLZ[LYVM [OLYL^LYL licensedÄYLHYTZOHSM ÄYLHYTZPUJPYJ\SH[PVUPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZPZHWWYV_PTH[LS` TPSSPVUOPNOVM VM^OPJO ^LYLPU[OL5H[PVUHS*HWP[HS9LNPVUVY5*94HSPNHSPN 6 million and low of 2.8million).4 2008) What is interesting here is that 69.85% of legal arms in circulation were PUJP]PSPHUVYWYP]H[LOHUKZHUKVUS` ^LYL^P[O[OLWVSPJLTPSP[HY` ;OLVMÄJPHSZ[H[PZ[PJZYLNHYKPUN[OLU\TILYVMN\UZPUJPYJ\SH[PVUJVTLZMYVT KLW\[PaLKNV]LYUTLU[LTWSV`LLZVMÄJPHSZLSLJ[LKVMÄJPHSZYLZLY]PZ[HUK the Philippine National Police-Firearms and Explosives Division (PNP-FED). KPWSVTH[PJJVYWZJVTIPULK*VTWHYLK^P[OÄN\YLZ[OLWLYJLU[HNLVM /V^L]LY[OL757MHPSZ[VZWLJPM`[OLZWLJPÄJKH[LZJV]LYLKI`[OLPYZ[H[PZ[PJZ" WYP]H[LW\ISPJV^ULYZOPWOHZUV[JOHUNLKT\JO^OLYL VM-(Z^LYLHSZV YLWVY[LKÄN\YLZ[O\Z]HY`;OLKH[HNHWL_JLW[PU[OLSHZ[[OYLL`LHYZTHRLZ in private hands. Z`Z[LTH[PJHZZLZZTLU[VMHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVUKPMÄJ\S[ 7 It also affects the way the public and government 1 A portion of this paper 0UHN\UV^ULY ZOHYLK[OH[[OLJVZ[VMÄYLHYTZSPJLUZPUN^OPJOPUJS\KLK VMÄJPHSZHWWYLJPH[L[OLNYH]P[`VM[OLPZZ\L has been presented in the SPJLUZLMLLZWYVJLZZPUNMLLZHUKV[OLYKVJ\TLU[HY`HUK[LZ[ZMLLZ^HZH[ PNP Firearms Summit, HWWYV_PTH[LS`7OW YV\NOS`<: ^P[O[OLHTV\U[PUJYLHZPUN held at Camp Crame 8 5L]LY[OLSLZZHZMHYHZWYHJ[PJHISL[OPZYLZLHYJO in May 2009. Likewise, proportionate with the gun caliber. /V^L]LY[OLVMÄJPHSHTV\U[VMSPJLUZPUN some data have been PZT\JOSV^LYIHZLKVU[OL9H[PVUHSPaLK-LLZHUK*OHYNLZVU-PYLHYTZ \[PSPaLK[OLÄN\YLZPZZ\LKI`[OL757HZ^LSSHZ quoted by Ms. Gemma VMÄJPHSYLWVY[ZMYVT]HYPV\ZNV]LYUTLU[\UP[Z;VÄSS Bagayuna Mendoza in her Licensing (Exec. Order 256Z "ZLL(WWLUKP_*OHW[LY^OLYLHZOVY[ [OLKH[HNHWZUL^ZWHWLYHUKJV\U[Y`HZZLZZTLU[ Newsbreak articles, Armed HYTJV\SKILSPJLUZLKMYVT7OW<: [V7OW and Dangerous: more reports were also used for purposes of discussion. civilians own guns than )\[[VKYP]LOVTL[OLWVPU[Table 2.1 and 2.2 military and police (Jan 29, >OPSL[OLL_PZ[PUNSH^VUÄYLHYTZ7+ Z[H[LZ 7 legal gun owner; name 2011); and Gun Amnesties PSS\Z[YH[L[OLNHWZPUYLWVY[LKKH[H0[ZOV\SKILUV[LK that a civilian is allowed ownership of only one long withheld upon request don’t work (Feb 1, 2011) 8 Former FED head, Gen. 2 HYTHUKVULZOVY[HYTVY[OL¸VULSVUNVULZOVY[¹ [OV\NO[OH[ILNPUUPUN [OL-,+OHZYLN\SHYS` The phrase “that fire a Caccam, however, stated updated statistics re gun ownership. projectile through a tube Y\SL[OPZY\SPUN^HZºYLSH_LK»K\YPUN[OL[PTLVM that the basic amount for by explosive charge” is Former President Estrada. Despite the absence of a firearm license is just the current accepted gun- about P720 or about US$ definition by the UN, based PTWSLTLU[PUNY\SLZHUKYLN\SH[PVU099N\UNYV\WZ 17. (Interviewed June 3, on the 1997 Report by still view Executive Order 1649 issued by President 2008, PNP-FED Office, 2 Government Experts Estrada on February 2000 as a general repeal not only pm) 8 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 9 VM[OLºVULSVUNVULZOVY[»Y\SLI\[HSZVHYLWLHSVU[OLIHUYLNHYKPUNJP]PSPHU Gun Proliferation and Violence V^ULYZOPWVMOPNOJHSPILYÄYLHYTZ10 Executive 171 (2003) issued by Former ,HYS`PU ZP_WLVWSL^LYLOP[I`Z[YH`I\SSL[Z\WI`[^VH[[OLZHTL[PTL 7YLZPKLU[(YYV`VOV^L]LYYL]LYZLK[OL,6 Y\SPUNVU[OLTH[[LYVMN\U PU WYVTW[PUNHJYHJRKV^UVUSVVZLÄYLHYTZPU[OLHYLHZVM*HSVVJHU JHSPILYI\[^HZZPSLU[VU[OLU\TILYVMN\UZ[OH[TH`ILV^ULKI`JP]PSPHUZ 4HSHIVU5H]V[HZHUK=HSLUa\LSH5H[P]PKHK 16 Almost every day there is 5L]LY[OLSLZZP[^HZ[OL757[OH[PZZ\LKHJHWVM[LUÄYLHYTZWLYJP]PSPHU7HWH HYLWVY[VUN\U]PVSLUJL^OL[OLYHJJPKLU[HSVYPU[LU[PVUHS:LL(WWLUKP_ 2006)11 LooseÄYLHYTZHYL[OVZL^LHWVUZ[OH[HYLIV\NO[MYVTSLNHSKLHSLYZI\[ HYL\UYLNPZ[LYLK7H[[\NHSHU17 or whose license have expired or have not been renewed; illegalHYTZVU[OLV[OLYOHUKHYL[OVZL[OH[HYLPSSLNHSS` THU\MHJ[\YLKKVTLZ[PJVYMVYLPNUTHKL[YHKLKHUKZVSK3VVZLÄYLHYTZ [OLYLMVYLJHUILLZ[PTH[LKI\[PSSLNHSÄYLHYTZHYLOHYKLY[VNH\NL;OL757 OV^L]LYPU[LYJOHUNLHIS`\ZLZºSVVZL»HUKºPSSLNHS»HZPM[OL`TLHU[[OLZHTL There may be reasons for doing so. Combining these two concepts gives [OLPTWYLZZPVU[OH[[OL757RUV^ZOV^THU`SVVZLHUKPSSLNHSN\UZHYLV\[ there.18;OLYLHSP[`OV^L]LYPZ[OH[[OLHNLUJ`KVLZUV[I\[YH[OLYOH]LVUS`HU estimate of looseÄYLHYTZ Chinese-made guns )L[^LLU[OLWLYPVKZ [V [OLYL^HZHZ[LHK`PUJYLHZLPU[OLU\TILY available in the local market. VMSPJLUZLKN\UZ`L[[OLU\TILYVM\USPJLUZLKN\UZ^HZUV[KLJYLHZPUN :[H[PZ[PJZVUYLWVY[LKSVVZLÄYLHYTZ^LYLHSZVPUJVUZPZ[LU[;HISLMVY PUZ[HUJLZ\NNLZ[ZHKYHTH[PJKLJYLHZLVU[OLU\TILYVMSVVZL-(ZMYVT The seeming indecisiveness of the state as regards civilian gun ownership [VI\[ÄN\YLZMYVTPUKPJH[LZHZOHYWYLIV\UK3PRL^PZL YLÅLJ[ZVU[OLL_LTW[PVUZNYHU[LK[VNYV\WZHUKPUKP]PK\HSZ-VYPUZ[HUJL ÄN\YLZYLWVY[LKPU VUSVVZL-(ZPUKPJH[LHSHYNLSLHWMYVTÄN\YLZ JLY[PÄLKN\UJS\ITLTILYZHYLHSSV^LK\W[VÄM[LLUOHUKN\UZHUKÄ]L reported in 2003. There are two possibilities here: either the PNP was extremely ZLTPH\[VTH[PJYPÅLZMVY[YHPUPUNHUKJVTWL[P[PVU12 The famous boxer Manny unsuccessful in running after loose FAs between 2003 and 2006 or these Pacquiao applied for twenty FAs for his security detail at the height of the reported data are extremely inaccurate. LSLJ[PVUN\UIHUPU HUKOPZHWWSPJH[PVU^HZNYHU[LK13 The alleged mastermind of the Maguindanao Massacre Datu Unsay Ampatuan has “19 ;O\ZP[PZPTWVY[HU[MVY[OL757[VJSHYPM`HUKKPMMLYLU[PH[LIL[^LLUºSVVZL»HUK OPNOWV^LYLKÄYLHYTZYLNPZ[LYLK^P[O[OL7OPSPWWPUL5H[PVUHS7VSPJL¹-LSPWL ºPSSLNHS»ÄYLHYTZHUK[VYLSLHZLZ[H[PZ[PJZVUÄYLHYTZVUHYLN\SHYIHZPZ 2009)14;OPZNVLZ[VZOV^[OH[^OPSL[OLYLHYLVMÄJPHSSPTP[ZL_LTW[PVUZ\Z\HSS` KL[LYTPULKI`VUL»ZJVUULJ[PVUHYL]LY`YHTWHU[ ;HISL!+PZ[YPI\[PVUVM3PJLUZLKHUK3VVZL-PYLHYTZZLSLJ[LKWLYPVKZ (ZHZPKLUV[L[OLYLPZUVJHWVU[OLHTV\U[VMammunitions one can Year Licensed FA Loose FA 19 W\YJOHZL(ºWLYTP[[VW\YJOHZL»PZPZZ\LK[V[OVZL^P[OÄYLHYTZSPJLUZL 1999 706,148 349,782 20 allowing one to purchase ammunitions. Kramer (2008) reports that the round of 2002 814,562 284,100 21 ammunitions allowed to be purchased at a time are as follows. 2003 -- 328,000 22 Shotgun of any gauge: 300 rounds 2006 800,000 500,000 106,686 3V^WV^LYLKYPÅLZ! YV\UKZ 200623 -- (as of 3rd Q of 2006) Revolvers (.22 caliber): 300 rounds 1,081,074 Pistols (.22 caliber): 300 rounds 200824 482,162 (as of 2 Sept 2008) All other FA: 100 rounds 1,103,616 -- 200825 (as of 9 Oct 9, 2008) Republic Act 8294Z[H[LZ[OH[¸PSSLNHSWVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZOHZHWLUHS[`VM prision correccionalPUP[ZTH_PT\TWLYPVKHUKHÄULVMUV[SLZZ[OHUÄM[LLU 757LZ[PTH[LVMSVVZLÄYLHYTZPU[OLJV\U[Y` [OV\ZHUK7LZVZ7OW VYHIV\[<: ¹153LNHSS`N\UZJHUUV[IL 18 It is no surprise, then that the PU ^HZH[ 26 brought outside the home without a permit-to-carry (PTC) which is issued only “approximate number of loose -VY[OLW\YWVZLVMJSHYP[`[OPZZ[\K`^PSS firearms” statistics released by the I`[OL*OPLM757L_JLW[K\YPUNLSLJ[PVUWLYPVK^OLUPZZ\HUJLVM[OL7;* distinguish between the labels ‘loose’ and PNP is exact to the last digit – because YLZ[Z^P[O[OL*VTTPZZPVUVU,SLJ[PVU*64,3,*;OLYLHSP[`OV^L]LYWHPU[Z these are the firearms that used to be ‘illegal’ and use them with care. licensed whose license have expired HKPMMLYLU[WPJ[\YLHZWLUHS[PLZZLLT[VWVZLSP[[SLKL[LYYLUJLMVYPSSLNHSN\U or not renewed. In other words, loose holders. 27 firearms can be accurately gauged, but The highest numbers of illegal ÄYLHYTZ^LYL illegal guns cannot. 10 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 11 YLWVY[LKPU[OLHYLHZVM(\[VUVTV\Z9LNPVUMVY4\ZSPT4PUKHUHV(944 “The raid followed the discovery of an arms cache—enough to supply two *H]P[L3HN\UH)H[HUNHZ9PaHS8\LaVUHYLHZ*(3()(9A65*LU[YHS=PZH`HZ battalions—buried in a vacant lot some 500 meters from the mansion of :V\[OLYU4PUKHUHVHUK4L[YV4HUPSH:PUM\LNV0SHNHU 28 This is not Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Gov. Zaldy Ampatuan. Z\YWYPZPUNJVUZPKLYPUN[OH[JLY[HPUWHY[ZVM[OLZLYLNPVUZHYLJVUZPKLYLK 0U[^VZOHSSV^WP[ZZVSKPLYZVM[OL YK0UMHU[Y`)H[[HSPVUMV\UK[^VHU[P[HUR ºJVUÅPJ[»HYLHZ IHaVVRHZ"MV\Y TTTVY[HYZ"[^V TTTVY[HYZ"H TTYLJVPSSLZZYPÅL" [OYLL4 THJOPULN\UZ"H TTYLJVPSSLZZYPÅL"H)HYYL[[ZUPWLYYPÅL"[^V The PNP reported in 09 October 2008 that “In the Autonomous Region of )YV^UPUNH\[VTH[PJYPÅLZ"H JHSOLH]`THJOPULN\U"H TTWPZ[VS"ZL]LU 4\ZSPT4PUKHUHV[OLYLHYLHULZ[PTH[LK \UYLNPZ[LYLKN\UZ" WPZ[VSZ"HU “If you don’t have a gun here in Sulu (Mindanao), if your home is not armed, you >P[OZ\JOÄN\YLZNV]LYUTLU[PZ 36 It is useful to note here that an Independent Commission against Private Armies (ICAPA) was will be crushed. Instead we use our guns for defense, expected to exert more effort into convened in late 2009 until mid-2010. ICAPA, ZV[OH[^OLUWLVWSLNP]L\Z[YV\ISL^LJHUÄNO[[V 31 If the figures are simply addressing the proliferation of loose and also known as the Zenarosa Commission, estimation, it then begs 34 submitted its full report to Pres. Arroyo in May our deaths.” the question on how the illegal weapons. One concrete step is to 2010, prior to the transfer of power to Pres. PNP is able to accurately strengthen the monitoring mechanism Aquino. The report contains useful information 0U[OLTHZZHJYLH[(TWH[\HU4HN\PUKHUHVPU declare the exact number it imposes on legal manufacturers to regarding the breadth of firearms proliferation of firearms in the hands of in the country. The report has not been 5V]LTILY P[^HZYLWVY[LK[OH[[OLHYTZ insurgents and criminals. THRLZ\YL[OH[SLNHSÄYLHYTZ^PSSUV[ declassified as of this writing. recovered were enormous. 12 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 13 JYVZZV]LY[OLPSSLNHSTHYRL[0[TPNO[HSZVILWY\KLU[MVY[OLNV]LYUTLU[[VIL 7HYHN\H`/VUK\YHZ7HUHTH/\UNHY`0ZYHLS5VY^H`;HP^HUHUK[OL ([[OLTVTLU[[OLWVSPJLMVYJLOHZ TLTILYZ`L[H[SLHZ[VM Members of PhilANCA [OLTHYL^P[OV\[ZLY]PJLÄYLHYTZK\L[VI\KNL[JVUZ[YHPU[Z48;OL(-7VU[OL (Phil. Action Network V[OLYOHUKOHZHJHJOLVMZTHSSHYTZHUKSPNO[^LHWVUZHUKLX\PWTLU[HUK to Control Arms) OHZHZ[HUKPUNWYVWVZHS[VW\YJOHZLTVYLHZWHY[VM[OL(-74VKLYUPaH[PVU meeting with PNP-FED representatives. Program. (from left) Col Roldan, Jennifer Santiago The military also organizes and trains CAFGU Active Auxiliary units (CAA) and Oreta, Jasmin Nario :WLJPHS*P]PSPHU(YTLK(\_PSPHY`:*((IV[OVM^OPJOHYLHYTLKHUK\UKLY Galace, Arjan Aguirre, [OLSLHKLYZOPWHUKZ\WLY]PZPVUVM[OL(-7;OLÄYLHYTZPZZ\LK[V*((ZHUK Col. Maligalig, :*((ZPUJS\KL4 4)(9*HYIPULHUK.HYHUKHUKHZVM[OLYL Jaymelyn Nikki Uy, HYLHWWYV_PTH[LS` ÄYLHYTZPZZ\LK[V*((ZHUK:*((ZUH[PVU^PKL(-7 Meg Villanueva, Bev 2010) Orosco 3. Military aid(YTZKVUH[PVUZTHRL\WHJVUZPKLYHISLZPaLVM[OLWVSPJLHUK Sources of Guns: Legal Channels military hardware. The Foreign Military Financing (FMF) program is meant to 1. Legal manufacturers (local and foreign) WH`MVY[OLWYVJ\YLTLU[VMTPSP[HY`LX\PWTLU[MYVT[OL<:PUJS\KPUNZ\YWS\Z 49 (ZVM+LJLTILY [OL757-PYLHYTZHUK,_WSVZP]LZ+P]PZPVU-,+YLJVYKZ MYVT[OL<:TPSP[HY`Z[VJRWPSL+VJLUH 0U[OL7OPSPWWPULZ [OPY[`[OYLLYLNPZ[LYLKÄYLHYTZTHU\MHJ[\YLYZ[^LU[`Ä]L ÄYLHYTZ YLJLP]LKMYVT[OL 14 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 15 Sources of Guns: Illegal Channels ;OLJYHM[ZTHUZOPWHUKZRPSSVM+HUHVN\UZTP[OZH[[YHJ[LK[OLPUMHTV\Z1HWHU 1. Illegal manufacturers. ¸;^VN\UTHRLYZ^LYLHYYLZ[LKHUKOPNOWV^LYLK IHZLK@HR\aHJYPTPUHSNYV\W;OL7OPS*LU[LYVU;YHUZUH[PVUHS*YPTL7*;* N\UZ^LYLZLPaLKI`WVSPJLTLUPU+HUHV*P[`¯;OLN\UTHRLYZHPKOLJHU released a +YHM[5H[PVUHS7SHUVM(J[PVUHNHPUZ[PSSPJP[[YHMÄJRPUNPUZTHSSHYTZ ÄUPZOTHRPUNH2. PUHTVU[O¯^P[OHJHWP[HSV\[SH`VMHIV\[7OW and light weapons 2000. ;OLYLWVY[UV[LK[OH[¸[OLUV[VYPV\Z@HR\aHJYPTL HIV\[<: HUKZLSSP[MVYHIV\[7[V7HIV\[<: [V Z`UKPJH[L¯IYV\NO[[V1HWHU-PSPWPUVN\UTHRLYZ\ZPUN[OLJV]LYVM[V\YPZ[VY 240).” (Aragon 2008)52 HJVU[YHJ[^VYRLYHUKOPYLK[OLT[VTHU\MHJ[\YLN\UZPUZPKL1HWHU¹*HYSVZ 2002).57.LU*HJJHT [OLUJOPLMVM[OL757-PYLHYTZHUK,_WSVZP]LZ ¸+HUHV*P[`KVLZU»[NL[[OLTVUPRLYHZ[OL¸N\UJHWP[HSVM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ¹ Division even claimed that illegally manufactured guns are loaded in vessels that MVYUV[OPUN4HU`PU[OLHYLHHYLZRPSSLKN\UZTP[OSLHYUPUN[OLJYHM[MYVT ply the Cebu-Japan route causing Japan to complain on the rising number of NLULYH[PVUZWHZ[;OLZRPSSPUN\UTHU\MHJ[\YPUNPZJSVZLS`[PLK^P[O[OL illegal guns coming from the Philippines. (Caccam 2008)58 Garrido (2003) wrote JVSVUPHSWHZ[VM[OLJV\U[Y`9VISLHSVJHSYLZPKLU[HZZLY[Z[OH[N\UTHRPUN [OH[¸[OL7OPSPWWPULZYHURZ[OPYKHTVUNJV\U[YPLZPU[OLWYVK\J[PVUVMZLPaLK ZRPSSPU+HUHVKH[LZIHJR[V[OL:WHUPZOWLYPVK^OLUguardia civils would OHUKN\UZPU1HWHUHUK[OPYKHNHPUPU[OLU\TILYVMN\UZOPWTLU[ZMVPSLKI` IYPUN[OLPYN\UZMVYYLWHPY9VISL 53. During the Japanese period (1940- the Japanese.”59 ZTHSSJHUUVUZ^LYLTHU\MHJ[\YLKPU[OLHYLH5V[SVUNHM[LY[OL`^LYL THU\MHJ[\YPUNN\UZHUKV[OLYHY[PSSLYPLZ,SKLYZWHZZVU[OLZRPSS[VJOPSKYLU *YPTPUHSNYV\WZPU1HWHU¸^P[OZWLJPHSTLU[PVUVM¸BORYOKUDAN” have been ZV[OH[[OL`JHUHZZPZ[PU[OLTHU\MHJ[\YPUNWYVJLZZ-VYL_HTWSLJOPSKYLU PU]VS]LKPUTHU`JYPTLZPU]VS]PUN[OL\ZLVMPSSPJP[ÄYLHYTZMYVT[OL7OPSPWWPULZ¹ HJJVYKPUN[V9VISLJHUKV[OL¸ZHUKPUN¹VY[OLWVSPZOPUNVM[OLÄUPZOLKTL[HS (PCTC Report) This prompted the Phil. government to establish a ‘Japan’s N\UZ\ZPUNZHUKWHWLY^OLYL[OL`NL[WHPK7OW WLYWPLJL<: ;OL +LZR»^OPJOPZUV^PUM\SSVWLYH[PVU4HSPNHSPN 60 [HZRHUKYLZWVUZPIPSP[`NP]LU[VHJOPSKHK]HUJLZHZ[OLJOPSKNYV^ZVSKLY 6YL[H But Danao is not the only source of illegal guns in circulation. Smuggling and PSSLNHSTHU\MHJ[\YLPUJVUÅPJ[HYLHZ"[OLJYVZZPUNV]LYVMSLNHSN\UZ[V[OL ¸+HUHVTHKL*LI\OHUKN\UZZ\JOHZ[OLJHSJHS YPÅLZJHS PSSLNHS[YHKLK\L[VJVYY\W[PVUZ\YWYPZLH[[HJRZVUTPSP[HY`WLYZVUULS[OLM[HUK revolvers and cal. 45 pistols are the most commonly traded small arms in MHIYPJH[PVUTHRPUNMHRLYLWSPJHVMVYPNPUHSÄYLHYTZHSZVJVU[YPI\[L[V[OLZ[LHK` [OLJV\U[Y`(ZPKLMYVTILPUNYLSH[P]LS`JOLHWLY[OLZLÄYLHYTZHYLOPNOS` increase of illegal guns in circulation. THYRL[HISLHUKLHZPLY[VWYVJ\YL[OHUMVYLPNUTHKLOHUKN\UZ¹7*;* Report)54 :T\NNSPUNHUKPSSPJP[THU\MHJ[\YLPUJVUÅPJ[HYLHZ. There were reports coming from foreign papers claiming that North Korea had sold thousands of arms to 0UN\U[YHKLPU+HUHVPU]VS]LKYV\NOS` [VTLTILYZVM[OL 403-PU [V(;HP^HUIHZLKJYPTPUHSYPUN^HZHSZVYLWVY[LK[V[YHMÄJ JVTT\UP[`VYHIV\[VULPUVM[OLWVW\SH[PVU9L\[LYZ55¸7HS[PR¹VY arms in the country in 2004.610UHZ^LSS[OLUL^ZWHWLYPhilippine Star home-made gun56 is among the most common product of the area. YLWVY[LK[OH[[OL¸403-OHKYLJLP]LK H\[VTH[PJYPÅLZHUKO\UKYLKZVM [OV\ZHUKZVMHTT\UP[PVUPU[^VZOPWTLU[ZVU1\S`PU7HSLTIHUN:\S[HU While the local government of Danao is putting serious effort to bring the 2\KHYH[HUK2HWH[HNHU[V^UPU3HUHVKLS:\Y¹;OL(YTLK-VYJLZVM[OL ¸PSSLNHSZ¹PU[V[OLSLNHSMVSKP[PZZ[PSS[VVLHYS`[VKL[LYTPULPMP[ZLMMVY[Z 7OPSPWWPULZ(-7OHKJVUÄYTLK[OPZZH`PUNP[^HZHISL[VYLJLP]LPU[LSSPNLUJL ^PSSILZ\JJLZZM\S4VYLV]LYP[PZUV[LHZ`[VPTTLKPH[LS`W\[HZ[VW[V YLWVY[ZHIV\[[OLHYTZZOPWTLU[;OPZOV^L]LY^HZKLUPLKI`[OL403-62 PSSLNHSTHU\MHJ[\YPUNZPUJLP[PZHJSHUKLZ[PULHJ[P]P[`HUK[VHSHYNLL_[LU[ THU\MHJ[\YPUNPZYLNHYKLKHZHºIHJR`HYK» 56 PUK\Z[Y`HUKHYLTVZ[S`KVULPUMHYÅ\UNHYLHZ “The most common form of the weapon was a gas pipe attached - only the ‘ÄUPZOPUN’ is done in the city (e.g. to a rifle stock. Usually some sort WVSPZOPUNX\HSP[`JVU[YVS[LZ[PUNHUKIHSSPZ[PJZ of wire was wrapped around the barrel to keep the pipe from The materials used in gun manufacture are expanding from the fire. There also locally available as these are the same was a small hole at the bottom materials used in house or building constructions. end of the barrel that a cigarette or match was placed to ignite Most of the gunsmiths are home-based or the primer, which made aiming PU[OLTV\U[HPUZHUKTHU\MHJ[\YPUNN\UZPZ difficult. This also gave it the Sniper rifle confis- nickname the “Cigarette Gun”. cated by PNP-FED PU[LYZWLYZLK^P[O[OLPYMHYTPUNVYÄZOPUNHJ[P]P[PLZ It was muzzle loaded and fired from a private (SZV[OLSHJRVMH]HPSHISLQVIZPU[OLHYLHTHRLZ a medium sized bullet or musket owner (civilians are N\UTHRPUNHUH[[YHJ[P]LHS[LYUH[P]L;OLZL ball. The accuracy was poor and the mechanism of firing the not supposed to MHJ[VYZTHRLP[KPMÄJ\S[[V[YHJRKV^U[OVZL^OV weapon made it even worse.” own high-powered are involved in illegal manufacture. (Oreta 2009) http://www.nationmaster.com/ firearms) encyclopedia/Paltik accessed Jan 15, 2008 1004am 16 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 17 The PNP admitted that it did not have a good estimate on the amount of HZZH\S[YPÅLZLX\PWWLK^P[OUPNO[]PZPVUZJVWLZ:VUV[VUS`KVLZ[OL7OPSPWWPUL ÄYLWV^LY[OH[[OLPUZ\YNLU[ZOH]L;OLJVUZLY]H[P]LTL[OVKVMJV\U[PUN TPSP[HY`OH]L[OVZLI\[B[OL403-JVTTHUKLYDOHZHSZVIV\NO[[OLTMYVT[OL HZZ\TLZHVULN\UVULTLTILYYH[PV[O\Z[OLU\TILYVMN\UZHYL[OLZHTL Philippine security forces.”(Guevara 2007)67 HZ[OLU\TILYVMTLTILYZ)\[[OH[VI]PV\ZS`PZ]LY`JVUZLY]H[P]L 3. Crossing of Legal to Illegal. “The United States has supplied the Armed 0U[OLÄYZ[ZLTLZ[LYVM[OLÄYLWV^LYZ[YLUN[OVM*VTT\UPZ[7HY[`VM[OL Forces of the Philippines with high-tech weaponry that some members of the 7OPSPWWPULZ5L^7LVWSL»Z(YT`*7757(^HZWLNNLKH[ -LYYLY63 B7OPSPWWPULTPSP[HY`DOH]LNVULVU[VZLSS[V[OLPUZ\YNLU[Z¯¹.YPZ^VSK 68 The group reportedly brings in guns through Palawan and Mindoro. Much of its ÄYLWV^LYJVTLZMYVT*OPUH(YNLU[PUHHUK)YHaPS;OL`LU[LY[OYV\NO[OLWVY[Z .YHM[HUKJVYY\W[PVUPU[OLTPSP[HY`HUKWVSPJL^LHRPUZ[P[\[PVUZHUKKPZYLNHYK HUKHYLKLJSHYLKHZº\ZLKLX\PWTLU[»[OV\NO[OLYLHYLHJ[\HSS`N\UZ[\JRLK for the rule of law are among the major reasons why legal guns cross over to inside. (Caccam 2008)64 Table 2.4SPZ[Z[OL^LHWVUZOVSKPUNVMPUZ\YNLU[NYV\WZ the illegal trade. “Insurgent groups have long admitted that their most important based on available reports. ZV\YJLVM^LHWVUZPZ[OL(YTLK-VYJLZVM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ(-7[OL7OPSPWWPUL National Police (PNP) and the various well-armed citizens’ militias.” (Capie Table 2.4: Weapons Holding of Insurgent Groups65 ! 0UTHZZP]LN\UY\UUPUN^HZYLWVY[LKPU[OLHYLHZVM(N\ZHU Estimated 4PZHTPZ:\YPNHV:\S\)HZPSHU;H^P[H^PHUKAHTIVHUNHWYV]PUJLZHSSWHY[VM Group Weapons Holdings Membership the Mindanao group of islands. (Carlos 2002) (1998) 13,459 10,227 MILF (2007) 11,769 7,747 *VYY\W[PVUPU[OLTPSP[HY`PUMHJ[^HZHTHQVYNYPL]HUJLYHPZLKI`[OLQ\UPVY (2010)a 7,500 TPSP[HY`VMÄJLYZHRH4HNKHSV^OVZ[HNLKHT\[PU`PU1\S`! (1998) 1,148 386 CPP/NPA (2002) 9,388 6,149 ¸-PYZ[[OL.4(NV]LYUTLU[[OYV\NO[OL(-7SLHKLYZOPWHUK:LJYL[HY`(UNLSV (2010) 4,972 9L`LZOHZILLUZLSSPUNI\SSL[ZHUKHYTZMYVT[OLNV]LYUTLU[HYZLUHS[V[OL Abu Sayyaf Group (2007) 383 403-(I\:H``HMHUK[OL57(;OLZLI\SSL[Z^OPJORPSSV\YZVSKPLYZHJ[\HSS` (ASG) JHTLMYVT[OL]LY`NV]LYUTLU[[OH[^LÄNO[PUNZPJ[VKLMLUK;OPZPZ^O` [OLYLPZH^HYMVYV]LY`LHYZUV^HUKZ[PSSV\YLULTPLZOH]LUV[Y\UV\[VM (YLWVY[THKLI`[OL(-76MÄJLVM[OL+LW\[`*OPLMVM:[HMMMVY0U[LSSPNLUJL I\SSL[Z(ZL]PKLUJLHSS[OLI\SSL[Z[OH[^LYLYLJV]LYLKMYVT[OLLULT`OHK[OL 61WVZP[LK[OH[MYVTHWLHRVM ÄYLHYTZOVSKPUNPU [OL THYRPUNZ[OH[[OL`JHTLMYVT[OL+5+HYZLUHS¹Magdalo statement made *VTT\UPZ[7HY[`VM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ5L^7LVWSL»Z(YT`»ZÄYLWV^LY^HZKV^U K\YPUN[OL6HR^VVK4\[PU`VM1\S` 69 [V PU3PRL^PZL[OL403-OHK ÄYLHYTZPU ¶JVUZPKLYLK P[ZWLHR¶I\[ÄYLHYTZOVSKPUN^HZKV^U[V PU(-761 4VYL[OHUÄ]L`LHYZHM[LY[OLT\[PU`JVYY\W[PVUYLTHPUZ^PKLZWYLHKPU[OL 7YLZLU[LKPU07:7(ZZLZZTLU[7SHUUPUNHUK+L]LSVWTLU[>VYRZOVW*HTW TPSP[HY`HUK[OL(-7ZVNYH]L[OH[L]LU¸H janitor at the Philippine National (N\PUHSKV -LI Police (PNP) headquarters has been arrested for selling revolvers and HZZH\S[YPÅLZ[OH[^LYL[VILKLZ[YV`LKILJH\ZL[OL`^LYL\UZLY]PJLHISL In 1999 there was a controversial report claiming that the MILF had already … ,K^HYK=PSSHY[HOLHKVM[OL5H[PVUHS)\YLH\VM0U]LZ[PNH[PVU5)0VMÄJL developed the capacity to manufacture its own weapons and artillery. “In PU[OLJHWP[HSZHPK[OLTHUSLKVMÄJLYZ[VHJHJOLVM WPLJLZVM JHSPIYL YLWVY[ZLTLYNLKJSHPTPUN[OL403-OHKI\PS[HUHYTZMHJ[VY`PUJLU[YHS YL]VS]LYZHUKUPUL4 HZZH\S[YPÅLZ¹9L\[LYZ 70*\YYLU[S`[OLYLHYL 4PUKHUHV(ZWVRLZTHU 18 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 19 4. Improvised or Fabricated guns. The ingenuity of Filipinos to imitate New People’s Army (NPA) rebel turning over a new leaf.” The Communist Party the original is also a concern in as far as gun production is concerned. of the Philippines has been waging war against the Philippine government Improvisation is primarily a consequence of one’s economic standing. In the ZPUJL 6MÄJPHSLZ[PTH[LZWLNNLK[OL57(MVYJLH[ K\YPUN[OLst 7OPSPWWPULZP[PZTVZ[S`[OLWVVY^OVYLZVY[[VPTWYV]PZH[PVU\ZPUNH]HPSHISL semester of 200273[VHIV\[ H[WYLZLU[¸KV^UMYVTTVYL[OHU PU local and inexpensive materials [OL ZMVSSV^PUN[OLJVSSHWZLVMJVTT\UPZT^VYSK^PKLHUKKLMLH[ZVU[OL IH[[SLÄLSK¹ (Agence France 2008)74 ;OLZLTHRLZOPM[^LHWVUZ¶Z[PSSJVUZPKLYLKHZÄYLHYTZILJH\ZLVM[OL\ZLVM bullet/ metal ball discharged by using gun powder - usually emerge when there Allegations abound that the ‘cash for guns’ is only used by insurgents and is trouble or “gang wars.” They usually surface in areas commonly believe to sympathizers to get more cash to buy newer and more sophisticated weapons. be ‘havens’ of notorious gangs. “Marta (not her real name) disclosed that in Whether this allegation is true or not remains to be proven. her neighborhood in Tondo- an urban poor community that has gained national The Philippine government is also seriously supporting efforts to address the prominence because of the numerous incidents of violent confrontations PZZ\LZLTHUH[PUNMYVT[OLPSSPJP[[YHMÄJRPUNVMHYTZ7*;*YLWVY[Z[OLMVSSV^PUN among squabbling groups- “P[»ZJVTTVURUV^SLKNL[OH[HSTVZ[L]LY`VULOHZ efforts: H^LHWVU0M[OLYL»ZHJVUÅPJ[PU[OLJVTT\UP[`SPRLHNHUN^HY[OLZL^LHWVUZ • The Philippine government signed an agreement on Information Exchange Z\YMHJL4VZ[VM[OLN\UZHYLWHS[PROVTLTHKLN\UHUKHYL\USPJLUZLK4` HUK,Z[HISPZOTLU[VMJVTT\UPJH[PVUWYVJLK\YLZVU4H` ^P[O[OL V^UMYPLUK^OV^HZ^HSRPUNILZPKLTLVULKH`^HZZOV[PU[OLOLHK0^HZ NV]LYUTLU[ZVM4HSH`ZPHHUK0UKVULZPHHUKP[PZHSZVPU[OLWYVJLZZVM ZVHRLKPUOPZISVVKHUK^HZYLHSS`HMYHPK¹71 (Oreta, 2009) drafting a Memorandum of Agreement with the Indonesian government to ZWLJPÄJHSS`HKKYLZZ[OLZTHSSHYTZHUKSPNO[^LHWVUZ:(3>PZZ\L" • The Philippines actively participates in the ASEANAPOL (Asean’s Chief or Police) and the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational crime; • Updates on Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) issues are incorporated in the PNP’s community relation service; the media are also regularly updated; ;OL6MÄJLVM[OL:WLJPHS,U]V`VU;YHUZUH[PVUHS*YPTLZ6:,;*JVUK\J[Z JVUMLYLUJLZ^P[OV^ULYZVMWYP]H[LZLJ\YP[`HNLUJPLZYLJVNUPaLKN\UJS\IZ KLHSLYZTHU\MHJ[\YLYZHUK5.6Z"HUK A gun smith • JICA has given the PNP Crime Laboratory an Automated Fingerprint employee of the 0KLU[PÄJH[PVU:`Z[LT(-0: Workers League of Danao Multi- Purpose Cooperative Closing Remarks (WORLD-MPC) Security is not just about defense and order. A broader understanding of ZLJ\YP[`YLSH[LZP[[V¸WLYZVUHSHUKZ[H[LZHML[`HJJLZZ[VZVJPHSZLY]PJLZ In the Aeta community of :HWHUN<^HR72 an improvised “gun” is also a HUKWVSP[PJHSWYVJLZZLZ0[PZHJVYLNV]LYUTLU[YLZWVUZPIPSP[`ULJLZZHY`MVY common household item. They use it for hunting wild boars and other animals LJVUVTPJHUKZVJPHSKL]LSVWTLU[HUK]P[HSMVY[OLWYV[LJ[PVUVMO\THUYPNO[Z¯ PU[OLMVYLZ[;OL(L[HZJSHPTLK[OH[LHJOMHTPS`RUL^OV^[VTHRLVULHUK :LJ\YP[`TH[[LYZ[V[OLWVVYHUKV[OLY]\SULYHISLNYV\WZLZWLJPHSS`^VTLU L]LY`VUL¶THSLHUKMLTHSLRUL^OV^[V\ZL[OLT)\[[OL`HSZVJSHPTLK[OH[ HUKJOPSKYLUILJH\ZLIHKWVSPJPUN^LHRQ\Z[PJLHUKWLUHSZ`Z[LTZHUK there had never been an incident when these guns were used against humans. JVYY\W[TPSP[HYPLZTLHU[OH[[OL`Z\MMLYKPZWYVWVY[PVUH[LS`MYVTJYPTLPUZLJ\YP[` HUKMLHY¹6,+*+(*/HUKIVVRVU:LJ\YP[`:LJ[VY9LMVYT ;V[HRLIHJRN\UZ[V[OLSLNHSHYLUH[OLNV]LYUTLU[PU[YVK\JLKHCash for guns program. This program is meant especially for the members of the CPP- Curbing the proliferation of illegal guns remains a big challenge for the state 57(*VTT\UPZ[7HY[`VM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ5L^7LVWSL»Z(YT`^P[OH[^VWYVUL and warrants a concerted effort among social and political institutions. People VIQLJ[P]L![VYL[YPL]LTVYLN\UZHUK[VS\YLTLTILYZVM[OL*7757(IHJR will not feel the need to arm themselves if they feel safe and secure in their [V[OLSLNHSMVSK0U6J[ /LYTVNLULZ,ZWLYVU[OLNV]LYUTLU[»ZJOPLM OVTLZHUKJVTT\UP[PLZHUKPM[OL`ILSPL]L[OH[[OLZLJ\YP[`ZLJ[VYPZLMMLJ[P]L WLHJLHK]PZLYZHPK[OH[[OLNV]LYUTLU[^V\SK impartial and trustworthy. WH`7OW HIV\[<: MVYL]LY`4 72 Aeta is an indigenous group HZZH\S[YPÅLZ\YYLUKLYLKI`HUPUZ\YNLU[^OV^HZ found mostly in Northern Luzon. ;OLMHJ[[OH[HU\TILYVMÄYLHYTZHYLPU[OLOHUKZVMJP]PSPHUZJSLHYS`ZOV^Z This particular community, that the perception of physical insecurity and/or threat to safety remains high. willing to abandon the long-running rebellion. “Sapang Uwak,” is located in This money would be given on top of another Porac, Pampanga. The interview was held in the kiosk of the 7OW HIV\[<: PUJLU[P]L¸PUJHZO community’s cooperative store and livelihood assistance to be extended to any last September 12, 2008, 10 am. 20 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 21 Jan 19, 2009, 953am 29 Ibid a AFP-OJ2, 2010 30 http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/18/09/pnp-moves-recover-million-illegal-guns accessed March 20, 2011 32 PhilANSA now called PhilANCA or Phil. Action Network to Control Arms 3 Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience. Cambridge University Press, p. 3 33 2008. “Voices to Silence Guns.” PhilANSA (Phil. Action Network on Small Arms) Publication, p. 12. 4 Small Arms Survey 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. available online http://www. smallarmssurvey.org/ 34 De Guzman, O. (2008). “Guns in southern Philippines.” PRI’s The World. Audio File. Retrieved March 2008 from files/sas/publications/year_b_pdf/2007/CH2-Stockpiles.pdf accessed Feb 2, 2009, 104pm http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/16981, cited in Voices to Silence Guns.” 2008. Phil. Action Network on Small 5 2008 data source: PNP-FED, presented during the PNP Summit of Firearms, 18 May 2008 Arms Publication 2002 data source: National Report on the Implementation of Programme of Action to prevent, combat, eradicate 35 Manila Standard Today. 2009. Ampatuan Arms Cache enough for two Battalions. December 5-6 available online the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its aspect. July 3, 2003 available online http://disarmament. http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideNews.htm?f=2009/december/5/news1.isx&d=/2009/december/5 un.org/CAB/nationalreports/2002/philippines.pdf accessed Jan 21, 2009 1152am accesses December 5, 2010 6 Col. Maligalig of PNP-Firearms and Explosive Division-Civil Security Group (FED-CGS) presentation to Phil. Action 37 Baja, Lauro L. Jr. (2003). (Ibid) and Phil. Information Agency (PIA). “Philippine Police prioritizes campaign vs loose Network on Small Arms (Philansa) on Sept. 2, 2008 firearms.” May 18, 2005. http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=9415 accessed Jan 18, 2009 536pm 9 Executive Order 194, issued Feb. 14, 2000, Amending Gen. Order No. 7, dated Sept. 23, 1972; General Order 38 Police Chief Superintendent Vidal E. Querol, Acting Director for Operations. (2003) “Lecture on Firearms and its No. 7-A dated Sept. 30, 1973; General Order No. 7-B dated January 17, 1973, and Gen. Order No. 7-C dated impact on Peace and Order.” Ateneo de Manila University. Feb. 18. Feb. 21, 1973. 39 Phil. Information Agency. (2005). “Philippine Police prioritizes campaign vs loose firearms.” May 18. http://www. 10 see Pro-Gun open discussion on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=113303732048357&topic=2 gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=9415 accessed Jan 18, 2009 536pm 8 accessed March 21, 2011 40 Gen. Florencio Fianza, Special Envoy on Transnational Crime (OSETC). (2007) “OSETC and Initiatives on 11 Papa, Alcuin. (2006). “Gun Dealers Oppose Amnesty for Loose Firearms.” Inquirer.net. Nov. 1. http://newsinfo. Regulation.” Presented at the Asian Parliamentarians Workshop on SALW and the proposed ATT. House of inquirer.net/breakingnews/metroregions/view_article.php?article_id=30002 accessed Jan 21, 2009 1059am Representatives, Philippines. Feb 6-7. 12 see http://ffforum.110mb.com/introfaq.html accessed March 21, 2011 41 Felipe, Cecille. 2009. “PNP revokes Mayor Ampatuan’s 19 gun licenses.” The Philippine Star. Nov 30. available 13 Pacquiao, in a TV interview, argued that he needed said number of FAs to protect his family from criminals and/or online http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=528121&publicationSubCategoryId=63 accessed Jan 18, terrorists. The calibers of the firearms were not specified to the media. COMELEC Commissioner Ferrer “estimated 2010 the number of gun ban exemptions to be about 17,000. Of the figures, 6,000 have been granted exemption as 42 PNP 2009 data, “Statistical Report on Crime Incidents Involving the Use of Firearms” these were from military and police personnel.” GMA News TV The Official Website of GMA News and Public 43 Lucas, Daxim. (2002). Palace allows foreigners to manufacture guns, ammo in Business World. April 19. Affairs. (2007). COMELEC Oks 20 guns to Pacquiao. Jan 23. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/27901/Comelec-OKs- 44 Phil. Daily Inquirer, 2004 20-guns-for-Pacquiao accessed 07 Feb 2009, 430pm Based on Republic Act 7166 Synchronized Election Law, a 45 PNP-FED figures, 4 December 2009 gun ban is issued during election period; only the Commission on Election or COMELEC is granted the power to 46 Makinano, M. and Lubang A. (2001). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: The Mindanao Experience issue permit-to-carry during these period. http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/isrop-prisi/research-recherche/intl_security-securite_int/makinano_ 14 Felipe, Cecille. 2009. “PNP revokes Mayor Ampatuan’s 19 gun licenses.” The Philippine Star. Nov 30. available lubang2001/section05.aspx accessed Feb 2, 2009, 1005am online http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=528121&publicationSubCategoryId=63 accessed Jan 18, 48 See, Charlemame. 2008. “20,000 cops don’t have guns, PNP chief says.” GMA News. July 17. Available online 2010 http://www.gmanews.tv/story/107560/20000-cops-dont-have-guns-PNP-chief-says accessed Jan 18 2010 15 Republic Act 8294 “A n Act Amending The Provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended, entitled 49 Docena, Herbert. (2005). “US Military Aid to the Philippines.” May 10. Available online http://www.zmag.org/ “Codifying the Laws on Illegal/Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=44&ItemID=7829 accessed Jan 16, 2009, 1041 am; also cited in Lao, Melissa Ammunition or Explosives or Instruments Used in the Manufacture of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives, and J., and Oreta, Jennifer S. (2009). “A p p r o p r i a t i n g terror in the Arroyo Administration: Radicalizing State-Civil Society Imposing Stiffer Penalties for Certain Violations Thereof, and for Relevant Purposes” amends Presidential Decree Relations” in Conflict, Religion and Culture: Domestic and international implications for SEA and Australia. 1866. RA 8294 (Sec. 1.) states that ‘Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of Firearms 50 Berrigan, Frida and Hartung, William D, (with Leslie Heffel). (2005). “U.S. Weapons at War 2005: or Ammunition or Instruments Used or Intended to be Used in the Manufacture of Firearms or Ammunition. Promoting Freedom of Fueling Conflict? U.S. Military Aid and Arms Transfers Since September 11” A World The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine of not less than Fifteen Thousand Pesos Policy Institute Special Report. June 2005 available online http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/ [P15,000.00] shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully manufacture, deal in, acquire, dispose, or wawjune2005.html#10 accessed Jan 16, 2009, 1031am possess any low powered firearm, such as rifle handgun, .380 or .32 and other firearm of similar firepower, part 51 Phil. Information Agency. http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&fi=p070610.htm&no=3 accessed Jan 16, 2009 1102 of firearm, ammunition, or machinery, tool or instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of any am firearm or ammunition: Provided, That no other crime was committed.’ 52 Aragon, Chito. O. (2008) “High Powered Firearms seized.” Cebu Daily News. March 18. http://globalnation. 16 Natividad, Beverly. (2009). “Operations vs loose firearms ordered.” Inquirer.net Jan 9. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/ inquirer.net/cebudailynews/metro/view/20080318-125448/High-powered-firearms-seized accessed Dec 18, 2009 breakingnews/metro/view/20090109-182459/Operations-vs-loose-guns-ordered accessed Jan 18, 2009 533pm 53 Mr. Jose Thaddeus Roble, Jr., Secretary to the Mayor, Danao City,” interviewed on August 27, 2008, Danao 17 Pattugalan, Gina Rivas. (2003). “Two Year After: Implementation of UN Programme of Action on Small Arms in City Hall, 9:00 am. Cited in Oreta. 2009. Women and Security: Gun Violence in Select areas in the Philippines. the Asia Pacific Region.” Center for Humanitarian Dialogue. October. http://www.iansa.org/regions/asiapacific/ Dissertation paper documents/asia_pacific_occasional_paper_oct2003.pdf accessed Jan 18, 2009 629pm 54 PCTC (bid) 19 Dursin, Kanis. (2009). “Worried governments target small arms trade.” Asia Times online May 12. http://www. 55 Reuters. (2003) “Illegal guns flourish in trigger happy Philippines.” Taipei Times. Dec. 8. http://www.taipeitimes. atimes.com/se-asia/BE12Ae01.html accessed Jan 21, 2009 1121am com/News/world/archives/2003/12/08/2003078798 accessed Jan 14, 2008 135pm 20 Baja, Lauro L. Jr. (2003). “Report to the First Biennial Meeting of States on the Implementation of the Program 57 Carlos, Clarita. (2002) “Coping with terrorism and other transnational threats: The view from the Philippines.” of Action of the 2001 United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in all Paper presented at the National Defense University’s 23rd Annual Pacific Symposium on “ Addressing transnational its aspects.” New York. July 8. Available online http://disarmament.un.org/CAB/salw-2003/statements/States/ threats in the Asia Pacific region”, February 20-21. Fort McNair, Washington, DC, USA. Available online http://www. Philippines.pdf accessed Jan 18, 2009 612pm ; also National Report on the Implementation of Programme of ndu.edu/inss/symposia/Pacific2002/carlospaper.htm#_ednref37 accessed Jan 14, 2009 147pm Action to prevent, combat, eradicate the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its aspect. July 3, 2003 58 Gen. Caccam, Chief of PNP-Firearms and Explosive Division, interviewed on June 3, 2008, PNP-FED Office available online http://disarmament.un.org/CAB/nationalreports/2002/philippines.pdf accessed Jan 21, 2009 59 Garrido, Marco. (2003) “Philippines Crazy about Guns.” Asia Times online. Jan. 23. http://www.atimes.com/ 1152am atimes/Southeast_Asia/EA23Ae03.html accessed Dec 16, 2009 21 Agence France Presse. (2003). “Philippines bans owners from carrying guns in public.” Jan 30. http://www. 60 Col. Maligalig (Ibid) thehighroad.org/archive/index.php/t-6612.html accessed Jan 21, 2009 1128am 61 Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. (2004) “Taiwan, Philippine police crack arms Trafficking.” June 4. available online 22 Papa, Alcuin. (2006). (Ibid) http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-21556587_ITM accessed Jan 12, 2009, 1050am; and 23 Loose FA as of 3rd quarter of 2006. Gen. Florencio Fianza, Special Envoy on Transnational Crime (OSETC). Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. (2005) “J a p a n e s e paper alleges North Korea arms link to Philippine Moro group.” (2007). “OSETC and Initiatives on Regulation.” Presented at the Asian Parliamentarians Workshop on SALW and the Jan 3. available online http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18383977_ITM accessed Nov 12, proposed ATT. House of Representatives, Philippines. Feb. 6-7 2009 1105am 24 Mailgalig (Ibid) 62 World Sources online. (2004) “Philippine Military fails to intercept arms shipment to rebels, Xinhua.” Aug. 3. 25 PNP Press Release No. 08-1007. “Verzosa orders nationwide crackdown on illegal guns.” Available online http:// available online http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4327312_ITM accessed Jan 12, 2009, www.pnp.gov.ph/ accessed Jan 27, 2009, 535pm 1046am; and Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. (2004) “Phil. Moro group denies receipt of arms shipment.” Aug 6. 26 Felipe, Cecille. 2009. “PNP revokes Mayor Ampatuan's 19 gun licenses.” The Philippine Star. Nov 30. available http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12887208_ITM accessed Nov 12, 2009, 1108am online http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=528121&publicationSubCategoryId=63 accessed Jan 18, 63 Military Intelligence Report cited in Ferrer, Miriam. (2003). “Philippine Political Context-Challenges of Democratic 2010 Consolidation.” Paper presented to the CIDA’s Country Development Programming Framework for the Philippines, 27 PNP uses the term ‘loose’ FA in this report EDSA Shangrila, August 29. 28 Sinfuego, Roy and Ilgan, Aris. (2005). “PNP Orders Crackdown on 150,000 loose firearms.” Manila Bulletin. April 65 2007 data: Former Nat’l Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) official (identity withheld). Lecture given on Nov. 16. http://www.articlearchives.com/crime-law-enforcement-corrections/law-police-forces/753556-1.html accessed 22 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 2 | The State of Affairs 23 14, 2008, Discovery Suites 2002 data: Military Intelligence Report cited in Ferrer, Miriam. 2003. (Ibid) 1998 data: Rojas, Felipe L. Phil. Center on Transnational Crime Paper on Terrorism. Available online http://www. CHAPTER 3 pctc.gov.ph/papers/InternationalTerrorism.htm (accessed Feb 2, 2009) 66 Capie, David. (2004). “Trading the tools of Terror: Armed groups and light weapons proliferation in Southeast Asia” in Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. Paul J. Smith History of Firearms Proliferation (ed). Armonk, New York & London: M.E. Sharpe Inc., p. 198; and Kramer, Katherine. (2001). “Legal to Illegal: Southeast Asia’s Illegal Arms Trade.” Kasarinlan, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 45 (available online http://journals.upd.edu. ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/viewFile/1088/1120 accessed Jan 15, 2009 931am); Small Arms Survey 2008. in the Philippines Cambridge University Press. 1 67 Guevara, Marina Walker. (2007) “Sustaining an Unpopular Regime In the Philippines, U.S. aid has helped bolster Arjan Payongayong Aguirre, M.A. and a government whose military is tied to extrajudicial killings.” The Center for Public Integrity. May 3. available online http://projects.publicintegrity.org/militaryaid/report.aspx?aid=878 accessed Jan 16, 2009 1052 am Jennifer Santiago Oreta 68 Eliza Griswold (2006) quoted by Guevara, Marina Walker. “Sustaining an Unpopular Regime In the Philippines, U.S. aid has helped bolster a government whose military is tied to extrajudicial killings.” The Center for Public Integrity. May 3, 2007 http://projects.publicintegrity.org/militaryaid/report.aspx?aid=878 accessed Jan 16, 2009 1052 am 69 available online at http://magdaloparasapagbabago.blogspot.com/2007/01/magdalo-group-message-at- oakwood-last_11.html accessed Jan 14, 932pm 70 Reuters. (2008) “J a n i t o r Arrested for selling police guns.” The Australian. Nov 24. http://www.theaustralian.news. Historicizing the Philippine Firearms Industry: com.au/story/0,25197,24700159-12377,00.html accessed Jan 14, 2008. 140pm. The Philippine National Police Firearms and Explosives Division (FED) is mandated to stockpile the following: (a) ;YHJPUN[OLOPZ[VY`VMN\UPUK\Z[Y`PU[OL7OPSPWWPULZPZUVLHZ`[HZR+LZWP[L Commercial FA (those imported from other countries and/or manufactured in the Phils., for selling); (b) Evidence [OLSHJRVMZJOVSHYS`^VYRVU[OLOPZ[VY`VMN\UZÄYLHYTZPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ FA (FA that are stored for evidence in court proceeding and awaiting final disposition); and (c) Confiscated, Captured, Surrendered and Deposited FA. PNP Stockpile Management and Records Keeping. Available online the major research hurdle was addressed through the extant narratives on http://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:2DQx6-ouNOMJ:disarmament.un.org/rcpd/pdf%2520bali/Puapo. 7OPSPWWPULN\UTHRPUNHUKHYTZ[YHKL pdf+loose+firearms+Philippines&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ph accessed Jan 18, 2009 552 pm 71 Interview with “A n a” , an inmate at Women’s Correctional. July 31, 2008. 10 am 73 Military Intelligence Report cited in Ferrer, Miriam. 2003.(Ibid) Pre-Spanish period7YPVY[V[OLTVKLYUKH`7OPSPWWPULÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`[OL 74 Agence France Presse. (2008) “Govt lures communist rebels with cash for guns.” ABS-CBN News. Oct 19. http:// LHYS`N\UTHYRL[^HZKVTPUH[LKI`SVJHSN\UZTP[OZZTHSSTL[HS^VYRZOVWZ www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/10/19/08/govt-lures-communist-rebels-cash-guns accessed Jan 19, 2009, 940am HUKY\KPTLU[HY`Z`Z[LTVM[YHKL ;OLWYLJVSVUPHS-PSPWPUVZVJPL[`^HZWYLKVTPUHU[S`SVJHSPaLKYLSH[P]LS` MYHNTLU[LKZTHSSJVTT\UP[PLZ^OPJO^LYLOLH]PS`PUÅ\LUJLKI`OPLYHYJOHS YLSH[PVUZYLSPNPV\ZHUKHUPTPZ[PJILSPLMZHUKZ[YVUNRPUZOPW[PLZ,JVUVTPJ[YHKL YLSH[PVUZILJHTLWVZZPISLK\L[V[OLPYZ[YH[LNPJSVJH[PVUHUKHMÄUP[`^P[OV[OLY JVTT\UP[PLZPU[OLYLNPVU0UMHJ[HZPKLMYVT[OL:\TH[YHUJVTT\UP[PLZ[OH[ [PTL[OLLHYS`-PSPWPUVZHSZVOHKLJVUVTPJ[PLZ^P[O[OLNYV^PUNLJVUVTPJZLH trade centers in India and China. The economic trade relations also facilitated the exchange of cultural and belief systems. The political system was relatively WHYVJOPHSHUKZ[Y\J[\YLKHJJVYKPUN[VRPUZOPW[PLZ([[OL[VWVM[OLbarangay [OLºKH[\»LUQV`LKYLSH[P]LS`Z[YVUN\ZPUN[OLJVU[LTWVYHY`WHYSHUJLL_LJ\[P]L SLNPZSH[P]LHUKQ\KPJPHSWV^LYZ/L^HZL_WLJ[LK[VZL[[SLKPZW\[LZL_OPIP[ TPSP[HY`WYV^LZZHUKILHRLLULJVUVTPJ[HJ[PJPHU;OLºKH[\»LTIVKPLKIV[O the secular and spiritual authority in the community. 1 Mr. Arjan Aguirre received ;OPZWLYPVKZH^U\TLYV\ZPU[LYTP[[LU[HYTLKJVUÅPJ[Z his M.A. in Political Science, between and among communities within and outside major in Global Politics the archipelago. The constant interaction with other degree from the Ateneo de Manila University. settlers in the archipelago created more occasions He is a lecturer at the MVYJVUÅPJ[HTVUN[OLLHYS`-PSPWPUVZ(ZHW[S`W\[ Department of Political Science, School of Social I`(IPUHSLZHUK(TVYVZV !¸(c)ommon Sciences, Ateneo de Manila YLHZVUZMVYNVPUN[V^HYPUJS\KLKH]LUNPUNHRPSSPUN University and currently mistreatment, or abduction.” At around fourteenth engaged in research projects on contentious JLU[\Y`HZ*OPUH»ZYLNPVUHSWV^LYILNHU[VNYV^ politics, revolutions, and (IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV [OLYLJVUÄN\YH[PVUVM social movements in the Philippines. (email: [OLZLH[YHKLTVZ[SPRLS`MHJPSP[H[LK[OLZOPWTLU[ [email protected]) of gunpowder to the Philippines. As pointed out by 24 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 25 TVZ[ZJOVSHYZVU[OLVYPNPUZVMÄYLHYTZ[OLJVUZVSPKH[PVUVMWV^LYVM[OL4PUN +\[JOHUK[OLUSH[LYVU[OLFilipinos themselves (Phelan 1959; Scott 1970; K`UHZ[` TH`OH]LOLSWLKZWYLHK[OLRUV^SLKNLHUK[LJOUVSVNPLZ 4HSSHYP "3V`YL "(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV VMN\UWV^KLY[OYV\NO[OLPYTPSP[HY`HUKLJVUVTPJLUNHNLTLU[Z.VVKYPJO Chia-Sheng 1946; Ling 1947).2 These interactions may have given the local 0U)PJVS-Y-YHUJPZJV4HSSHYP:1PUOPZYLHKPUNVM[OLEreccion de Pueblos— ‘datus’ the opportunity to upgrade their military equipment. In the absence of a Albay (1799-1864) said that: JLU[YHSPaLKZ`Z[LTVMJVU[YVSHUKYLN\SH[PVUPU[OLHYJOPWLSHNVP[TH`ILZHML[V The petitions for weapons ring with a tone of piteous urgency born of Z\YTPZL[OH[[OL\UYLN\SH[LKMV\Y[LLU[OJLU[\Y`[YHKPUNJLU[LYZPU;VUKV4HSHP years of seemingly irremediable and unrelenting torment at the hands TVKLYUKH`4PUKVYVHUK:\S\^LYL[OLÄYZ[HYLHZPU[OL7OPSPWWPUL[VHJ[\HSS` of the Muslims. Of the twenty seven pueblos and VUL]PZP[HVUS`[OL WVZZLZZ\ZLKPZWVZLHUKTH`ILSH[LYVUTHU\MHJ[\YL[OLLHYS`HUK`L[[VIL W\LISVVM(SIH`KPKUV[HZRMVYHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVUThe arms in its KPJOVTP[PaLKPLSLNHSHUKPSSLNHSÄYLHYTZPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ possession, including those of private individuals, its report claimed, ^LYLZ\MÄJPLU[MVYKLMLUZLW\YWVZLZ. (italics supplied) (Mallari 1987: +\YPUN[OLLTIY`VUPJ`LHYZVM[OL:WHUPZOJVSVUPHSY\SL[OLJVUÅPJ[Z[OH[ZH^ 194) the death of Magellan and eventual crush of most sea trade centers of the HYJOPWLSHNVYL]LHSLK[OLPUP[PHSZ[HNLVM[OL7OPSPWWPULÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`0U[OL ;O\Z[OLKLTHUKMVYÄYLHYTZK\YPUN[OLJVSVUPHSWLYPVK^HZ[VHSHYNLL_[LU[ HJJV\U[ZVM4VSPUH [OLWLYZVUHSUHYYH[P]LZVMZVTL:WHUPZOOPZ[VYPHUZ M\LSLKI`[OLJVUÅPJ[^P[O[OL4VYVZ that were present in the expeditions all implied the existence of the pre-Spanish ÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`(JJVYKPUN[V4VSPUH H]HPSHISLMVY\ZLI`-PSPWPUVZPU 0UKLHSPUN^P[O[OLYLZPZ[HUJL[OL:WHUPZOJVSVUPHSNV]LYUTLU[PTWVZLKH [OLLHYS``LHYZVMJVSVUPaH[PVU^LYLSVUNHYTZHUKJHUUVUZ0IPK;HRLUMYVT JLU[YHSPaLKJVU[YVSV]LY[OLW\YJOHZLWVZZLZZPVUHUK\ZLVMÄYLHYTZVM[OL his quotation of a letter from a certain Guido de Lavezares to then King Felipe native indios. Segundo (Philip II of Spain): “The people are the most valiant yet found in these regions; they posses much good armor… and some arquebuses and culverins” ;OL[OYLH[WVZLKI`-PSPWPUVZIV[O[OLindios and ChineseMVYJLK[OL:WHUPZO KL3H]LaHYLZ "0U)LUP[La !"JP[LKPU4VSPUH ! 3 It is JVSVUPaLYZ[VPTWVZLHJVTWYLOLUZP]LJVU[YVSVUÄYLHYTZHJYVZZ[OLJV\U[Y` HZZ\TLK[OH[[OL\ZLVMTL[HSZTLS[PUN[LJOUVSVNPLZHY[VMTL[HSJHZ[PUNHUK ;OPZ^HZ[OLÄYZ[L_WLYPLUJLVMKPJOV[VTPaPUNSLNHSHUKPSSLNHSÄYLHYTZPU N\UWV^KLYJV\WSLK^P[O[OLRUV^SLKNLHUKZRPSS[OH[HYLZOHYLK[OYV\NO[OL the Philippines. Only the central government had the sole control of legal LJVUVTPJHUKWVSP[PJHSSPURZ[OH[[PTLTH`OH]LWH]LK[OL^H`MVY[OL-PSPWPUV»Z ÄYLHYTZHUKHYTHTLU[Z\WWS`T\ZRL[ZJHUUVUZHUKN\UWV^KLY[OYV\NO \ZLVMTL[HSHUKÄYLPU^HYMHYL [OLJVU[YHJ[ZIL[^LLU]HYPV\ZZ[H[LZ5L[OLYSHUKZ*OPUHVY)YP[HPUVYWYP]H[L companies or individuals (local gunsmiths) operating in Spain and in the +\YPUN[OLL_WLKP[PVUZ[OL:WHUPHYKZ(U[VUPVKL4VYNHPTWSPLK[OL Philippines (Arenas 1850; In Diaz-Trechuelo 1964; Mallari 1987). It is assumed Z\IZPZ[LUJLVMSVJHSÄYLHYTPUK\Z[Y`PU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ! [OH[[OPZJVU[YVSSPUNWV^LY^HZYPNPKS`PTWVZLK[V[OLPUKPVZHUK^HZSVVZLS` ¸:PUJL[OL`OH]LZLLU[OL:WHUPHYKZ\ZL[OLPY^LHWVUZTHU`VM[OL imposed to the Spaniards living in the Philippines. natives handle the arquebuses and T\ZRL[ZX\P[LZRPSSM\SS`)LMVYL[OL arrival of Spaniards they had bronze culverins and other pieces of ;OLJVSVUPHS»ZNV]LYUTLU[»ZKLZPYL[VPTWVZLºJVU[YVS»VUÄYLHYTZWVZZLZZPVU JHZ[PYVU^P[O^OPJO[OL`KLMLUKLK[OLPYMVY[Z (to address the resistance) versus the need to defend the territory against HUKZL[[SLTLU[ZHS[OV\NO[OLPYWV^KLYPZUV[ZV 2 The use of sulphur (liu), H[[HJRZMYVTP[ZLULTPLZH[[OL[PTL[OL4VYVZ^HZHZLYPV\ZJVUJLYUMVY[OL saltpetre or potassium ^LSSYLÄULKHZ[OH[VM[OL:WHUPHYKZ¹KL4VYNH nitrate (hsiao) and charcoal Spanish government. In the letter sent by a representative from the Consulado 1595: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, PU.HYJPH as the main ingredients de Manila, Spanish authority tried to explain its reluctance to supply guns and ! "JP[LKPU4VSPUH ! in producing gunpowder ammunitions to the devastated Bicol territories: was already perfected by the Chinese as early as Spanish Period. The coming in of Spaniards A.D. 85. This therefore ;OLYLHYLTHU`KPMÄJ\S[PLZPUHYTPUNHSS[OLW\LISVZZV[OH[[OL`JHU goes beyond and obviously catalyzed a major change in the political and social transcends the use of KLMLUK[OLTZLS]LZ^OLUH[[HJRLK![OLÄYZ[PZ[V[YHPUHUKZ\WWS` state of affairs in Philippine society. The used-to-be ‘fire’ in warfare by the ^P[OHTT\UP[PVUHZ\IQ\NH[LKWLVWSL"HUK[OLZLJVUKPU[OLÄUHS fragmented Filipino communities were drawn to the early Assyrian and Greek HUHS`ZPZILPUNWLHZHU[ZKL]VPKVMVYKLYSLHKLYHUKJV\YHNLH[[OL civilizations. See also centralized Spanish colonial power. Carman, W. (1965). SLHZ[Z\YWYPZL[OL`ÅLL^OLYL]LY[OL`JHUHIHUKVUPUN[OLPYHYTZHUK 3 Arquebuses are the old HTT\UP[PVUZ^OPJOMHSSPU[V[OLOHUKZVM[OLLULTPLZ0U[OPZTHUULY long arm rifle which The Spanish government asserted its supremacy uses wood and a metal the Muslims have seized many cannon. (italics supplied) (Paterno over the Filipino inhabitants through religion and civil tube to propel an object. 1872:2; In Mallari 1987: 206) Culverins, on the other and military power. Throughout the more than three hand, are those early JLU[\YPLZVMY\SL[OPZUL^Z`Z[LTVMNV]LYUTLU[^HZ cannons called ‘Lantaka’ The supply of armaments for most of the rebel and resistance movements tested by internecine clashes in the islands brought used by native Filipinos. \Z\HSS`JVTLMYVTN\UYL[YPL]HSZHUKYHPKZI\[[OLYLPZHSZVYLHZVU[VILSPL]L See Molina, M. (1993), I`[OLUH[P]LPUOHIP[HU[Z4VYV[VNL[OLY^P[O[OL p.17. that the Moros get their supply through the unregulated international sea 26 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 27 [YHKL;OL4VYVZYHPKLK:WHUPZOHYTVYPLZHUKYL[YPL]LK:WHUPZOT\ZRL[ZHUK Danao gun-smiths JHUUVUZHM[LY[OLHYTLKJSHZOLZ4HSSHYP 0UHUHJJV\U[KLWPJ[PUN allegedly acquired the fate of the Spanish forces during a series of Moro offensives in a Spanish the skill in gun 0SPNHU-VY[MYVT [OL4VYVZ^LYLRUV^U[VILJHWHISLVMLHZPS` making during the adapting to the ways of their enemies: Spanish period. ¯B:WHUPHYKZDJVU[PU\LKP[ZZ[Y\NNSLMVYZ\Y]P]HS^P[OV\[HU`PUJYLHZL According to Roble (2009), the in troops while the Moros became more and more daring. They copied Spaniards usually the Spaniards’ coats, mail, helmets and increased their number of bring their guns to ÄYLHYTZ0[PZLHZ`[V\UKLYZ[HUK^O`:WHUPZOZVSKPLYZKPKUV[SPRL the black smiths in being detailed in Mindanao. (italics supplied) (Loyre 1987: 166) Danao. These black smiths eventually learned how to (UV[OLYZV\YJLVMPSSLNHSÄYLHYTZK\YPUN[OPZ[PTL^HZ[OLZ[H[LHJ[VYZ fabricate guns. [OLTZLS]LZ([[OLOLPNO[VM[OL:WHUPZOJVSVUPaH[PVUSVJHSVMÄJPHSZ^LYL often accused of selling or leasing guns to unauthorized individuals (Mallari 4VYLV]LY[OLLULTPLZVM:WHPU^LYLHSZVRUV^U[VZ\WWS`HYTZ[V WHY[PJPWH[LPUWVSPJ`THRPUN(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV +\YPUN[OPZWLYPVK YLILS-PSPWPUVZ+\YPUN[OL5L[OLYSHUKZ:WHPUHUK.YLH[)YP[HPU:WHPU^HYZ -PSPWPUVZLUQV`LKHUPUJS\ZP]LZ`Z[LTVMLK\JH[PVUWYVMLZZPVUHSPaH[PVUVM[OL [OLÄYLHYTZ\ZLKPU[OL4VYVL_WLKP[PVUZ[V:WHUPZO[LYYP[VYPLZ^LYL\Z\HSS` I\YLH\JYHJ`HUKYLSH[P]LZ[HIPSP[`PU[OLWLHJLHUKVYKLYZP[\H[PVUHJYVZZ[OL ZV\YJLKMYVT[OL+\[JOHUK[OL)YP[PZOMVYJLZ4HSSHYP country. +\YPUN[OLSH[L Z[OLJYHJRZPU[OL:WHUPZONV]LYUTLU[PU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ ;OLYL^LYLZL]LYHSKPMÄJ\S[PLZ[OH[JVUMYVU[LK[OL(TLYPJHUJVSVUPaH[PVU ÄUHSS`LTLYNLK-PYZ[[OYV\NO[OLPUÅ\_VM[OLilustrado class to the European -PYZ[Q\Z[ILMVYLP[MVYTHSS`HZZ\TLKWV^LYH[[OL[\YUVM[OLJLU[\Y`[OLHYT` JVU[PULU[HUL^MVYTVMHU[P:WHUPZOZLU[PTLU[LTLYNLKPU[OLYLMVYTPZ[ of the revolutionary government of President Emilio Aguinaldo posed a major 7YVWHNHUKHTV]LTLU[:JO\THJOLY 0U[OLPYU\TLYV\Z[YH]LSZHJYVZZ hurdle for the foundational period of the American government (Hutchcroft ,\YVWL[OPZÄYZ[NLULYH[PVUVM-PSPWPUVUH[PVUHSPZ[ZOHKZV^U[OLZLLKZVM (YTLK^P[OYPÅLZ4H\ZLYZ9LTPUN[VUZ4\YH[HZHUK(TILYZ revolution through ideational diffusion of liberalism and nationalism (Arcilla 1991; [OLYLTHPUPUN TLTILYZVM[OLYL]VS\[PVUHY`HYT`VM(N\PUHSKV^LYL (IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV "(UKLYZVU :LJVUKHZHYLZWVUZL[V[OLZL immediately mobilized in 1899 to resist the American occupation (Zaide 1954). KL]LSVWTLU[Z-PSPWPUVZX\PJRS`VYNHUPaLKHU\UKLYNYV\UKHYTLKTV]LTLU[ -YVTVULWYV]PUJL[VHUV[OLY[OPZJV\U[Y`^PKLYLZPZ[HUJLIYH]LK[OLZ\WLYPVY called Katipunan(NVUJPSSV "(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV ÄYLHYTZHUKTVYLL_WLYPLUJLK(TLYPJHUTPSP[HY`JVU[PUNLU[+LZWP[L[OL announcement of the American president Theodore Roosevelt of the end of KatipunanNV[P[ZÄYLHYTZ[OYV\NOZLPa\YLZHUKYL[YPL]HSZ(NVUJPSSV OVZ[PSP[PLZPU ]HYPV\ZMVYTZVMHYTLKYLZPZ[HUJLHNHPUZ[[OL(TLYPJHUZ :VTLSVJHSVMÄJPHSZSPRL[OL[OLU`V\UN4H`VYVM2H^P[*H]P[LHUKSH[LYVUÄYZ[ continued across the country. 7YLZPKLU[VM[OL7OPSPWWPUL9LW\ISPJ,TPSPV(N\PUHSKVHSZVOLSWLKPUYHPKPUN HYTVYPLZVYL]LUZLPaPUNÄYLHYTZMYVT[OL:WHUPZOTPSP[HY`MVYJLZ(NVUJPSSV The Administrative Code of the Philippines (ACP) (1917) attempted to re- 3PRL^PZL[OL 28 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 29 Sections 884 – Empowered the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary to issue JHSSPUNMVY[OLZ\YYLUKLYVMHSSÄYLHYTZHJYVZZ[OLJV\U[Y`5L]LY[OLSLZZPUP[Z license to dealers and sellers of guns [^VKLJHKLZVMVWLYH[PVU[OLL]LU[\HSYL[YLH[VM[OL727:[HSPUPZ[JVTT\UPZ[ :LJ[PVU ¶ 7YP]H[LPUKP]PK\HSZHYLHSSV^LK[V\ZLÄYLHYTZMVYZLSM movement and the persistence of the use of private armies in the Philippines defense and other lawful purposes did not help much on the state’s effort to address the continued proliferation of ÄYLHYTZPU[OLJV\U[Y` +\YPUN[OL:LJVUK>VYSK>HY[OL(TLYPJHUNV]LYUTLU[^HZMVYJLK[V surrender the Philippine colonial sovereignty to the Japanese forces. To Marcos Era0U -LYKPUHUK4HYJVZ^VU[OLWYLZPKLUJ`HNHPUZ[[OL THPU[HPUWLHJLHUKVYKLYZWLJPÄJHSS`[VJVU[YVS[OLNYV^[OVM[OLOVTLNYV^U PUJ\TILU[7YLZPKLU[+PVZKHKV4HJHWHNHS;OLWYVSPMLYH[PVUVMWYP]H[LHYTPLZ N\LYPSSHMVYJL7HY[PKV2VT\UPZ[HUN7PSPWPUHZ727¶/\RIVUN)H`HU3HIHU of prominent political families and the rising criminality in the metropolis caused ZH/HWVU/<2)(3(/(7[OL1HWHULZLLUKVYZLK7OPSPWWPULNV]LYUTLU[ PU[LYUHSZLJ\YP[`WYVISLTZMVY[OL4HYJVZHKTPUPZ[YH[PVU(KRPUZ "2YL\aLY and the Japanese military forces imposed a total gun ban across the islands (SZV[OLWLYZPZ[LU[HYTLKJVUÅPJ[ZPUZVTLWHY[ZVMZV\[OLYU7OPSPWWPULZ *VUZ[HU[PUV *VUZ[HU[PUV "0U4VSPUH 4 and delegitimized the arms indicated the inability of the Philippine state to pacify the Muslim armed and ammunitions registered under the American government. The Japanese NYV\WZPU4PUKHUHV)` 4HYJVZOHUKLKKV^U7YVJSHTH[PVU VY[OL JVU[YVSSLK[OLTHU\MHJ[\YLVMÄYLHYTZ^OPSL[OL\UKLYNYV\UKTV]LTLU[ Declaration of Martial Law to quell moves to oust and undermine the Philippine HJX\PYLKP[ZÄYLHYTZMYVT[OLHYTHTLU[ZVM[OLVSKJVTTVU^LHS[ONV]LYUTLU[ KLTVJYH[PJNV]LYUTLU[(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV HUK[OL<:TPSP[HY`MVYJLZ>OLU[OL(TLYPJHUZHUK-PSPWPUVZÄUHSS`YLJSHPTLK [OL7OPSPWWPUL0ZSHUKZMYVT[OL1HWHULZLPU HSS[OH[^HZTHKLPSSLNHS\UKLY 0U[OLSH[L Z[OL4HYJVZNV]LYUTLU[ZH^[OLYPZLVM[OL4HVPZ[JVTT\UPZ[ the Japanese government was again made lawful. NYV\W*VTT\UPZ[7HY[`VM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ*77HUKP[ZHYTLK^PUN5L^ People’s Army (NPA) as a major threat to national security. With the impending Post-Second World War Era.(M[LY[OL^HY[OLLZ[HISPZOTLU[VM[OLUL^ LJVUVTPJJYPZPZHUK[OLKLLWLUPUNWVSP[PJHSWYVISLTZJH\ZLKI`JVU[PU\LK 7OPSPWWPULZ[H[LMHJLK[^VTHPUJOHSSLUNLZPUP[ZLMMVY[[VYLN\SH[LÄYLHYTZ YLSPHUJLVU[OL(TLYPJHUZ[OLJVTT\UPZ[TV]LTLU[YHWPKS`NYL^HUK across the archipelago: emergence of private armies in the rural areas and the developed into a strong armed movement in the mid-seventies (Daroy 1988; YHKPJHSPaH[PVUVM[OLJVTT\UPZ[TV]LTLU[[OL7HY[PKV2VT\UPZ[HUN7PSPWPUHZ 9VJHTVYH ";OVTWZVU :PUJLP[ZPUJLW[PVUPU [OLJVTIPULK (PKP). The PKP-HUKBALAHAP5 was the only organized and stable non-liberal armaments of the old PKP cadres and captured weapons from the military democratic political force since the arrival of the Americans at the turn of the allowed the new communist movement to arm its growing number of cadres twentieth century. It became a formidable force during the reconstruction period K\YPUN[OLOL`KH`VM[OLTHY[PHSSH^LYH;PNSHV (SZVK\YPUN[OLWLYPVK of the post-World War II Philippines. Inspired by its successful operations during VM [OL4HYJVZHKTPUPZ[YH[PVUMHJLKHUV[OLYJOHSSLUNLMYVT[OL [OL:LJVUK>VYSK>HY[OL727/<2)(3(/(7^OPJO[OLUTL[HTVYWOVZLK Muslim local politicians and warlords. Despite the government efforts to mollify PU[V/\RIVUN4HWHNWHSH`HUN)H`HUB/4)D [OLNYV^PUN\UYLZ[PU4PUKHUHV4\ZSPTHYTLKTPSP[PHZHUKPKLHSPZ[Z[\KLU[Z during this period continued its struggle against the 4 According to Constantino VYNHUPaLK[OLTZLS]LZ[V^OH[PZUV^RUV^UHZ[OL4VYV5H[PVUHS3PILYH[PVU continued presence of the elite-dominated Philippine & Constantino, 1978, Front (MNLF). In addition to the military equipment and armaments it obtained WVSP[PJZKLUV\UJLK[OLKLUPHSVMJVUNYLZZPVUHS the Japanese made such [OYV\NOMVYLPNUIHJRPUN453-YLJLP]LKV[OLYMVYTZVMMVYLPNUZ\WWVY[Z\JO declaration on 19 February seats of the Democratic AllianceJHUKPKH[LZHUK 1942. HZÄUHUJPHSLN2HKKHÄVM3PI`HTPSP[HY`[YHPUPUN4HSH`ZPHHUKZ\WWSPLZ;\U asserted the Filipinos’ right to arms through armed 5 Hukbalahap or Hukbo Mustapha of Brunei) (Noble 1981; Thompson 1995). ng Bayan Laban sa N\LYPSSHZ[Y\NNSL4VSPUH "(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV Hapon started as a 2005).6-VY[OLMVYTLY[OLYLJVUZ[Y\J[PVUWLYPVKVM anti-Japanese guerilla 7YVJSHTH[PVU PZZ\LKVU:LW[LTILY ^HZ4HYJVZ»JVUJYL[L the post Second World War Philippines also allowed movement. After the war YLZWVUZL[V[OLZLJOHSSLUNLZ(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV 0UP[ZLMMVY[[V and after independence, the the local leaders to further consolidate their powers Hukbalahap merged with SLNP[PTPaL[OLTPSP[HY`NV]LYUTLU[HUK[V\UKLYTPUL[OL\ZLVMÄYLHYTZVMIV[O through the mobilization of private armies in their the communist forces. PUZ\YNLU[ZHUKZLJLZZPVUPZ[TV]LTLU[Z4HYJVZWYVT\SNH[LK[OLMVSSV^PUN 6 Democratic Alliance SVJHSP[PLZ2YL\aLY >P[O[OLYLSH[P]L^LHRULZZ was a radical political state policies under the Martial law regime (Molina 1993): VM[OLJLU[YHSNV]LYUTLU[[OH[[PTLTVZ[VM[OLSVJHS party of the post-second .LULYHS6YKLY5V ¶ WYVOPIP[PVU[V\ZL\USPJLUZLKÄYLHYTZ WVSP[PJHSMHTPSPLZYLZVY[LK[V[OL\ZLVMÄYLHYTZHUK world war composed of .LULYHS6YKLY5V ¶ H\[OVYPaPUN\UPMVYTLKWLYZVUULS[VJHYY`ÄYLHYTZ former nacionalistas and NVVUZPUHZZLY[PUN[OLPYWVSP[PJHSPUÅ\LUJLHTVUN[OL members of PKP. In 1957, General Order No. 07-A – inclusion of other government agents to the people in their respective territories (Molina 1993; the Philippine government, authorization order (National Bureau of Investigation under President Carlos ;OVTWZVU "2YL\aLY 0UYLZWVUZL[V[OL P. Garcia, passed the and Prison Guards) growing tension between HMB and the Philippine anti-Subversion law which .LULYHS6YKLY5V ¶ SHPKKV^U[OLN\PKLSPULZVU[OLJSHZZPÄJH[PVUVM government and the proliferation of armed groups made it illegal to join or to ÄYLHYTZ be part of the communist PU[OLSVJHSP[PLZ[OL9V_HZHKTPUPZ[YH[PVUZV\NO[[V insurgency group and bolster the extant regulative measures through the participate in any of its +\YPUN[OLTHY[PHSSH^`LHYZ]HYPV\ZZLJ[VYZYLZWVUKLK[V[OLYLWYLZZP]L operations. See Abinales WYVT\SNH[PVUVM9LW\ISPJ(J[UVVU 1\S` and Amoroso (2005). tendencies of the Marcos government through the mobilization of anti-Marcos 30 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 31 movements. Some members of social democratic organizations (e.g. Partido HZLYPLZVMJV\WZ^OPJOHSTVZ[SLK[VHKPZHWWVPU[PUNKLMLH[VM[OLÅLKNPUN +LTVRYH[PRV:VZ`HSPZ[HUN7PSPWPUHZVY7+:7HUK:(5+0.(5LUNHNLKPU Philippine democratic state: May 1986-Loyalist Failed Coup; 06 July 1986- underground insurrectionist activities. The Light a Fire Movement (LAFM) was Manila Hotel Proclamation; 23 November 1986-God Save the Queen Fiasco; VYNHUPaLKPU(WYPS MVSSV^PUN[OLMHPS\YL[VNHPUSL]LYHNLPU[OLLSLJ[VYHS 1HU\HY` .4( :PLNL"(WYPS )SHJR:H[\YKH`9LILSSPVU"1\S` exercise. The group used arson and explosives to vilify the Marcos regime. MIA Foiled Hostage Attempt; August 1987-August Bloody Coup Attempt; ;OVTWZVU 0U ^P[O[OLJHW[\YLVMZVTL3(-4VWLYH[P]LZ[OL +LJLTILY ;OYLL+H`:PLNL(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV "-LYUHUKLa 7 (WYPS:P_3PILYH[PVU4V]LTLU[(:34\ZLK[OLZHTLZ[YH[LN`HUKUL[^VYR 0UHUVKK[^PZ[VMMH[L[OLZLJVUK7YLZPKLU[HM[LY[OL,+:(9L]VS\[PVU-VYTLY for weapons use and operations against the dictatorship (Thompson 1995). 7YLZPKLU[(YYV`VHSZVMHJLKHU\TILYVMTPSP[HY`HK]LU[\YPZTHUKYHKPJHSPZT! ;OYV\NOV\[[OPZWLYPVK[OLNV]LYUTLU[VM4HYJVZ\ZLKHSSP[ZYLZV\YJLZ 1\S`6HR^VVK4\[PU`"-LIY\HY` -VPSLK,+:((UUP]LYZHY` Notwithstanding the restoration of freedom and the promise of restructuring Illegal firearms [OL7OPSPWWPULLJVUVT`[OL`LHYZ[OH[JHTLHM[LY[OL4HYJVZKPJ[H[VYZOPW proliferation is were predominantly unstable due to the periodic assaults made by numerous a long-standing armed groups from the post-Marcos era. The post-Marcos Philippine state problem that dates Z[PSSMHJLKHULUVYTV\Z[HZRVMTHPU[HPUPUNWLHJLHUKVYKLY[OYV\NOV\[[OL back from the time country by addressing challenges posed by the remaining insurgent groups of colonization. 57(453-403-HZ^LSSHZI`JVU[YVSSPUNWYP]H[LHYTPLZWYVSPMLYH[PVUVM UVUZ[H[LHYTLKNYV\WZLNRPKUHWMVYYHUZVTNYV\WZHUKL]LUWSHJH[PUN[OL 7 Depending on how one various orientations. With the eventual integration defines the concept of NYV^PUNKPZPSS\ZPVUTLU[VMP[ZTPSP[HY`(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV "+VULSS` " VMZVTLVM[OL453-MVYJLZPU [OLZWSPU[LY ‘coup’, the number of the Fernandez 2006; Kreuzer 2009; Kraft 2010; Santos 2010b). For the Philippine NYV\W403-PUOLYP[LK[OLZLJLZZPVUPZ[Z[Y\NNSLVM[OL attempted military takeover NV]LYUTLU[[OLLMMVY[[VHZZLY[P[ZH\[OVYP[`HUKSLNP[PTHJ`V]LY[OLZLHYTLK during the time of Aquino Moro population in the southern Philippines (Santos ranges from seven to ten. NYV\WZOLH]PS`PUÅ\LUJLK[OLYLN\SH[PVUVM[OLÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y` H"(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV :PUJLP[ZPUJLW[PVU For this paper, I used the works of both Fernandez PU [OL403-THUHNLK[VYLJY\P[[OV\ZHUKZVM (2006) and Santos (2010c) Compared to the previous periods during which the old Philippine state armed personnel and establish huge military bases in to quantify the coups during M\UJ[PVULKHJJVYKPUN[V[OLKLTHUKZVM[OLJVSVUPHSWV^LYZ[OLJVU[LTWVYHY` 4PUKHUHV:HU[VZH;VKH[LKLZWP[LP[ZPUP[PHS the Aquino administration. 8 This military uprising exercise of political power is conditioned by challenges from an array of armed YL[YLH[PU[OLTPSP[HY`Z[YLUN[OVM403-YLTHPULK is divided into two: 25 NYV\WZL_[LUKPUNMYVTIV[OL_[YLTLZVM[OLWVSP[PJHSZWLJ[Y\T;V[OLYPNO[PZ relatively stable due to its strong military presence February foiled plan to [OLTPSP[HY`Z[PSS[Y`PUN[VJSPUN[VWV^LYP[LUQV`LKK\YPUN[OLTHY[PHSSH^`LHYZ mobilize in EDSA and 26 PUZVTLWHY[ZVM4PUKHUHV(WHY[MYVT403-[OL February stand-off in the OLUJLH[V[HSVMLSL]LUJV\WK»L[H[Z^LYLLUK\YLKI`7YLZ*VYHaVU(X\PUV culmination of the MNLF’s struggle also led to the Marine barracks in Fort K\YPUNOLY[LYT(IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV ":HU[VZJ-YVT [V IPY[OVMHUV[OLYOVTLNYV^U4\ZSPTZLWHYH[PZ[NYV\W Bonifacio. See Coronel (2007) for the detailed the Aquino government braved the ire of the disgruntled military personnel in JHSSLKº(S/HYHRH[\S0ZSHTP``H»VY0ZSHTPJ4V]LTLU[VY accounts. 32 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 33 WVW\SHYS`RUV^UHZAbu SayyafNYV\W+VULSS` ":HU[VZ +PUHTWV The vestiges of the old armed entities of the local political families still remained As a distinct group that was borne out of a dream to have an independent HZHZLYPV\Z[OYLH[[VWVZ[4HYJVZYLNPTLZ2YL\aLY +\YPUNLSLJ[PVUZ )HUNZHTVYVZ[H[LAbu Sayyaf appropriated both the ideals and principles of private armies are still used by local politicians to harass voters and opponents the MNLF nationalistic stance and MILF Islamic orientation. Due to its size and to entrench themselves to power (Kreuzer 2009; Paredes 2010). Prior to the JVTTP[TLU[[VP[ZPKLVSVNPJHSVYPLU[H[PVUZHUKWYPUJPWSLZAbu Sayyaf uses LSLJ[PVUZ[OLWYVISLTVMWYP]H[LHYTPLZÄUHSS`LY\W[LKPU[VHUPU[LYUH[PVUHS [LYYVYHJ[P]P[PLZHZP[ZTHQVYZ[YH[LN`:PUJL (I\:H``HMOHZILLUHJ[P]L media frenzy when close to sixty bodies were discovered in an isolated place PUHZZHZZPUH[PVUH[[LTW[ZIVTIPUNZRPKUHWWPUNZT\[PSH[PVUHUKKLJHWP[H[PVU PU[OLWYV]PUJLVM4HN\PUKHUHV(WWYV_PTH[LS`[^VO\UKYLKWVSPJLVMÄJLYZ (IPUHSLZ (TVYVZV 0UZ\JJLLKPUN`LHYZ4\ZSPTZLJLZZPVUPZ[NYV\WZ HUKJP]PSPHU]VS\U[LLYVYNHUPaH[PVU*=6TLTILYZ^LYLJOHYNLKMVYHSSLNLKS` mushroomed rapidly (i.e. Rajah Sulayman Group) and later on became executing about sixty civilians and media operatives upon the alleged orders of º[LYYVYPZ[Z»I`UH[\YL:HU[VZI0UMHJ[[OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSJVTT\UP[`HM[LY Z\ZWLJ[LKTHZ[LYTPUK(UKHS(TWH[\HU1Y7OPSPWWPUL+HPS`0UX\PYLY [OL:LW[LTILYH[[HJRZPUJS\KLK[OLZLNYV\WZ[VHSHYNLYUL[^VYRVMºQPOHKPZ[» operating around the world. Final note ;OLWHZ[H[[LTW[ZH[ZVJPHSJVU[YVSVYYLN\SH[PVUVM[OLÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`PU[OL ;\YUPUNUV^[V[OLVWWVZP[LZPKLVM[OLZWLJ[Y\T[OLYLTV]HSVM4HYJVZ Philippines was a product of its state-building effort. and the eventual return of democracy in the Philippines forced the Philippine Left to rupture into factions and to burgeon into numerous movements with ;OLJVU[LTWVYHY`MYHTL^VYRVMNV]LYUHUJLPZOLH]PS`PUÅ\LUJLKI`P[ZLMMVY[[V KPMMLYPUNSLM[PZ[VYPLU[H[PVUZ6U[OLVULZPKL[OLJVTT\UPZ[3LM[VY[OLUH[PVUHS consolidate the legitimate use of force by state actors and undermine the armed KLTVJYH[PJTV]LTLU[Z*7757(HUKP[ZKLTVJYH[PJHYT5H[PVUHS+LTVJYH[PJ JHWHJP[`VMUVUZ[H[LHJ[VYZ:VTLJSHYP[`PZULJLZZHY`OV^L]LY[V^HYKZ -YVU[B5+-DNYLL[LK[OLUL^KLTVJYH[PJ7OPSPWWPULZ[H[L^P[OZLYPV\ZMHSSV\[ civilian gun ownership. HTVUN[OLYHURZVM[OLVUJLZ[YVUNUL[^VYRVMJVTT\UPZ[JHKYLZ;OLPU[LYUHS Z[YPML^HZYVV[LKPU[OLNYV^PUNKPMMLYLUJLZHTVUNWHY[`VMÄJPHSZV]LY[OLM\[\YL It has been elucidated in the chapter that the state has exerted efforts to of the communist Left under the new Philippine state (Rocamora 1994; Quimpo ¸UL\[YHSPaL¹[OLJHWHJP[`VMUVUZ[H[LHYTLKNYV\WZ/V^L]LYPUHZMHYHZ +\LP[Z\U`PLSKPUNJVTTP[TLU[[V[OL4HY_PZ[3LUPUPZ[4HVPZ[WYPUJPWSLZ destructive capacity is concerned; there is a very thin line that separates a [OL*77YLZWVUKLK^P[O[OLW\ISPJH[PVUVM¸9LHMÄYTV\Y)HZPJ7YPUJPWSLZHUK civilian gun owner from a non-state armed group member. A civilian gun owner 9LJ[PM`[OL,YYVYZ¹3P^HUHN [VZPSLUJL[OLPU[YHWHY[`IPJRLYPUNHUKLUK can claim that its motivation to hold a gun is to protect property and family; the open objections of the ‘counter-revolutionaries’ against the leadership of a member of a non-state armed group can also say the same to justify its Jose Maria Sison of CPP-NPA-NDF (Rocamora 1994; Quimpo 2009). This later TLTILYZOPW[V[OLNYV\W>OPSL[OL`KPMMLYPUHJ[\HSPaPUN[OLPYTV[P]H[PVU[OL VUSLK[V^PKLZWYLHKWHY[`IYLHR\WHSVUNYLNPVUHSSPULZ^P[OZVTLYLJVNUPaPUN JHWHJP[`VMIV[O[VPUÅPJ[OHYTVUV[OLYZUVUL[OLSLZZPZ[OLZHTL [OLKVJ[YPUHS]HSPKP[`VM[OL¸9LHMÄYT¹Z[HUJL9LHMÄYTPZ[ZVY9(ZHUKV[OLYZ /LUJL[OPZWHWLYHYN\LZ[OH[HJSLHYWVZP[PVUHZYLNHYKZJP]PSPHUN\U VWLUS`YLQLJ[PUN[OL¸:[HSPUPZ[MHJ[PVU¹VM:PZVU9LQLJ[PVUPZ[ZVY91Z8\PTWV possession be woven in the state’s effort to address non-state armed groups. (ZHUVMMZOVV[VM[OPZZWSP[[OPZPUÄNO[PUNLY\W[LKPU[V[OLLZ[HISPZOTLU[ VMZWSPU[LYNYV\WZSPRL[OH[VM[OL9LIVS\Z`VUHY`VUN7HY[PKVUN4HUNNHNH^H 7PSPWPUHZ9747PU4H` 7HY[PKVUN4HUNNHNH^HUN7PSPWPUV747PU 1HU\HY` HUK[OL9LIVS\Z`VUHY`VUN7HY[PKVUN4HUNNHNH^H4PUKHUHV 97448\PTWV 0U[OL`LHYZHM[LY[OLIYLHR\W[VNL[OLY^P[O[OL*77 57([OLZLNYV\WZHSZVHKVW[LKHYTLKZ[Y\NNSLHZ[OLPYTLHUZ[VLUNHNL[OL Philippine state (Rodriguez 2010). 6U[OLV[OLYOHUK[OLL_PZ[LUJLVMWYP]H[LHYTLKNYV\WZVYHYTLKPUKP]PK\HSZ tends to challenge or undermine the government’s monopoly over the use of MVYJLHJYVZZ[OLHYJOPWLSHNV;OLZWH[LVMRPSSPUNZHSSLNLKS`WLYWL[YH[LKI` ]PNPSHU[LZN\UMVYOPYLPUKP]PK\HSZHZZHZZPUNHUNZZ`UKPJH[LZHUKL]LU[OL dreaded private armies reveal government’s failure to control peace and order IV[OPU[OL\YIHUHUKY\YHSHYLHZ-YVT [V [OLH]LYHNL[V[HSJYPTL JVTTP[[LKWLYWVW\SH[PVU^HZ 5:*)0U[OL Z [OL7OPSPWWPULZ^HZJVUMYVU[LK^P[ORPKUHWMVYYHUZVTJHZLZPU]VS]PUN*OPULZL UH[PVUHSZPU[OL\YIHUHYLH4J*V` +\YPUN[OPZ[PTLHSZVZLJLZZPVUPZ[ NYV\WZSPRLAbu Sayyaf[\YULKPU[VHRPKUHWMVYYHUZVT2-9NYV\W[OH[ZL[VMM HZLYPLZVM2-9JHZLZPU]VS]PUNIV[O-PSPWPUVZHUKMVYLPNULYZ:HU[VZI" :HU[VZ +PUHTWV 34 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 3 | History of Firearms Proliferation in the Philippines 35 JVYYLZWVUKPUNWLUHS[PLZMVY]PVSH[PVUZ:PTPSHYS`P[HSZVWYV]PKLZMVY[OLY\SLZ CHAPTER 4 [OH[NV]LYUTLUHUK^VTLUPU\UPMVYTPUHZMHYHZÄYLHYTZWVZZLZZPVUHUK\ZL are concerned. The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership State Control and Civilian Possession: Legal Domain Jennifer Santiago Oreta Rules and laws are social control measures imposed by the state to create with Bernadette Eugenio Z[HUKHYKZHUKWHYHTL[LYZHZYLNHYKZHWHY[PJ\SHYJVUJLYU;OL`OH]L[O\Z[OL ÅH[[LUPUN effect such that their implementation is sweeping and indiscriminate. 36 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 37 What ensued was a tug-of-war between the government’s effort to strengthen KL[LYYLU[LMMLJ[HZYLNHYKZPSSLNHSWVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZ;OLYLHSP[`PZ[OH[H P[ZJVU[YVSV]LYJP]PSPHUWVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZVUVULLUKHUK[OL724[OL NVVKU\TILYVMPSSLNHSN\UZYLTHPU\UHJJV\U[LK4VYLV]LY7+ OHZVM[LU /\RZHUK[OLPYZ\WWVY[LYZ»JVUZJPV\ZYLZPZ[HUJL[V[OLZ[H[LPTWVZP[PVUVU[OL ILLU\ZLK[VÄSLJOHYNLZHNHPUZ[Z\ZWLJ[LKYLILSZH^H`[VNVYV\UKHIV\[ other. the Hernandez Doctrine.9 9 The Hernandez Doctrine Because of the failure of the post-war government to demobilize the guerilla Not much has changed when Cory Aquino requires authorities to file TV]LTLU[[OLVSPNHYJOPJLSP[LNYL^PUJYLHZPUNS`LKN`K\L[V[OLJVU[PU\LK HZZ\TLK[OL7YLZPKLUJ`L_JLW[HM[LY[OL rebellion charges against suspected rebels. Since WVW\SHYP[`VM[OLN\LYPSSH»ZHNLUKHMVY[OLWVVY:SV^S`[OL`Z[HY[LKHTHZZPUN coup attempt. National Emergency Memorandun rebellion is a bailable ÄYLHYTZHUKYLJY\P[PUNWYP]H[LIVK`N\HYKZ[OH[L]LU[\HSS`[\YULKPU[VWYP]H[L Order No. 65,46 PZZ\LKPU ^HZHRULL offense, most often, however, authorities use “regular” armies. QLYRYLHJ[PVU[V[OLH[[LTW[LKJV\WYLX\PYPUN[OL criminal/ non-bailable offenses YLYLNPZ[YH[PVUVMHSSJP]PSPHUÄYLHYTZ[OLPU]LU[VY`VM in the filing of charges. 0U ^OLU4HYJVZKLJSHYLKTHY[PHSSH^[OLZ[H[LVM[OLUH[PVU^HZMHYMYVT HSSNV]LYUTLU[PZZ\LKÄYLHYTZHUK[OLJVUÄZJH[PVU Violation of PD 1866 is one of the most often used charges. 8 what Weber had idealized – it was a society with several nodes of governance VMHSS\USPJLUZLKÄYLHYTZ4VSPUH ;OL 10 United Nations-Program of operating in spaces that was beyond the reach of the state. (Shearing 2006) subsequent Executive Order 22 (1993) mandated Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons (UNPoA-SALW), 4VYLZVZLJ\YP[`VWLYH[PVUZ^LYLMHYIL`VUK[OLJVU[YVSVM[OLNV]LYUTLU[ [OLZ\YYLUKLYHUKSPJLUZPUNVMHSSSVVZLÄYLHYTZ 2001 ¶JLY[HPUWHY[ZVM[OLHYJOPWLSHNV^LYLJVU[YVSSLKI`N\LYYPSSHMYVU[ZHZ^LSSHZ and the establishment of a central records unit. 11 FED function includes by private armed groups under the tutelage of political landlords. ;VKH`[OLYLJVYKZ\UP[JSHPTZ[VOH]LJVTWSPLK 1. To supervise and control the importation/exportation, 10 to the UNPoA requirement of computerizing the manufacture, dealership, ;OLÄYZ[HJ[VM[OLTHY[PHSY\SL^HZ[VJVUÄZJH[L[OLÄYLHYTZPUJP]PSPHUOHUKZ FED records.) The synchronized election law (RA ownership, sale, transport, repair and carrying of VI]PV\ZS`[VWYL]LU[HU`ZPNUPÄJHU[MVYJL[VJOHSSLUNLP[ZWVSP[PJHSH\[OVYP[` 7166WHZZLKPU WYV]PKLKMVY[OLSLNHSIHZPZ firearms and ammunition. >OPSLP[LMMLJ[P]LS`ZPSLUJLKHSSP[ZJYP[PJZHUKYV\UKLK\WHZPNUPÄJHU[HTV\U[ VMN\UIHUK\YPUNLSLJ[PVUWLYPVK(WHY[MYVT[OLZL 2. To supervise and control the VMÄYLHYTZPUJP]PSPHUOHUKZ[OLN\LYPSSHNYV\WYLTHPULKHUKPYVUPJHSS`^HZ UVZPNUPÄJHU[SLNPZSH[PVUOHZILLUWHZZLKPU[OL importation/exportation, manufacture, dealership, strengthened during the repressive years. Marcos’ iron grip continued even after WVZ[4HYJVZWLYPVK;OLYLHYLVMJV\YZL3L[[LY purchase, sale, transport, [OLVMÄJPHSSPM[PUNVMTHY[PHSSH^PU +PYLJ[P]LZPZZ\LKI`[OL757+PYLJ[VY.LULYHSI\[ possession and use of explosives, blasting agents, these are more elucidation of implementing rules explosives ingredients and 6U1\UL 7YLZPKLU[PHS+LJYLL ^HZPZZ\LK7+ JVKPÄLK and regulations of existing laws. other explosives materials. ¸SH^ZVUPSSLNHS\USH^M\SWVZZLZZPVUTHU\MHJ[\YLKLHSPUNPUHJX\PZP[PVU 3. To supervise and control the manufacture, VYKPZWVZP[PVUVMÄYLHYTZHTT\UP[PVUVYL_WSVZP]LZVYPUZ[Y\TLU[Z\ZLKPU 0UZ\TY\SLZHUKYLN\SH[PVUVUÄYLHYTZHYLMVY[OL dealership, purchase and [OLTHU\MHJ[\YLVMÄYLHYTZHTT\UP[PVUVYL_WSVZP]LZHUKPTWVZPUNZ[PMMLY TVZ[WHY[JHW[P]LI`[OLNV]LYUTLU[»Z^H]LYPUN sale of firecrackers and pyrotechnics and their WLUHS[PLZMVYJLY[HPU]PVSH[PVUZ[OLYLVM¹>OPSLZLLTPUNS`PUUVJ\V\Z[OPZKLJYLL WVZP[PVUYPNPKP[`]ZÅL_PIPSP[`V]LYJP]PSPHUÄYLHYTZ» ingredients. was widely viewed as directed against the leftist rebels. possession. 4. To supervise and control the operation of repair shops, gun clubs, hunting clubs PD 1866 was amended by 9LW\ISPJ(J[ ZPNULKPU[VSH^VU1\UL Managing The Legal Gun Trade and firing ranges. HUKRepublic Act 9516ZPNULKVU+LJLTILY 9( Firearms laws in the Philippines basically rests on 5. To support the PNP Units and other law enforcement PUJYLHZLK[OLWLUHS[PLZMVYPSSLNHSWVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZHUKPUJS\KLKPU[OL the premise that civilian possession is a privilege agencies in the operation KLÄUP[PVUVM¸\USPJLUZLKÄYLHYTZ¹ those with expired license and/or those with NYHU[LKI`[OL:[H[L/LUJLJP]PSPHUV^ULYZHUK and investigation of firearms and explosives SPJLUZLI\[HYL\ZLK^P[OV\[H\[OVYPaH[PVUPU[OLJVTTPZZPVUVMHJYPTL:LJ L]LUZ[H[LMVYJLZHJX\PYPUNÄYLHYTZMVYWYP]H[L\ZL related cases. 9( VU[OLV[OLYOHUKJSHYPÄLKM\Y[OLY[OLYLZWVUZPIPSP[PLZVM[OLV^ULY must secure a license. This is still within the frame 6. To act as the final repository ÄUHUJPLYTHU\MHJ[\YLYVML_WSVZP]LZHUKPUJLUKPHY`KL]PJLZHUKM\Y[OLY VMZ[H[LJVU[YVSHPTLKH[W\ISPJZHML[`I\[TH`ILH of all firearms records in the country. JSHYPÄLK[OLYLZWVUZPIPSP[PLZVMSH^LUMVYJLTLU[HNLUJPLZHUKNV]LYUTLU[ way to control and monopolize the legitimate use of 7. To formulate rules and VMÄJPHSZ instruments of violence. regulations pertinent to laws relative to firearms, ammunition, explosives, ;V[OPZKH`[OL9L]PZLK(KTPUPZ[YH[P]L*VKL9(*VM[OL7OPSPWWPULZHUK The law enforcement agency mandated to firecrackers and PD 1866 (as amended) remain to be the overarching rule in as far as civilian HKTPUPZ[LY[OLSPJLUZPUNVMÄYLHYTZPZ[OL-PYLHYTZ pyrotechnics, explosives ingredients and other 11 ÄYLHYTZ»WVZZLZZPVUPZJVUJLYULK/V^L]LY9(*HUK[OLWYV]PZPVUZVM7+ and Explosives Division (FED) of the Philippine explosives materials. 1866 (plus the subsequent amendments) seem (delete “direly”) inadequate as National Police (PNP). The unit is also responsible in 8. To conduct education on firearms and explosives they are focused on penalizing those in possession [YHJRPUNKV^UPSSLNHSN\UZPUJPYJ\SH[PVU laws, rules and regulations; VMPSSLNHSN\UZI\[KVUV[PUJS\KLTLHZ\YLZVUOV^ 8 Weber argues that only and gun safety and to go after the illegal guns in circulation. The punitive the state should have the Under the Civil Security Group (CSG) of the responsible gun ownership monopoly of the legitimate seminars. (PNP-FED, aspects of these laws obviously fail in creating a use of violence 7OPSPWWPUL5H[PVUHS7VSPJL-,+PZ[OLWYPTHY`\UP[ 2010:6) 38 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 39 YLZWVUZPISL^P[O[OLPTWSLTLU[H[PVUVM[OLÄYLHYTSH^ZPU[OLJV\U[Y`0[OHZ character” is meant to ensure that the applicant is responsible and compliant [OLWV^LYZVMZ\WLY]PZPVUHUKJVU[YVSV]LYSPJLUZPUNTHU\MHJ[\YPUN[YHKPUN [V[OLTHUKH[LVML_PZ[PUNSH^Z/LUJLPUKP]PK\HSZT\Z[NV[OYV\NOUL\YV [YHUZMLYYPUNHUKJHYY`PUNVMÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVUPUJS\KPUN[OLVWLYH[PVU WZ`JOPH[YPJ[LZ[ZHUKKY\N[LZ[ZMYVTNV]LYUTLU[HJJYLKP[LKHNLUJPLZHUKH VMYLWHPYZOVWZN\UJS\IZO\U[PUNJS\IZHUKÄYPUNYHUNLZ(SZVP[MVYT\SH[LZ gun safety seminar conducted by the PNP or duly accredited gun clubs. PTWSLTLU[PUNY\SLZHUKYLN\SH[PVUZWLY[PULU[[V[OLÄYLHYTZSH^ZPU[OLJV\U[Y` and carries out the corresponding public education necessary in disseminating These tests are mandatory apart from the various required documents that the rules and regulations. Its function of ‘issuing the implementing rules’ seems ULLK[VILZ\ITP[[LKSPRL[OLLTWSV`TLU[JLY[PÄJH[LPUJVTL[H_JLY[PÄJH[L paradoxical to its function of ‘supervision and control’: the unit that issues the WYVMLZZPVUHSSPJLUZLI\ZPULZZWLYTP[HZZLZZLK]HS\LVMSHUKHTVUNV[OLYZ Y\SLZPZHSZV[OLVUL[OH[PTWSLTLU[ZP[*OLJRHUKIHSHUJLTH`ILULJLZZHY` (SSWLY[PULU[HWWSPJH[PVUKVJ\TLU[ZT\Z[ILÄSLKPUWLYZVULP[OLYKPYLJ[S`[V[OL for greater effectiveness. 757-PYLHYTZHUK,_WSVZP]LZ+P]PZPVU-,+VY[OYV\NO[OLVMÄJL7YV]PUJPHS*P[` Police Directors (that serves as the FED conduit). Licensing and control. Licensing is the central method employed by the PNP [VJVU[YVSÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVU0[KYH^Z[OLSPUL[OH[ZLWHYH[LZSLNHSMYVTPSSLNHS (M[LYHSSKVJ\TLU[ZHYLÄSLKHWWSPJHU[WH`Z[OLHUU\HSSPJLUZLMLLZWYLZJYPILK ÄYLHYTZ;OLSPJLUZPUNWYVJLZZHWWSPLZ[VIV[O[OLPUKP]PK\HS^HU[PUN[VSLNHSS` by Executive Order No. 256HZHTLUKLK;OLHWWSPJHU[^PSS[OLUYLJLP]LH WVZZLZZHÄYLHYTHUK[OLI\ZPULZZLU[P[`[OH[KPZ[YPI\[LZÄYLHYTZYL[HPSVY Temporary License to Possess a Firearm issued by the Chief of FED-PNP that whole sale). is valid until the issuance of the computerized license card. This computerized SPJLUZLJHYKPZNVVKMVYHWLYPVKVMMV\Y`LHYZYLUL^HISLL]LY`[^V`LHYZ0M There are different licenses issued by the government depending on the [OLPUKP]PK\HSOV^L]LYSVZLZOPZOLYÄYLHYTZOLOHZ[VWH`[OLÄULIHZLKVU HWWSPJHU[HUK[OLW\YWVZLVM[OLÄYLHYT ,_LJ\[P]L6YKLY . 1. Regular License (RL) – issued to a private individual for his/her personally- V^ULKÄYLHYTHUK[VZLJ\YP[`HNLUJPLZJVTWHU`N\HYKMVYJLZMVYÄYLHYTZ Renewal of the license is not an automatic process and will again subject the used by their security guards. SPJLUZLL[VHUV[OLYZLYPLZVMWHWLY^VYRZHUKYLX\PYLTLU[Z5L]LY[OLSLZZ 3VUN9LN\SHY3PJLUZL393¶PZZ\LK[VWYP]H[LÄYTZLZ[HISPZOTLU[ZVY YLUL^HSPZJVTW\SZVY`"V[OLY^PZL[OLSPJLUZLLT\Z[Z\YYLUKLY[OLÄYLHYT5V[ JVYWVYH[PVUZMVYÄYLHYTZ^OPJOHYL[VIL\ZLKI`[OLPYLTWSV`LLZZLJ\YP[` going through the process of renewal will subject the person or entity under the guards not included). penalties imposed in Section 1 of P.D. No. 1866 as further amended by R.A. 3. Short Regular License (SRL) – for a private employee who was issued by 5V MVY[OLZPTWSLYLHZVU[OH[HU¸\USPJLUZLKÄYLHYT¹PUJS\KLZ[OVZL^P[O OPZOLYLTWSV`LYHÄYLHYTJV]LYLKI`393 expired licenses (Sec.5 of RA 8294). The penalty of prison correccional in its :WLJPHS7LYTP[:7¶PZZ\LK[VNV]LYUTLU[VMÄJPHSZHUKLTWSV`LLZMVY TH_PT\TWLYPVKHUKHMLLVM\W[V-PM[LLU;OV\ZHUKWLZVZ7 JHU WYP]H[LS`V^ULKÄYLHYTZ be levied against the owner.12 3VUN*LY[PÄJH[LVM9LNPZ[YH[PVU3*9¶0ZZ\LK[VNV]LYUTLU[HNLUJPLZVY VMÄJLZHUKNV]LYUTLU[V^ULKVYJVU[YVSSLKJVYWVYH[PVUZMVYÄYLHYTZ^OPJO Note that while these various documents and tests allow for a more stringent HYL[VIL\ZLKI`[OLPYVMÄJPHSLTWSV`LLZL_JS\KPUNZLJ\YP[`N\HYKZ JVU[YVSV]LYJP]PSPHUV^ULYZOPW[OLZLHSZVWYV]PKLZL]LYHSVWWVY[\UP[PLZ :OVY[*LY[PÄJH[LVM9LNPZ[YH[PVU:*9¶MVYHNV]LYUTLU[VMÄJPHSVY for corruption. It is an open secret that some centers can be bribed to get LTWSV`LL^OV^HZPZZ\LKI`OPZOLYLTWSV`LYHÄYLHYTJV]LYLKI`3*9 HMH]VYHISLKY\NHUKUL\YVWZ`JOPH[YPJ[LZ[Z"HUKJLY[PÄJH[LZJHUHSZVIL MHIYPJH[LK0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLVSKJSPJOt[OH[PTWSLTLU[H[PVUVMSH^ZPZ[OL Only Filipino citizens who are at least 21 years of age and of good moral persistent challenge remains very true in as far as gun licensing is concerned. JOHYHJ[LYHYLLSPNPISL[VHWWS`MVYHSPJLUZL4VYLV]LYHJ[P]LVYYL[PYLKWLYZVUULS This is therefore a matter to be considered for those advocating for greater state VM[OL7OPSPWWPUL5H[PVUHS7VSPJL757(YTLK-VYJLZVM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ(-7 control on civilian gun ownership. While the intention is to ensure that only the )\YLH\VM1HPS4HUHNLTLU[HUK7LUVSVN`)147)\YLH\VM-PYL7YV[LJ[PVU TVZ[X\HSPÄLKZOV\SKILLU[P[SLK[VZLJ\YLHSPJLUZLHKKPUNTVYLYLX\PYLTLU[Z )-7[OL7OPSPWWPUL*VHZ[.\HYK7*.JVTTPZZPVULKVMÄJLYZHUKLUSPZ[LK can also mean additional possibilities for corruption. WLYZVUULSVM[OL9LZLY]LK-VYJLVM[OL(-7VUPUHJ[P]LZ[H[\ZWYP]H[LÄYTZ LZ[HISPZOTLU[ZVYJVYWVYH[PVUZHUKNV]LYUTLU[HNLUJPLZVYVMÄJLZHUK There are also restrictions to the number of guns and caliber that one can own. NV]LYUTLU[V^ULKVYJVU[YVSSLKJVYWVYH[PVUZTH`HWWS`MVYÄYLHYTZSPJLUZL 1. Each individual may hold under license a maximum of only one (1) low- (:675V-PYLHYTZ3PJLUZPUN ). WV^LYLKYPÅLJHSPILYVYZOV[N\UUV[OLH]PLY[OHUNH\NL"HUKVUL WPZ[VSVYYL]VS]LYUV[OPNOLY[OHUJHSPILY L_JLW[JHSPILY HUKJHSPILY Private ownership. While it is true that application is open to private JLU[LYÄYLTHNU\THUK[OVZL^OPJOTH`SH[LY PUKP]PK\HSZUV[L]LY`VULJHUHWWS`MVYHSPJLUZL-VYJP]PSPHUZ[OYLL ILJSHZZPÄLKI`[OL*OPLM7OPSPWWPUL5H[PVUHS7VSPJL 12 This amount is obviously X\HSPÄJH[PVUZHWWS`![OH[ZOLPZH-PSPWPUVJP[PaLUH[SLHZ[`LHYZVMHNL *757HZOPNOWV^LYLKYLNHYKSLZZVM[OL[`WL too small in the present L_JLW[MVYZOVV[PUNZWVY[H[OSL[LZHUKVMHNVVKTVYHSJOHYHJ[LY;OL[OPYK THRLVYJHSPILYGen. Order No. 22) This is also context. Note that PD 1866 was enacted in 1983. X\HSPÄJH[PVUWYV]LZ[VILTVZ[WYVISLTH[PJ;OLX\HSPÄJH[PVU¸VMNVVKTVYHS referred to as the “one-long-one-short” rule as to 40 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 41 [OLU\TILYVMÄYLHYTZVULJHUV^U VM[OLTV]LTLU[VMÄYLHYTI`N\UJS\IZLUZ\YPUN[OH[[OL`JVTWS`^P[O[OL 6MÄJLYZHUKUVUJVTTPZZPVULKWVSPJLVMÄJLYZLUSPZ[LKWLYZVUULSPU[OL ÄYLHYTSH^ZPUWSHJLVYLSZLYPZRWLUHS[`VY^P[OKYH^HSVMYLJVNUP[PVUI`757 active service and in the retired list of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) may hold under license a Dealership. Also required to secure FED licenses are those who intend to TH_PT\TVMVUS`VULSV^WV^LYLKYPÅLJHSPILYVYZOV[N\UUV[OLH]PLY VWLYH[LN\UZ[VYLZN\UYLWHPYZOVWZHUKVY[VVWLYH[LHZindentor THYRPUN than 12 gauge and one (1) sidearm of any type or caliber. system).14;OLSPJLUZLZKLJSHYL[OLHWWYV]LKTH_PT\TU\TILYVMÄYLHYTZ *VTTPZZPVULK6MÄJLYZPUNVVKZ[HUKPUNH[[OL9LZLY]L-VYJLVM[OL(-7 HTT\UP[PVUHUKYLSH[LKP[LTZ[OH[TH`ILPTWVY[LKJV\U[PUN[OLHJ[\HSZ[VJR who are on inactive status may hold under license a maximum of only one (1) H]HPSHISL^OLU[OLHWWSPJH[PVU^HZÄSLKRepublic Act No. 1937 or the “Tariff SV^WV^LYLKYPÅLJHSPILYVYZOV[N\UUV[OLH]PLY[OHUNH\NLHUKVUL and Customs Code of the Philippines” subjects all articles imported to duty ZPKLHYTUV[OLH]PLY[OHUJHSPILY L_JLW[JHSPILY HUKJHSPILY L]LU[OV\NO[OL`^LYLWYL]PV\ZS`L_WVY[LKMYVT[OL7OPSPWWPULZ:WLJPÄJHSS` JLU[LYÄYLTHNU\THUK[OVZL^OPJOTH`SH[LYILJSHZZPÄLKI`[OL*OPLM [OLX\HU[P[`VMPTWVY[LKÄYLHYTZHTT\UP[PVUYH^TH[LYPHSZMVYTHU\MHJ[\YPUN 757HZOPNOWV^LYLKYLNHYKSLZZVM[OL[`WLTHRLHUKJHSPILY HUK[OLSPRLI`HSPJLUZLKKLHSLYPZIHZLKVU¸[OLOPNOLZ[`LHYS`PTWVY[H[PVU THKLI`JVUJLYULKKLHSLYK\YPUN[OLWHZ[[OYLLJHSLUKHY`LHYZTPU\Z What about air rifles? Under Executive Order 712 (s. 1981), the Chief of the J\YYLU[Z[VJRVUOHUKMVSSV^PUN[OLYH[PVVM HUK MVYSV^WV^LYLKHUK Philippine Constabulary (now PNP) is mandated to regulate the manufacture, OPNOWV^LYLKOHUKN\UYLZWLJ[P]LS`IHZLKVU[OLPYWYLZLU[X\HU[P[`HZYLÅLJ[LK sale, and possession of air rifles/ pistols whose type/ caliber are enough to cause in their approved LTO and/or Import Authority.” (757*PYJ\SHY5V )15 permanent maiming or death. Currently, the Department of Trade and Industry 42 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 43 PUKP]PK\HSHWWSPJHU[Z[OLYLHYLHKKP[PVUHSYLX\PYLTLU[Z[OH[HYLZWLJPÄJ[V[OL Storage;OL-,+ZLY]LZHZ[OLYLJLP]PUNLUKVMHSS[OLÄYLHYTZYLJVYKZPU[OL RPUKVMSPJLUZL[OH[PZILPUNHWWSPLKMVYHUK[OLWYVMLZZPVUVM[OLHWWSPJHU[ country and is the sole repository for all imported and locally manufactured :VTLÄYLHYTKLHSLYZVYZLSSLYZVMMLY[VHYYHUNLHSS[OLWHWLY^VYRMVY[OL ÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVUHZ^LSSHZ[OL*VUÄZJH[LK*HW[\YLK:\YYLUKLYLK J\Z[VTLY^OV^V\SKVUS`OH]L[VZ\ITP[[OLKVJ\TLU[ZULLKLK)\[[OPZYV\[L +LWVZP[LK(IHUKVULKHUK-VYMLP[LK**:+(-ÄYLHYTZ;OL:[VYHNL)YHUJO PZZ[PSSHSVUNYPNPKHUKKL[HPSLKWYVJLZZ VM-,+PZYLZWVUZPISLMVY[OLHSS[OLÄYLHYTZKLSP]LYLKMVYZHMLRLLWPUNHUKMVY Z[VYPUN[OLPUZWLJ[LKHUKYLJVYKLKHYTZPUJSHZZPÄLK]H\S[ZSVJH[LKH[[OL757 National Headquarters in Camp Crame. The storage is given maximum security. Other rules relevant to Dealership are: (1) Memorandum Circular No. 03-2006, ;OLMVSSV^PUNN\PKLSPULZHYLVIZLY]LK[VRLLW[OLZ[VYHNLZHMLHUKZLJ\YL! dated 8 March 2006, “Export of Defense/ Military Items, Commercial Firearms, ¸;OLZ[VYHNL]H\S[ZOHSSVUS`IL\ZLKMVYZHMLRLLWPUNVMÄYLHYTZHUK Ammunitions, and Explosives”; (2) HPC SOP No. 4, dated 2 Nov 1972, “Sale of Firearms to Police Forces and Security Agencies”; (3) Memorandum Circular HTT\UP[PVU0[ZOHSSUV[IL\ZLKHZHUVMÄJLZSLLWPUNX\HY[LYZKPUPUN 99-009, dated 16 March 1999, “ Policy on Firearms and Ammunition Dealer- HUKZUHJRHYLHZTVRPUNHYLHSVP[LYPUNHYLHHUKV[OLY;OLJVTWSLTLU[ ship”; and (4) PNP Circular No. 9, dated 14 Feb 2008, “Policy on Firearms and VMHZ[VYHNLZWHJLPZZ[LLS]H\S[Z[OLZ[VJRZJVUZPZ[PUNVMÄYLHYTZHUK Ammunition Dealership/ Repair. HTT\UP[PVUHUKÄYLL_[PUN\PZOLY6MÄJL[HISLZJOHPYZ[`WL^YP[LYZJVTW\[LYZ and voluminous records are not allowed inside storage vaults. Only the store man and armorer of each dealer shall be allowed to stay inside the storage vaults; Record-keeping;OLO\NLHTV\U[VMWHWLY^VYRPZLZZLU[PHSMVY[OL • Only licensed gun dealers with designated storage vaults shall be allowed NV]LYUTLU[[VÄSLYLJVYKZVM[OLLU[P[PLZHUK[OLPYYLZWLJ[P]LÄYLHYTZ inside the storage vaults. The number of storage personnel per dealer shall JPYJ\SH[PUNPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ9LJVYKRLLWPUNPZH[HZR[OH[MHSSZ\UKLY[OL-,+ KLWLUKVU[OLZPaLVM[OLPYI\ZPULZZ0KLU[PÄJH[PVUJHYKZZOHSSILPZZ\LKMVY (WLYTHULU[YLJVYKVMHSS[OL[YHUZHJ[PVUZPUYLSH[PVU^P[O[OLÄYLHYTZPZRLW[I` this purpose; the FED and will be open for inspection if necessary. (¸5V0+5VLU[Y`¹WVSPJ`ZOHSSILPTWSLTLU[LK^P[OPU[OLZ[VYHNLHYLH -,+VYNHUPJWLYZVUULSHUKV[OLY757TLTILYZOH]PUNVMÄJPHSI\ZPULZZ A Ballistic Test Report and Stencil form must also be attached to the application ^P[O[OL:[VYHNL)YHUJOZOHSSILHSSV^LK\W[V[OLZ[VYHNLVMÄJLVUS` MVY[OLÄYLHYTSPJLUZL,]LY`ÄYLHYT\UKLYHWWSPJH[PVUPZ[LZ[ÄYLKMVYIHSSPZ[PJZ The storage vaults are declared off-limits to them HUKP[ZTHRLJHSPILYHUKZLYPHSU\TILYPZZ[LUJPSLK;OL-,+PZZ\LKH (SSWLYZVUZ[YHUZHJ[PUNI\ZPULZZ^P[OHU`ÄYLHYTKLHSLYVYYLWYLZLU[H[P]L memorandum on “Firearms Description¹VU(\N\Z[ YLX\PYPUN[OL T\Z[[YHUZHJ[I\ZPULZZV\[ZPKL[OLZ[VYHNLVMÄJL;OLZ[VYHNL]H\S[PZ THYRPUNHUKZ[LUJPSPUNVMZLYPHSU\TILYZPUH[SLHZ[[OYLLTHPUWHY[ZVM[OL HIZVS\[LS`VMMSPTP[Z[VJ\Z[VTLYZVMÄYLHYTKLHSLYZ ÄYLHYTZ¶[OLYLJLP]LYIHYYLSHUK[OLZSPKL;OLZLTHYRPUNZHYL\UPX\L[VLHJO • Only vehicles of FED personnel shall be allowed inside the storage ÄYLHYTPKLU[PM`PUN[OLTHU\MHJ[\YLY[OYV\NO[OLPY[YHKLTHYRZYLX\PYLKI`[OL WHYRPUNHYLH -,+MVYLHZ`PKLU[PÄJH[PVUHUKJV\SKHSZVIL\ZLK[VPKLU[PM`P[ZJV\U[Y`VM ;OLZ[VYHNL]H\S[ZZOHSSILVWLULKH[ HTHUKJSVZLKH[ WT4VUKH` origin. [V-YPKH`(M[LY WTUV[YHUZHJ[PVUZOHSSIL LU[LY[HPULKL_JLW[MVY[OLKLSP]LY`VMÄYLHYTZMYVT 19 Dealers whose total ;OLZL[LZ[ZJHUILKVULLP[OLYH[-,+VMÄJLH[*HTW*YHTLVYPU[OLVMÄJLVM importation exceeds one the Ninoy Aquino International Airport-Customs or thousand (1,000) firearms the Provincial/City Police Directors. The Ballistic and Stencil Reports are useful local factories; shall be classified as big PU[YHJRPUNKV^U[OLV^ULYVMÄYLHYTZPM\ZLK\USH^M\SS` dealers while those dealers 6US`SPTP[LKWLYZVUULSHUKLTWSV`LLZVMÄYLHYTZ whose importation is less and ammunition dealers will be allowed to enter than 1,000 down to 500 ([WYLZLU[-,+OHZJVTW\[LYPaLK[OLYLJVYKZ[VZ`Z[LTH[PJHSS`[YHJRKV^U [OLZ[VYHNL]H\S[HYLH0U[OPZYLNHYKKLHSLYZ firearms shall be considered ÄYLHYTZ[OLPYWHY[ZHUKJVTWVULU[Z*HSSLK-04:-PYLHYTZ0UMVYTH[PVU as medium. Those HYLJSHZZPÄLKHJJVYKPUN[V[OLPY]VS\TLVM dealers with importation 4HUHNLTLU[:`Z[LTP[HSSV^Z[OLPKLU[PÄJH[PVUHUK]LYPÄJH[PVUVMHUV^ULY»Z importation.19; and of less than 500 firearms and those without any ÄYLHYTZ/V^L]LY[OPZZ`Z[LTPZZ[PSSYLSPHU[VU[OL]VS\U[HY`JVVWLYH[PVUVM • Dealers in the provinces without any vault inside the dealers. A legal rule is still necessary to require companies to fully disclose importation are considered storage shall be entitled to one (1) representative small dealers. Dealers with relevant information as regards arms production and sales. (2008 Report on each. several branches but owned the Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument and of the SALW UN by a single proprietor shall ;VJSHPT[OLÄYLHYTZPTWVY[LKI`SPJLUZLKKLHSLYZ be considered as one PoA). HUKZ[VYLKPU[OLPYKLZPNUH[LKZ[VYHNL]H\S[ZLHJO dealer. Each big dealer is authorized five (5) SPJLUZLKÄYLHYTZKLHSLYT\Z[IYPUN[OLHWWYVWYPH[L ;OLYLHYLHSZVNHWZPU[OLYLJVYKRLLWPUNVM-,+HUK[OLHJ[\HS[YHJRPUN identification cards to be SPJLUZLJHYKZPUJS\KPUNWLYTP[[VWVZZLZVYPM issued to them and their VML_PZ[PUNYLJVYKZYLZ\S[PUN[VHZS\NNPZOJVSSLJ[PVUVMKVJ\TLU[ZHUK UVWLYTP[L_PZ[ZHUHWWSPJH[PVUT\Z[ILTHKL storage personnel. Medium PUMVYTH[PVUVUWLYZVUZLU[P[PLZHUKÄYLHYTZ;OLZLKH[HHYLUV[\[PSPaLK[V dealers are authorized then and there and the permit must be issued four (4) identification [OLPYM\SSWV[LU[PHSK\L[V[OL]VS\TLVMPUMVYTH[PVUJV\WSLK^P[OHSHJRVMJSLHY ILMVYLHU`JSHPTPZTHKLHUKPKLU[PÄJH[PVUJHYKZ cards and small dealers mechanisms to proactively use them to identify violators. are authorized three (3) 0M[OLJSHPTHU[PZHK\S`HZZPNULKHUKPKLU[PÄLK identification cards 44 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 45 YLWYLZLU[H[P]LVMHNV]LYUTLU[HNLUJ`[OLYLWYLZLU[H[P]LT\Z[IYPUN^P[O The non-renewal of license creates a multitude of problems to FED. OPTPUHKKP[PVU[V[OLHIV]LTLU[PVULKYLX\PYLTLU[ZHUHWWVPU[TLU[VYKLY Fundamental of which is the fact that the agency has no way to determine if the from his government agency.”20 ÄYLHYTYLTHPUZPU[OLOHUKZVM[OLVYPNPUHSV^ULYOHZILLUPSSPJP[S`[YHKLKVY was lost. (SS[OLÄYLHYTZLU[LYPUN[OLJV\U[Y`HYLULJLZZHYPS`YLJVYKLKPU[OL-PYLHYTZ Information Management System (FIMS) database. There also exists a Firearms What the government has done to remedy the problem was to declare “gun 9LJVYKZ=LYPÄJH[PVU-9=[OH[[HSSPLZ[OL[V[HSU\TILYVMÄYLHYTZPU[OL amnesties.” This is a grace period that removes the legal penalties associated possession of an agency. with expired license or having no license at all. It aims to entice people and LU[P[PLZ[VJVVWLYH[L^P[O[OLNV]LYUTLU[HUKOH]L[OLPYN\UZSPZ[LKI`THRPUN .P]LU[OLPU[YPJHJPLZHUKYPNPKP[`VMZ[VYHNLY\SLZVULJHUUV[OLSWI\[^VUKLY [OLWYVJLZZZPTWSLYHUK[OLMLLZSV^LY-YVT[OLWVPU[VM]PL^VMH\[OVYP[PLZ how (allegations of) gun-running persists. OH]PUNHSPZ[VMPSSLNHSHUKSVVZLÄYLHYTZPZIL[[LY[OHUOH]PUNUVULH[HSS ;OLWYVISLTOV^L]LYPZ[OH[VMMLYPUN[VVTHU`N\UHTULZ[PLZKPZJV\YHNL The Firearms and Explosives Division supports related PNP Units and various owners from going through the licensing process (which is meant to weed out V[OLYSH^LUMVYJLTLU[HNLUJPLZPU[OLVWLYH[PVUHUKPU]LZ[PNH[PVUVMÄYLHYTZ undeserving owners) and simply wait for the next declaration of gun amnesty. It HUKL_WSVZP]LZSH^;OLZLHNLUJPLZPUJS\KLI\[HYLUV[SPTP[LK[V[OL KVLZUV[VUS`YLK\JL[OLPUJVTLVM[OLNV]LYUTLU[MYVTÄYLHYTZYLUL^HSMLLZ +LWHY[TLU[VM5H[PVUHS+LMLUZLMVYP[ZKPYLJ[HJJLZZ[VHUK\ZLVMÄYLHYTZ[OL it also allows non-deserving owners to slip through the process. Department of Justice for prosecution of the cases pending the illegality of the ÄYLHYTZVY[OL\ZL[OLYLVMPUV[OLYJHZLZHUK[OL+LWHY[TLU[VM-PUHUJLMVY The last of these amnesties21 was ,_LJ\[P]L6YKLY5V providing for the [OLYLT\ULYH[PVUZYLSH[LK[VÄYLHYTZHUKV[OLYPTWVZP[PVUZMVYIV[OL_WVY[HUK implementation of a Final General Amnesty for all individual and juridical entities PTWVY[VMÄYLHYTZ [VYLUL^[OLPYL_WPYLKSPJLUZLZHUKVYYLNPZ[LY[OLPY\UYLNPZ[LYLKÄYLHYTZ^P[O the PNP from October 1 to 30 of 2009 (Section 2). 1\Z[[OLZHTLZPUJLJVU[YVSSPUNÄYLHYTZJHUUV[ILKVULI`[OL757-,+ HSVULPU[LYHNLUJ`JVVWLYH[PVUHTVUN[OLKPMMLYLU[\UP[ZPU]VS]LKPZJY\JPHSPU 9LUL^HSVML_WPYLKÄYLHYTSPJLUZLZPZQ\Z[VULPZZ\LV\[VMTHU`[OH[HNNYH]H[L ZVS]PUN[OLPZZ\LZJVUJLYUPUNÄYLHYTZ»JVU[YVSHUKZ\WLY]PZPVU [OLZP[\H[PVUVMSVVZLÄYLHYTWYVSPMLYH[PVUPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ7VSPJPLZOH]L [VILTHKLYLNHYKPUNHIHUKVULKHYTZHZ^LSS5LNSLJ[PUTHRPUNZ\YL[OH[ abandoned arms are in the possession of the proper authorities contributes to [OLU\TILYVMSVVZLÄYLHYTZ CCSDAF Firearms. Based on the Implementing Rules and Regulations of ,_LJ\[P]L6YKLY 1\S` 22*HW[\YLK*VUÄZJH[LK:\YYLUKLYLK +LWVZP[LK(IHUKVULKHUK-VYMLP[LK**:+(-ÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVUHYL as follows (also found on 757*PYJ\SHY5V :LYPLZ KH[LK+LJ ! 1) Captured Firearms: those recovered during military and/or law enforcement encounters; 2) *VUÄZJH[LK-PYLHYTZ![OVZLZLPaLKMYVT[OLWVZZLZZPVUVMV^ULYZI` Gun Statue in Phnom ]PY[\LVMSH^LUMVYJLTLU[VWLYH[PVUZSPRLZLY]PUNZLHYJO^HYYHU[Oplan Penh, Cambodia )HRHS or any operation of Special Laws; (courtesy of MP Son 3) Surrendered Firearms!HYLÄYLHYTZ[\YULKPUI`V^ULYVYHU`WLYZVU Chhay, 2007) (natural or juridical) at authorized repositories of PNP-FED; 4) Deposited Firearms!HYLÄYLHYTZKLWVZP[LK[V[OL757I`PUKP]PK\HSZVY Exerting Control on the Illegal domain Q\YPKPJHSWLYZVUZMVYZHMLRLLWPUNMVYHWHY[PJ\SHYWLYPVKVM[PTLHZ^LSSHZMVY Expired license.5VUYLUL^HSVML_WPYLKSPJLUZLPZHTHQVYJVUJLYUVM-,+ future licensing and those deposited in court as evidence in pending cases; given the consistently low turnout in annual renewal. This may be due to the 5) Abandoned Firearms: are those deposited by the owner in the custody of [LKPV\ZWHWLY^VYRHZZVJPH[LK^P[OYLUL^HS0[JHUHSZVILK\L[VHY\SL¶[OH[ [OL757^OPJOOLZOLMHPSLK[VJSHPTHM[LYÄ]L `LHYZMYVT[OLKH[LVM PZVUJL[OLYLPZKLSH`PUYLUL^HSLNVULKH`[OLÄYLHYTPZH\[VTH[PJHSS` deposit. Same shall be forfeited in favor of the government without need of JH[LNVYPaLKHZºPSSLNHS»HUKOLUJL[OLV^ULYMHJLZ[OLSLNHSJVUZLX\LUJLZVM any proceedings; and V^UPUNHUPSSLNHSÄYLHYT>OPSL[OLYLPZHWYVWVZHS[VHSSV^MVYHNYHJLWLYPVK 6) Forfeited Firearms!HYLÄYLHYTZHJX\PYLKI`[OL 21 There were 11 other for owners whose situation would certainly result to delay in renewal (e.g. out government through summary process or by amnesties offered, from the VM[OLJV\U[Y`VU[OLK\LKH[LVMSPJLUZLYLUL^HSZ\JOYLTHPUZPU[OLKYH^PUN order of the court. time of Pres. Cory Aquino. EO 817 is the 12th gun board of Congress. amnesty. 46 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 47 0UNLULYHS**:+(-ÄYLHYTZVI[HPULKI`[OL3VJHS7VSPJL 48 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 49 HNLUJPLZPU]VS]LKHZ^LSSHZPUL]HS\H[PUN[OLHJ[PVUZVM[OLZLHNLUJPLZ;OL [HTWLYJOHUNLKLMHJLVYLYHZL[OLZLYPHSU\TILYVMHU`ÄYLHYT¹ LMMLJ[P]LULZZVM[OPZJVVYKPUH[PUNIVK`OV^L]LYYLTHPUZ[VILZLLU Executive Order 256 is the basis of fees that must be paid related to Fighting Fire with Fire – Penalizing Violators ÄYLHYTSPJLUZPUN;OPZPZZ\HUJLPZJVTWSLTLU[LKI`,_LJ\[P]L6YKLY ;OLWLUHSJVTWVULU[ZYLNHYKPUN[OL]PVSH[PVUZVMÄYLHYTZSH^PZNV]LYULKI` ^OPJOPTWVZLZHUHKTPUPZ[YH[P]LÄULMVYSVZZVMÄYLHYTZYLNHYKSLZZVM[OL 7YLZPKLU[PHS+LJYLL5V HZHTLUKLKI`9( HUK9( ;OLYL [`WLVYJHSPILYJV]LYLKI`:WLJPHS7LYTP[VY*LY[PÄJH[LVM9LNPZ[YH[PVUHUK HYLOV^L]LYSPTP[Z[V[OLSH^[OH[ULLKZ[VILHKKYLZZLK! WLYTHULU[S`KPZX\HSPÄLZ[OLWLYZVUMYVTVI[HPUPUNHSPJLUZLHM[LYSVZPUN[OL ;OL\USH^M\STHU\MHJ[\YLZHSLHJX\PZP[PVUKPZWVZP[PVUVYWVZZLZZPVUVM YLNPZ[LYLKÄYLHYTMVYH[OPYK[PTL29 ÄYLHYTZVYHTT\UP[PVUVYPUZ[Y\TLU[Z\ZLKVYPU[LUKLK[VIL\ZLKPU[OL THU\MHJ[\YLVMÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVUYLJLP]LHWLUHS[`VMWYPZPVUJVYLJPVUHS /H]PUNVUL»ZÄYLHYTZSPJLUZLKHSSV^Z[OLSH^LUMVYJLYZ[VL_LYJPZL[OLPY PUP[ZTH_PT\TWLYPVK^P[OHÄULVMUV[SLZZ[OHU7 ;OLZLWLUHS[PLZ ZVJPHSJVU[YVSM\UJ[PVU;OLWLUHS[PLZHYLHSSTLHU[[V[PNO[LUÄYLHYTJVU[YVS PTWVZLKI`9(5V [HRLPU[VJVUZPKLYH[PVU[OL[`WLVMN\UPUX\LZ[PVU [OYV\NO[OLPTWVZP[PVUVMZ[YPJ[LYY\SLZHUKZ[PMMLYWLUHS[PLZ:[PSS[OLZ[H[LVM (ZZ\JOHOPNOWV^LYLKÄYLHYTMVYPUZ[HUJL^V\SK^HYYHU[HTVYLZL]LYL SVVZLÄYLHYTZPU[OLJV\U[Y`PZ^VYZLUPUN0UVYKLY[VJVTIH[[OLPUJYLHZPUN W\UPZOTLU[;OLWLUHS[PLZVMWYPZVUTH`VYPUP[ZTPUPT\TWLYPVKHUKHÄULVM U\TILYVMSVVZLÄYLHYTZ[OLNV]LYUTLU[OHZ[VPTWYV]L[OLPYHJ[PVU)\[ 7HYLPTWVZLKMVYWVZZLZZPVUVMPSSLNHSOPNOWV^LYLKN\UZ TVYL[OHU[OPZ[OLZ[H[LOHZ[VJSLHYS`ZWLSSV\[P[ZWVZP[PVUHZYLNHYKZJP]PSPHU V^ULYZOPWVMÄYLHYTZ([[OLTVTLU[[OLH[[P[\KLVM[OLZ[H[L^H]LYZ¶MYVT It should be noted that these penalties are operative in the instances that no tightening control (e.g. during the time of Pres. Cory Aquino) to relaxing the other crimes are committed. Should these unlawful acts be committed in aid rules (e.g. during the time of Pres. Estrada). This wavering attitude sends mix VMOVTPJPKLVYT\YKLY[OLWVZZLZZPVUVMPSSLNHSÄYLHYT^V\SKILYLNHYKLK ZPNUHSZ[V[OLWVW\SH[PVUHUKZPUJL[OLISHJRHUK^OP[L rules are not clearly HZHNNYH]H[PUNJPYJ\TZ[HUJLI\[[OLJOHYNL[OH[^PSSILÄSLKPZ[OH[VM[OL JVTT\UPJH[LK[OLgray area expands further. (supposedly) graver offense. Critics argue that this procedure undervalues the JYPTLVMPSSLNHSWVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZHUKWYVWVZLPUZ[LHK[OH[YH[OLY[OHU Global-Local dynamics Z\IZ\TL[OL¸SLZZLY¹JYPTLVMPSSLNHSWVZZLZZPVUVM-([V[OLNYH]LYVMMLUZL ;OLWYVISLTVMWYVSPMLYH[PVUVMSVVZLÄYLHYTZPZUV[JVUÄULK[VHZPUN\SHYZ[H[L the offender must be charged with separate offenses – that of illegal possession ;OPZ^HZ[OLZWPYP[ILOPUK[OL¸<57YVNYHTTLVM(J[PVU<576([V7YL]LU[ VMÄYLHYTZHUK[OLJYPTLZOLJVTTP[[LK\ZPUN[OLPSSLNHSÄYLHYT Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) 0U(SSP[Z(ZWLJ[Z¹[OH[^HZHKVW[LKPU[OL<5TLL[PUNPU5L^@VYRVU1\S` [V 8\P[LVI]PV\ZS`[OLHTV\U[ZZWLJPÄLKPU[OLSH^HYLNYVZZS`\UKLY]HS\LK 20 of 2001. another reason why the existing laws have to be amended. But more than the HTV\U[[OLSH^HSZVULLKZ[VIL\WKH[LK-VYPUZ[HUJL[OLMHJ[[OH[PSSLNHS WVZZLZZPVUVMÄYLHYTZZPTWS`ILJVTLZHUHNNYH]H[PUNVMMLUZL[V[OLºTHQVY» VMMLUZLKLMLH[Z[OL^OVSLZVJPHSJVU[YVSHNLUKHVUÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVU27 The JSHZZPJJHZL[OH[JHUILJP[LKOLYL^HZ[OL(TWH[\HU4HN\PUKHUHVTHZZHJYL in November 2009. Despite the cache of arms and ammunition found in the WVZZLZZPVUVM[OL(TWH[\HUMHTPS`[OLSH^`LYZ[YPLK[VOH]L[OLJOHYNLZ ÄSLKHZ¸YLILSSPVU¹28YH[OLY[OHUT\YKLYVYTHZZHJYLVI]PV\ZS`H[[LTW[PUN[V V]LYZOHKV^HS[VNL[OLY[OLMHJ[[OH[[OLÄYLHYTZ^LHWVUZHUKHTT\UP[PVU YLJV]LYLKHYLLUV\NO[VHYTH^OVSLIH[[HSPVUSP[LYHSS` ;OLI\YKLUVM[OLWLUHS[PLZOV^L]LYPZUV[VUS`IVYULI`[OLWLYZVU^OV ^PLSKLK[OLÄYLHYTZVYHTT\UP[PVU\USH^M\SS`;OLV^ULYWYLZPKLU[THUHNLY PhilANCA members KPYLJ[VYVYV[OLYYLZWVUZPISLVMÄJLYVMHU`W\ISPJVYWYP]H[LÄYTJVTWHU` during the Peoples Consultation 2007 JVYWVYH[PVUVYLU[P[`PZHSZVSPHISLZOV\SKZOL^PSSM\SS`VYRUV^PUNS`HSSV^[OL \ZLVMHU`VM[OLPYÄYLHYTZ=PVSH[PVUZYLSH[PUN[VL_WSVZP]LZHUKKL[VUH[PVU receive a different and greater penalty. ;HTWLYPUNVM[OLZLYPHSU\TILYZVM[OLÄYLHYTZ^OPJO HYLJY\JPHSPUPKLU[PM`PUNHUK[YHJRPUNÄYLHYTZHYL 27 Currently, there is a ;OL6MÄJLVM[OL:WLJPHS,U]V`VU 29 Circular No. 2 or the “A n n u a l Verification also penalized. Section 5 of PD 1866 as amended pending proposal in of Firearms” promulgated on September Congress, meant to treat Transnational Crime (OSETC) is the 11, 1990, gives the Chief of the Philippine [HJRSLZ[OPZ]PVSH[PVUI`PTWVZPUN[OLWLUHS[`VMprision the illegal possession of Philippines’ national coordinating National Police the authority to inspect all correccional[VHU`WLYZVU^OVZOHSS¸\USH^M\SS` firearms as a separate HNLUJ`[OH[SPURZ^P[OUH[PVUHSYLNPVUHS the firearms in the custody/ possession of offense from that of the the police force. Administrative penalties are other crime committed. and global institutions that address imposed on police officers that lose a firearm. 50 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 51 transnational crimes. It is the primary unit that monitors the Philippine state’s Appendix 1 compliance to the UN-POA on SALW. 30 Annual License Fees: Civilian Ownership )HZLKVU,_LJ\[P]L6YKLY !9H[PVUHSPaPUN-LLZHUK*OHYNLZVU-PYLHYTZ (ZVM [OLWLYTHULU[TPZZPVUVM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ[V[OL 4 Cited in Molina 1993: 27 5 ibid, 28-29; Sec 887 of RAC is the precursor of the present rule re civilian gun ownership 7 Constantino 1987, cited in Molina 1993, 38 15 PNP Circular No. 9 or the “Policy on Firearms and Ammunition Dealership/Repair” dated February 14, 2008 17 also available online, see http://www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/BMS/bms3/1BMS3Pages/1NationalReports/ Philippines.pdf 18 Standard Operating Procedure No. 13 revised October 08, 2008 20 Information based on Report of the Republic of the Philippines on implementation of the UN PoA on SALW; and PNP memorandum issued on 20 June 1995 22 Available online, http://www.pnpcsg.org/CSG/irrtoexo817.html accessed April 22, 2011 23 PNP Circular No. 5 Series 2005 approved for implementation on December 10, 2005 25 Note that the UN Program of Action (2001) on Small Arms and Light Weapons suggests that all CCSDAF firearms are destroyed, to prevent their possible leakage to the illicit trade. 26 Based on formal and informal discussions with former PNP-FED officials between May to Aug, 2010. 28 There are several reports re the Ampatuan massacre. See for instance http://www.gmanews.tv/story/187771/ charges-mulled-vs-ampatuans-over-illegal-firearms accessed Dec 23, 2010 30 See OSETC webpage http://www.poa-iss.org/CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo.aspx?CoI=156&pos=1000 accessed April 22, 2011 31 Statement by Mr. Raphael S.C. Hermoso at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee. 64th General Assembly. New York, 20 October 2009. 52 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 4 | The Legal Terrain of Firearms’ Ownership 53 5V[L[OH[[OLWSH`LYZHYLTVYLVYSLZZ[OLZHTLJVTWHYLK[VÄ]L`LHYZWHZ[ CHAPTER 5 [V ^OLYL[OL[VWÄ]LZ\WWSPLYZVMJVU]LU[PVUHS^LHWVUZ^LYL [OL 6U[OLV[OLYOHUK[OLSHYNLZ[PTWVY[LYZVMTHQVYJVU]LU[PVUHS^LHWVUZ continuously change. “-VY[OLWLYPVK ¶ [OLÄ]LSHYNLZ[YLJPWPLU[ZVM TPSP[HY`LX\PWTLU[·0YHX0UKPH3PI`H:`YPHHUK,N`W[·HJJV\U[LKMVY WLY JLU[VM[V[HSPTWVY[Z-VY[OLWLYPVK¶ [OL[VWÄ]L·*OPUH0UKPH[OL <(,:V\[O2VYLHHUK.YLLJL·HJJV\U[LKMVY WLYJLU[VMHSSPTWVY[Z¹0IPK Global Context >OPSLP[TH`ZLLT[OH[[OLYLPZHULTLYNPUNZOPM[PUKLZ[PUH[PVUMYVT[OL4PKKSL 0[PZ\ZLM\S[VWYLZLU[ZVTLÄN\YLZ[VJVU[L_[\HSPaL[OPZJOHW[LY»ZKPZJ\ZZPVU ,HZ[[V(ZPHYLJLU[KH[HZ\NNLZ[Z[OH[[OLYLPZHYL]LYZLZOPM[THRPUNHNHPU 0U[OL]HS\LVMJVU]LU[PVUHSHYTZ[YHUZMLYKLSP]LYPLZPU[OL^VYSK [OL4PKKSL,HZ[HZ[OLTHQVYKLZ[PUH[PVUVMTPSP[HY`LX\PWTLU[¸5VUL[OLSLZZ HTV\U[LK[V<: IPSSPVU*9: 1HUK[OL[VWÄ]LHYTZL_WVY[LYZPU in recent years the composition of the list of largest recipients has remained [OLKL]LSVWPUNUH[PVUZHZVM^LYL[OL ;VKH[L[OLMVSSV^PUNHYL[OLTHQVYHYTZWYVK\JLYZPU[OL^VYSK :VTL[LYTPUVSVNPLZULLK[VILKLÄULKILMVYLWYVJLLKPUN! Ammunition: are cartridges (rounds) for small arms; shells and missiles for Table 5.1. : The Largest Arms-Producing light weapons; mobile containers with missiles or shells for single-action anti- *VYWVYH[PVUZPU[OL>VYSK HPYJYHM[HUKHU[P[HURZ`Z[LTZ"HU[PWLYZVUULSHUKHU[P[HUROHUKNYLUHKLZ"HUK Overall Company landmines. (Report of the UN Panel of Government Experts on Small Arms 27 Company Country Continent Arms Sales Profit Aug 1997) United 1 BAE Systems Europe US$ 32.420 bn US$ 3.250 bn Kingdom Illegal black market transfers (from Small Arms Survey 2001): “In clear Lockheed 2 United States N. America US$ 29.880 bn US$ 3.217 bn ]PVSH[PVUVMUH[PVUHSHUKVYPU[LYUH[PVUHSSH^ZHUK^P[OV\[VMÄJPHSNV]LYUTLU[ Martin JVUZLU[VYJVU[YVS[OLZL[YHUZMLYZTH`PU]VS]LJVYY\W[NV]LYUTLU[VMÄJPHSZ 3 Boeing United States N. America US$ 29.200 bn US$ 2.672 bn acting on their own for personal gain.” (Small Arms Survey 2001 167) Northrop 4 United States N. America US$ 26.090 bn US$ 1.262 bn (loss) Grumman General Illicit grey market transfers (from Small Arms Survey 5 United States N. America US$ 22.780 bn US$ 2.459 bn Dynamics !¸.V]LYUTLU[Z[OLPYHNLU[ZVYPUKP]PK\HSZ 2 The most significant 6 Raytheon United States N. America US$ 21.030 bn US$ 1.672 bn exploiting loopholes or intentionally circumventing change in the composition Trans- national and/or international laws or policies” (Ibid) of the five largest arms 7 EADS Europe US$ 17.900 bn US$ 2.302 bn European importers in recent years has been the entry of the 8 Finmeccanica Italy Europe US$ 13.240 bn US$ 0.996 bn Legal Transfers (from Small Arms Survey 2001): UAE, which rose from L-3 Communi- being the 16th largest 9 United States N. America US$ 12.160 bn US$ 0.949 bn “These occur with either the active or passive cations importer in the period involvement of governments or their authorized 1999–2003 to being 10 Thales France Europe US$ 10.760 bn US$ 0.952 bn HNLU[ZHUKPUHJJVYKHUJL^P[OIV[OUH[PVUHSHUK the third largest for the period 2004–2008. SIPRI :V\YJL!:[VJROVST0U[LYUH[PVUHS7LHJL9LZLHYJO0UZ[P[\[L1\UL international law.” (Ibid) Background paper April 2009. Available online http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ Small arms: are revolvers and self-loading pistols; activites/pdf14-act432.pdf YPÅLZHUKJHYIPULZ"Z\ITHJOPULN\UZ"HZZH\S[YPÅLZ" accessed July 1, 2011 54 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 55 light machine guns. (Report of the UN Panel of Government Experts on Small [OLTHYRL[PUNVMÄYLHYTZ[VJVUZ\TLYZPZL]PKLU[VUHKHPS`IHZPZ[OYV\NO Arms 27 Aug 1997) HK]LY[PZPUNHZZVJPH[PVUZHUKL]LULU[LY[HPUTLU[TLKPH¹*\RPLYHUK:PKLS 2006: 86) Light weapons: heavy machine-guns; hand-held under-barrel and mounted NYLUHKLSH\UJOLYZ"WVY[HISLHU[PHPYJYHM[N\UZ"WVY[HISLHU[P[HURN\UZ >P[O[OL*VSK>HYVMÄJPHSS`V]LY[OLNSVIHSÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`OHZWYVNYLZZP]LS` YLJVPSSLZZYPÅLZ"WVY[HISLSH\UJOLYZVMHU[P[HURTPZZPSLHUKYVJRL[Z`Z[LTZ" ZOPM[LK[V[OLJP]PSPHUTHYRL[;OPZOHZKYHTH[PJLMMLJ[ZPUM\LSPUNPU[YHZ[H[L portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile systems; mortars of calibers of less JVUÅPJ[ZI`PUJYLHZPUNHJJLZZHUKH]HPSHIPSP[`VMÄYLHYTZ[VJP]PSPHUZ than 100 mm. (Report of the UN Panel of Government Experts on Small Arms 27 Aug 1997) (TVUN[OLKYP]LYZVMPUJYLHZLK\ZHNLVMZTHSSHYTZPUJVUÅPJ[PUJS\KL!:LL *\RPLYHUK:PKLS ! "0*9* ;OLÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`HJ[ZHZ[OLMVYTHSO\I[OH[MHJPSP[H[LZ[OL[YHUZMLYHUK +\YHIPSP[`!HZZH\S[YPÅLZJHUYLTHPUVWLYH[PVUHSMVY[^LU[`[VMVY[``LHYZ^P[O [YHKLPUÄYLHYTZPUHNP]LUZVJPL[`30UHKKYLZZPUN[OLKLTHUKMVYN\UZ[OL minimal need for maintenance PUK\Z[Y`Z`Z[LTH[PJHSS`MHJPSP[H[LZ[OLJYLH[PVUKPZ[YPI\[PVUVYV^ULYZOPWVM 7VY[HIPSP[`HUKLHZPULZZ[VJVUJLHS!ILJH\ZLVMP[ZZTHSSZPaL[OL`HYLLHZ`[V ÄYLHYTZ[OYV\NOP[ZPU[LYYLSH[LKTHYRL[PUZ[P[\[PVUHSTLJOHUPZTZ>PU[LT\[L transport and/or smuggle along legitimate goods 2002). :PTWSPJP[`![OL`KVUV[YLS`VU[OL\ZLYZZ[YLUN[O[OL`W\[^LHRLYPUKP]PK\HSZ on an equal defensive footing ;OLÄYLHYTZI\ZPULZZPZUV^HTVUN[OLPTWVY[HU[PUK\Z[YPLZPU[OLNSVIHSPaPUN 3L[OHSP[`!ZVTLH\[VTH[PJYPÅLZHYLJHWHISLVMÄYPUNZL]LYHSYV\UKZISHURL[ THYRL[LJVUVT`*\RPLYHUK:PKLS 0U TVYL[OHUJVTWHUPLZ ÄYPUNHUKYLX\PYLTPUPTHSZRPSSZ[V\ZL ^VYSK^PKLYLNPZ[LYLKHZ[HNNLYPUN[V[HSPUJVTLVM IPSSPVU:THSS(YTZ:\Y]L` ;OPZÄN\YL[YHUZSH[LZ[VTVYLVYSLZZ TPSSPVUZTHSSHYTZ^VYSK^PKL )LOPUKLHJOZ[HNLVM[OLWYVK\J[PVUSPULHUKTHYRL[[YHUZHJ[PVUZPZHJOHPU :THSS(YTZ:\Y]L` 5V[L[OH[PU[V VM[OL[V[HS[YHKL^HZ VMPU[LYJVUULJ[LKWOHZLZHUKVWLUPUNZMVY[OLPSSLNHSPUK\Z[Y`VMN\UTHRPUN reported to have been done illicitly (Small Arms Survey 2001: 167-168).4 HUK[YHKL[VÅV\YPZO*\RPLY :PKLS ",MYH[3PRL[OLSLNHS[YHKL[OL JV]LY[THYRL[ZOHYLZZVTLZ`Z[LTPJHUKVYNHUPaH[PVUHSMLH[\YLZWYLZLU[PUHSS Production and Trade. The production stage entails a long production line of the gun businesses. The underground manufacturing and trade of guns uses N\UKLZPNUJVUJLW[\HSPaH[PVUHZZLTIS`VMJVTWVULU[ZKL[HPSPUNVMÄUPZOLK [OLZHTLLJVUVTPJSVNPJVMOV^[VNHPUWYVÄ[PU[OLJHWP[HSPZ[THYRL[+\L WYVK\J[ZIHSSPZ[PJZJOLJRHUKTHYRPUNZ:PTPSHY[VV[OLYPUK\Z[YPLZ[OL [VP[ZHIPSP[`[VZRPY[SLNHSUVYTZHUKWYHJ[PJLZVM[OLSHYNLYJHWP[HSPZ[THYRL[ components needed for gun production are not manufactured by one singular P[NLULYH[LZTVYLWYVÄ[[OHUP[ZSLNHSJV\U[LYWHY[(ZZLLUPUTVZ[JV\U[YPLZ JVTWHU`I\[VMTHU`:VTLWHY[ZHYLJSLHYS`PKLU[PÄLK^P[ON\UWYVK\J[PVU [VKH`[OLLJVUVTPJZ\JJLZZVM[OLSPILYHS\UYLZ[YPJ[LKHYTZ[YHUZHJ[PVUZPZ SPRL[OLIHYYLSÄYPUNWPUHUKT\aaSLHTVUNV[OLYZ;OLTHQVYWHY[ZVMH usually higher during moments of crisis or times when there is relaxation of ÄYLHYTPUMHJ[HYL[OLWHY[ZWYVWVZLK[VILºTHYRLK»HUKYLN\SH[LKPU[OL Z[H[LYLN\SH[P]LWV^LY2YHTLY"+LSSH=PNUH 3H-LYYLYH ^OLYL UN Program of Action (UN-POA). [OLYLSH[P]L^LHRULZZVMZ[H[LJVU[YVSVWLUZ[OLKVVY[V[OLLJVUVTPJHJ[VYZ [VPU[LUZPM`[OLPYPSSLNHS[YHUZHJ[PVUZ+\YPUNWLYPVKVMºUVJVUÅPJ[»[OLPSSLNHS But other parts are innocuous and are in fact used for other purposes (also industry uses every moment of state ineptitude to transact more than what are YLMLYYLK[VHZºK\HS\ZL[LJOUVSVN`»LN[OLZWYPUNJHTLYHSLUZLZ\ZLK HSSV^LK*VVR4VSSPJVUP *VSL ")YPURLY[".YLLU"2VWLS" PUYLJVUUHPZZHUJLZ`Z[LTNSHZZHUKZLTPJVUK\J[VYJOPWZ1HWHUHUK Wintemute 2002). .LYTHU`MVYPUZ[HUJLHYLSLHKPUNWSH`LYZPU[OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSTHYRL[MVYºK\HS use’ technology. A number of its non-military export actually ends up as a Brokers and Agents.;OLJOHPU[OH[SPURZ[OLWYVK\JLYHUK[OLI\`LYPZ[OL JVTWVULU[WHY[VMJVU]LU[PVUHSHYTZL_WVY[:PUJL[OLZLP[LTZZLLTOHYTSLZZ ºIYVRLY»VY[OLHNLU[)YVRLYZHYL[OLVULZ[OH[MHJPSP[H[LHUKVYNHUPaL^LHWVUZ PUJS\KPUN[OLTPU[OLSPZ[VMP[LTZ[VILYLN\SH[LKILJVTLZ[YPJR`5 ÅV^.P]LUP[ZUH[\YLHUKM\UJ[PVUIYVRLYZHYL:(:! ! ;OLÄUPZOLKWYVK\J[ZHYLZLU[[V]HYPV\ZSVJHSHUK • Independent/ autonomous: Most act as ‘middlemen’ and brings together foreign distributors. Gun retailers allow civilians to 3 In 2004, Small Arms buyers and sellers. They often serve as arbitrators or third party witnesses to OH]LHJJLZZ[V[OLZLPUZ[Y\TLU[Z^OPSL^OVSLZHSL Survey, in its count, the transaction. estimated that there more KPZ[YPI\[VYZ[HYNL[UV[Q\Z[[OLYL[HPSLYZI\[TVYL or less 1,200 companies ,_WLY[Z!;OL`WVZZLZZJVUZPKLYHISL[LJOUPJHSHUKTHYRL[PUNRUV^OV^ PTWVY[HU[S`Z[H[LJSPLU[Z operating in the industry. HIYLHZ[^P[O[OLLHZPLZ[[YHUZWVY[YV\[LZHUKÄUHUJPHSTVKHSP[PLZHUKOH]LH See Small Arms Survey [Graduate Institute of SHYNLUL[^VYRVMJVU[HJ[ZJVSSHIVYH[VYZHUKL_WLY[ZPU[OLI\ZPULZZ State to state transfer occurs through bilateral International Studies, 4HUHNLYZ!;OL`OH]LHOPNOSL]LSVMTHUHNLTLU[ZRPSSZ[VILHISL[V ZHSLZVYTPSP[HY`HZZPZ[HUJLWYVNYHTZ^OPSLJP]PSPHU Geneva]. 2004. Oxford: THPU[HPUHJVTWSL_UL[^VYRVMJVU[HJ[ZPU[LYTLKPHYPLZHUKWVZZPISLZ\I Oxford University Press, 7. THYRL[ZJV]LYIV[OSVJHSHUKMVYLPNUTHYRL[Z¸>OPSL 4 The Small Arms Survey is contractors that are involved in any given transaction THYRL[PUNVMZTHSSHYTZ[VNV]LYUTLU[ZPZIHZLK a project of the Graduate Institute of International VUOPNOSL]LSULNV[PH[PVUZILOPUKJSVZLKKVVYZ Studies, Geneva 56 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 57 international arms control regulations.” They can create fronts or holding Supplier Buyer JVTWHUPLZHUKKPZN\PZL[OLTVUL`[YHPS[OYV\NOTVUL`SH\UKLYPUN (Producer or Broker (Recipient or ZJOLTLZ¸)`JVUZ[HU[S`YLNPZ[LYPUNHUKJSVZPUNKV^UMYVU[JVTWHUPLZ Dealer) end-user) HYTZ[YHMÄJRLYZJHUL]HKLHJJV\U[HIPSP[`MVY[OLPYHJ[PVUZ¯)YVRLYZ VM[LUL_WSVP[KPZJYLWHUJPLZIL[^LLUUH[PVUHSHYTZJVU[YVSZ`Z[LT[HRPUN HK]HU[HNLVMPUJVUZPZ[LU[KVJ\TLU[H[PVUYLX\PYLTLU[ZHUKPULMMLJ[P]L ]LYPÄJH[PVUTLJOHUPZTZ¹:(:! Facilitate and organize arms transaction )YVRLYZVWLYH[PUNPU[OLPSSPJP[THYRL[MHJPSP[H[L^LHWVUZ[YHUZMLY\UKLY[OL Contact Bring together buyers Arrange finance & Financial agents, UVZLZVMH\[OVYP[PLZ;OLZLNYL`THYRL[WSH`LYZM\LSHUKZ\Z[HPUPSSLNHSHYTZ and sellers payment banks [YHKLHUKI`PTWSPJH[PVUZ\Z[HPUJVUÅPJ[Z Consultation & Obtain necessary Government technical advice re authorizations ;OLSVJHSÄYLHYTPUK\Z[Y`. ;OLLU[PYLHUH[VT`VMSVJHSÄYLHYTZPUK\Z[Y`PU officials (licenses, certificates) [OL7OPSPWWPULZJV]LYZ[OLTHU\MHJ[\YLKPZ[YPI\[PVUSPJLUZPUNV^ULYZOPW Sourcing/procurement [YHUZMLYHUK\ZLVMÄYLHYTZ;OLWPVULLYZPU[OLHYTZTHU\MHJ[\YPUNHUK of weapons Organize transpo. of KLHSPUNPUK\Z[YPLZPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZHYL(94:*69HUK7)+PVUPZPV *V Transport agents goods respectively.6 Contractual negotiation, facilitation 3VVRPUNH[[OLZPTWSLÄN\YLILSV^[OPZJHUILPSS\Z[YH[LK[OYV\NO[OLZWLJPÄJ Z[HNLZVMWYVK\J[PVU[OH[JV]LY[OLHJ[\HSJYLH[PVUJPYJ\SH[PVUHUK\ZHNLVM ÄYLHYTZIL[^LLU[OLTHYRL[HUKPUKP]PK\HSZVJPL[HSHJ[VYZ! -PN\YL :PTWSPÄLKZJOLTHVM[OL)YVRLY»ZYVSL IHZLKVU:(:! Foreign Foreign Foreign ¸*VUZPKLYPUN[OL[YHUZPLU[PU[HUNPISLHUKPU]PZPISLUH[\YLVMMHJPSP[H[PUNHUK Manufacturers Distributor Retailers HYYHUNPUNKLHSZIYVRLYZVM[LUKVUV[L]LUZLLT\JOSLZZ[HRLJVUJYL[L WVZZLZZPVUVM[OL^LHWVUZ[OL`WYVJ\YL(ZHYLZ\S[[OL`JHUUV[LHZPS`ILOLSK legally accountable under contractual arrangements based on the notion of V^ULYZOPW¹0IPK .P]LU[OLPTWVY[HU[PMUV[JLU[YHSYVSL[OH[IYVRLYZWSH` HZ^LSSHZ[OLPYZLLTPUNS`PTWLYJLW[PISLUH[\YL[OL`HYL\Z\HSS`Z\ZWLJ[LKVM LUNHNPUNPMUV[M\LSSPUN[OLPSSLNHS[YHKL Private Manufacturers Distributor Licensed Retailer Individual 0SSPJP[[YHUZHJ[PVUZ\Z\HSS`VWLYH[LPU[OLºNYL`^LHWVUZTHYRL[»¸.YL`THYRL[ [YHUZHJ[PVUZ¯HYLJVTTVUS`\UKLYZ[VVK[VLUJVTWHZZVUS`[OVZLZTHSSHYTZ [YHUZMLYZ[OH[HYLSLNHSS`LUKVYZLKVYUV[YLN\SH[LKVY[OVZL[OH[[HRLWSHJL -PN\YL !:PTWSPÄLK-SV^VM.\UZPU[OL7OPSPWWPUL3LNP[PTH[L-PYLHYTZ JV]LY[S`^P[OLP[OLY[OL[HJP[VYL_WSPJP[Z\WWVY[VMNV]LYUTLU[Z*V]LY[ZLJYL[ Industry (Shaded boxes are those stages that are regulated by the state) [YHUZHJ[PVUZTH`LP[OLYILSLNHSVYPSSPJP[KLWLUKPUNVU^OL[OLY[OL`OH]L violated the sanctioning state’s laws. Organizing arms transfers beyond the pale ([[OLZ[HY[VM[OLSLNP[PTH[LN\UWYVK\J[PVUTHU\MHJ[\YLYZVYTHU\MHJ[\YPUN of the law – yet not in open violation of it – is a form of expertise that only the LU[P[PLZHYLYLZWVUZPISLPU[OLKLZPNUJVUJLW[\HSPaH[PVUHZZLTIS`VM TVZ[HZ[\[LIYVRLYZWVZZLZZ;OL`JHUIYPUN[OPZ[V[OLULNV[PH[PUN[HISLPUH[ JVTWVULU[ZKL[HPSPUNVMÄUPZOLKWYVK\J[ZIHSSPZ[PJZJOLJRHUKTHYRPUNZVM least two ways: guns (G. Angangco 2010)7-YVT[OLWYVK\J[PVUSPUL[OLN\UZHYL[YHUZMLYYLK H ¸4HU`IYVRLYZKLWLUKVULP[OLY[OLHJ[P]LVYWHZZP]LJVTWSPJP[`VM to gun distributors who then facilitate the initial sale of guns to traders and NV]LYUTLU[ZHUKVMÄJPHSZ[VVI[HPU[OLULJLZZHY`H\[OVYPaH[PVUMVYHNP]LU YL[HPSLYZ;OLKPZ[YPI\[VYZHYL[OLSVJHS]LYZPVUVMºIYVRLYZ»:THSSHUKIPN HYTZ[YHUZHJ[PVUYLNHYKSLZZVMP[ZSLNHSZ[H[\Z¹,P[OLY[OLW\YJOHZPUN I\ZPULZZLZ[HISPZOTLU[ZJVUZ\TL[OLI\SRVMN\UZHSLZVMYL[HPSLYZ NV]LYUTLU[[YPLZ[VJVUJLHS[OL^LHWVUZW\YJOHZLK[VRLLW[OLTV\[VM Foreign arms industries participate in this process through direct and indirect [OLW\ISPJZJY\[PU`VY[OLZ\WWSPLYZ[H[LWYV]PKLZHYTZ[VX\LZ[PVUHISL ZHSLZ(ZZLLUPU-PN\YL [OLMVYLPNUTHYRL[HJ[VYZLUNHNL[OLTZLS]LZPU NYV\WZLNYLILSNYV\WZZ[H[LZRUV^U[V]PVSH[LO\THUYPNO[ZHUKHJ[ [OLWYVK\J[PVUKPZ[YPI\[PVUHUKZHSLZJVU[YHJ[Z+LJRLY[ ".(UNHUNJV [OYV\NOIYVRLYZ[VKPZN\PZL[OL[Y\LUH[\YLVMZ\WWSPLYHUKYLJPWPLU[ ([WYLZLU[[OL7OPSPWWPULNV]LYUTLU[JVU[YVSZH[V[HSVMVULO\UKYLK I )YVRLYZJHUL_WSVP[¸SVVWOVSLZHUKPUHKLX\HJPLZPUUH[PVUHSHUK HUKUPUL[`UPUL YLNPZ[LYLKJVTWHUPLZLUNHNLKPU[OLÄYLHYTPUK\Z[Y` 58 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 59 I`ZWLJPÄJHSS`YLN\SH[PUN[OL]HYPV\ZZ[HNLZPU[OL 6 Established in 1952, JVU[YVS»H[]HYPV\ZSL]LSZPU[OLWYVK\J[PVUZHSLZHUK[YHKLPUÄYLHYTZ-VY production line (Kramer 2001a; PNP-FED 2009; ARMSCOR was the first- PUZ[HUJL^OPSL[OL757-,+OHUKSLZ[OLSPJLUZPUNVMÄYLHYTZP[»ZYVSLPU Government of the Republic of the Philippines 2010). ever local company to WYVJ\YLTLU[LZWLJPHSS`OPNOWV^LYLKÄYLHYTZULLKLKI`[OL(YTLK-VYJLZ be issued by a permit to operate in the manufacture of the Philippines (AFP) is mainly perfunctory. Production of ammunition (by (JJLZZ[VÄYLHYTZI`WYP]H[LPUKP]PK\HSZPZMHJPSP[H[LK of guns in the Philippines [OL.V]LYUTLU[(YZLUHSPZ\UKLY[OL+LWHY[TLU[VM5H[PVUHS+LMLUZL+5+ (D. Tuazon, personal through a licensed company authorized to transact communication, 31 August and the PNP-FED has no administrative control over the unit. Executive VYZLSSÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVU:*HSP_[V 8; 2010). From a small 6YKLY PZZ\LKVU(WYPS SPM[ZMVYLPNUPU]LZ[TLU[YLZ[YPJ[PVUZVU A. Serrano 20109). Actual ownership is established printing and merchandizing [OLJV\U[Y`»ZZTHSSHYTZPUK\Z[Y`HUKLTWV^LYZ[OL+5+[VIL[OLJSLHYPUN shop in 1905 (in 1952, once the private individual manages to register the Squires Bingham OV\ZL[VTVUP[VY¸UVU7OPSPWWPULUH[PVUHSZ[VTHU\MHJ[\YLYLWHPYZ[VYLHUK ÄYLHYTHUKNL[ZHSPJLUZL[VV^UP[(:LYYHUV Co. became Squires KPZ[YPI\[LN\UZHUKHTT\UP[PVUZMVY^HYMHYL^LHWVUZYLWHPYHUKTHPU[LUHUJL Bingham Manufacturing The registration and licensing formally establish the Co.), ARMSCOR now LX\PWTLU[TPSP[HY`VYKPUHUJLHUKWHY[Z[OLYLVMJVTIH[]LZZLSTPSP[HY` SLNHSP[`VM[OLV^ULYZOPWVM[OLÄYLHYT becomes one of the major JVTT\UPJH[PVUHUKLX\PWTLU[HTVUNV[OLYZ¹,6 10 The PNP-Firearms and Explosives Division (PNP-FED) manufacturing companies in the country and in the PZ[OLZWLJPÄJYLN\SH[P]LHNLUJ`VM[OLNV]LYUTLU[ region (Odaka, 1983). (ZVM 757-,+ YLNPZ[LYLKH[V[HSVM SLNP[PTH[LÄYLHYTZ THUKH[LK[VHKTPUPZ[LYLUMVYJLHUKPTWSLTLU[[OL Under the leadership of 757-,+ ;OPZU\TILYPUJS\KLZ[OL ÄYLHYTZYLNPZ[LYLKILMVYL the current president, ÄYLHYTZSH^ZY\SLZHUKYLN\SH[PVUZ757-,+ Demetrio Tuazon, the 5,465V " \UKLY(TULZ[`7YVNYHTVM HZ^LSSHZ[OL 0UP[Z KH[H757-,+YLJVYKLKH[V[HSVM company has managed to ÄYLHYTZ[OH[^LYLIV\NO[MYVTSLNP[PTH[LN\UKLHSLYZ;OPZKH[HHSZVPUKPJH[LZ W\YJOHZLKSLNHSÄYLHYTZPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ expand its operation from [OH[H[V[HSVM PSSLNHSÄYLHYTZ^P[OL_WPYLKSPJLUZL^LYLYLNPZ[LYLK manufacturing, exporting, importing, retailing, ;OLZLU\TILYZ[OLYLMVYL[YHUZSH[LPU[VH[V[HSVM VY TPSSPVU Table 5.2: Licensed Firearms Purchased from Gun and shooting ranges YLNPZ[LYLKHUK\UYLNPZ[LYLKÄYLHYTZPU[OLJV\U[Y`PU 5V[L[OH[ -,+ +LHSLYZ [V (D. Tuazon, personal communication, 31 data showed that the number of loose FAs or those with un-renewed license Purchased Purchased Purchased Year Year Year August 2010). Currently, was 1.1M; while licensed FAs were at 1.2M). The 2008 data also showed that Firearm FA FA the company continues to ZOV[N\UZMVSSV^LKI`YL]VS]LYZ^LYL[OLTVZ[^PKLS`\ZLKÄYLHYTZPU[OL 1990 13,409 1997 90,480 2004 40,737 operate around the world as the major exporting 7OPSPWWPULZZLL[HISL 757-,+ 1991 10,060 1998 41,815 2005 41,574 company to showcase Filipino made firearms 1992 18,418 1999 69,293 2006 56,651 Illicit trade. The illicit manufacture and trade has a parallel operation with 1993 18,418 2000 17,299 2007 50,851 (D. Tuazon, personal communication, 31 August that of the legal trade. These illicit operations have the following mutually 1994 23,533 2001 31,162 2008 27,281 2010). For the firearms independent conceptual qualities: unregistered 1995 34,757 2002 59,273 TOTAL 752,752 dealership, P. B . Dionisio & Co., Mr. Paulino Dionisio, VWLYH[PVUZTHU\MHJ[\YLKPZ[YPI\[PVUHUKZLSSPUN" 1996 65,113 2003 49,418 10 Lucas, Daxim. (2002). as then sole proprietor L_WPYLKSPJLUZL[VVWLYH[LTHU\MHJ[\YLKPZ[YPI\[PVU of the Philippine army, Palace allows foreigners Source: PNP-FED, 2008 pioneered the local firearm and selling); operations going beyond those stipulated to manufacture guns, industry in September 26, PU[OLSPJLUZL[VVWLYH[L"HUK\USPJLUZLKÄYLHYT: ammo in Business World. 1950 (P.B. Dionisio & Co., April 19. The EO allows (SZVPU -,+PZZ\LKSPJLUZL[VL_WVY[[V 2010). Tracing its history to *HSP_[V ([[OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSSL]LS[OPZPSSLNP[PTH[L non-Philippine nationals (94:*69:JVWYV6W[PJHS*V0UJ:OVV[LYZ.\UZ the early years of the post- [YHKLOHWWLUZ^OLUMVYLPNUTHU\MHJ[\YLYZ to manufacture, repair, store, and distribute (TTV*VYWVYH[PVU;^PU7PULZ*VYWVYH[PVUHUK World War II, Mr. Dionisio distributors and retailers establish transactions with was the first one to be guns and ammunitions -SVYV0U[LYUH[PVUHS*VYWVYH[PVU[VL_WVY[ÄYLHYTZN\U authorized by the Philippine the underground and/or unregistered traders in the for warfare, weapons parts and ammunition to the following countries: government to expand 7OPSPWWPULZ+;\HaVU11). This indicates that repair and maintenance the firearms commercial equipment, military (\Z[YHSPH)VSP]PH*HTIVKPH*HUHKH*OPUH*VZ[H operation to private some legal entities are themselves engaged in illicit ordinance and parts 9PJH+VTPUPJHU9LW\ISPJ,J\HKVY,S:HS]HKVY individuals (P.B. Dionisio & [YHKLJHW[\YPUNWYVÄ[PUIV[O[OLVWLUTHYRL[HUK thereof, combat vessel, military communication -YHUJL.\H[LTHSH/VUK\YHZ/VUN2VUN/\UNHY` Co., 2010). The company’s [OL\UKLYNYV\UKTHYRL[ rich history in the local and equipment, among 0UKVULZPH0ZYHLS0[HS`1HWHU4HSH`ZPH5L^ALHSHUK firearm industry made it others, subject to clearance 5VY^H`7HUHTH7HYHN\H`7LY\:PUNHWVYL one of the most established ;OL[OYP]PUNPSSPJP[THYRL[VMÄYLHYTZL_WSHPUZ[OL of the Department of firearm dealers of guns, National Defense. The :^P[aLYSHUK;HP^HU;OHPSHUK<2<:(HUK gun parts, ammunitions, proliferation of arms and persistence of armed groups Executive Order has been =LULa\LSH757-,+ and accessories in the in the Southern Philippines despite the draconian criticized by civil society groups because of the country (P.B. Dionisio & measures imposed by the Philippine government Co., 2010). Of late, the possibility that it will further Regulating the legal trade. The Philippine company also expanded 4PZHS\JOH;OLYLHYLHSSLNH[PVUZ[OH[7HRPZ[HU exacerbate the already NV]LYUTLU[HZKPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LYOHZH its operation to include Afghanistan and Libyan religious organizations thriving illicit arms trade shooting ranges and sale in the country. Still, the EO ^LHRWYLZLUJLPU[OLN\UPUK\Z[Y`0[ZZ`Z[LTVM of world renowned guns PUKPYLJ[S`SPURLK[V^LZ[LYUHSSPLKZ[H[LZZ\WWS`[OL is a clear recognition that regulation can be described as ‘compartmentalized and ammunitions. armaments of contemporary Muslim rebels (Misalucha gun-making is actually a thriving industry in the Philippines. 60 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 61 2004). There are also reports that insurgent groups have limited capacity to ;OLYLPZHUVI]PV\ZHIZLUJLVMZ[H[LYLN\SH[P]LJHWHJP[`PU[OLPSSPJP[THYRL[ THU\MHJ[\YL[OLPYV^UÄYLHYTZHUKL_WSVZP]LZ12 ZH]LMVY[OLUH[\YHSYLN\SH[P]LJHWHJP[`VMMYLLWYVÄ[VYPLU[LKTHYRL[>OPSL the players in the gun industry continue to yearn for more state protection – e.g Table 5.3 Type of Registered Firearms [H_PUJLU[P]LZOPNO[HYPMMVMPTWVY[LKWYVK\J[ZPUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaLKIYVRLYPUNHUK Number YL[HPSPUN[VPUKP]PK\HSJVUZ\TLYZ;\HaVU[OLJVU\UKY\TPZ[OH[[OLZ[H[L Type Caliber Type Caliber Number of FA of FA is still ambivalent as regards its policy on private gun ownership (see argument LP RIFLE 22 84,295 SHOTGUNS .12GA 152,290 PU*OHW[LY"HUKKPZJ\ZZPVUPU*OHW[LY(ZUV[LK[OLH[[P[\KLVM[OLZ[H[L 17 42 .16GA 1,229 pendulums from tightening control (e.g. during the time of Pres. Cory Aquino) to relaxing the rules (e.g. during the time of Pres. Estrada). The wavering attitude PISTOLS .22 26,228 .20GA 1,320 HSSV^ZMVY[OLL_WHUZPVUVM[OLNYH`HYLHZPUJL[OLISHJRHUK^OP[LKVTHPUZHYL .25/6.35MM 7,519 410 GA/.22 1,004 not clearly spelled out. .30 36 7.62MM 805 REVOLVER .22 94,022 While the police and other state security forces would argue that gun ownership PU[OL7OPSPWWPULZ\USPRL[OL 62 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 63 Appendix 1: Small Arms Producers personnel for their everyday activities. (population data sourced from Wikipedia) Major Medium Small Unassessed For the top 3 cities with security agencies, the need to maintain peace and order China Austria Argentina Albania among large populations and prominent businesses provides the main reason for Russian Federation Belgium Armenia Algeria the prevalence of security agencies. United States Brazil Australia Bangladesh Bulgaria Canada Belarus Secondly, on the issue of personnel, According to R.A. 5847, or the Private Security Czech Republic Chile Bolivia Agency law, Section 16(a) “No agency operating in the City of Manila and suburbs Egypt Colombia Bosnia and Herzegovina may employ more than 1,000 watchmen or security guards; (b) no agency France Croatia Burkina Faso operating in other cities and first class municipalities may employ more than 500 Germany Denmark Cambodia watchmen or security guards; (c) no agency operating in municipalities other than Hungary Finland Cameroon first class may employ more than 200 watchmen or security guards.” If we do not India Greece Cuba have the employment details of roughly 252 of the 637 agencies that are licensed Israel Indonesia Cyprus to operate, or 39.5% of the total percentage of agencies, how can we ascertain Italy Japan Dominican Republic that they comply with the requirements of this section? Pakistan Luxembourg Ecuador Poland Malaysia Estonia Romania Mexico Ethiopia Thirdly, on the issue of weapons surplus and deficit, according to R.A. 5847, Singapore Netherlands Guatemala Section 13 “A watchman or security agency shall be entitled to posses firearms South Africa New Zealand Guinea after having satisfactorily passed the requirements prescribed by the Chief, South Korea Norway Iran Philippine Constabulary pertinent to the possession of firearm of any caliber Spain Peru Iraq not higher than 45 caliber in a number not exceeding one firearm for every two Switzerland Philippines Kazakhstan watchmen or security guards in its employ: Provided, however, That a watchman Taiwan Portugal Kenya or security agent shall be entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or Turkey Saudi Arabia Lithuania shotgun in order to provide adequate security when circumstances so demand: United Kingdom Slovakia Macedonia Provided, further, That all the firearms mentioned herein shall be carried by the Slovenia Malta watchman or security guard only during his tour of duty in proper uniform within Sweden Moldova the compound of the establishment except when he escorts big amounts of cash Thailand Monaco or valuables in and out of said compound.” In the case of the excessive weapons Ukraine Morocco surpluses, how can the agencies justify their stockpile of firearms? For instance, Venezuela Myanmar here is a list of security agencies that have a weapons surplus that exceeds Yugoslavia Nigeria 100units: North Korea Papua New Guinea Paraguay Eaglestar Security Services Inc. 201 Sudan Trinity Investigation and SA Corp 236 Syria Panther Integrated Services 223 Tanzania Corporate Protection Services Phils 211 Uganda Lockheed Detective and Watchman Agency 550 United Arab Emirates Thunder Security and Investigation Agency 269 Uruguay St. Thomas Sec & Gen Services Corp 210 Vietnam Ultra Security Services Inc 152 Zimbabwe ESA Protective and Security Services 170 Total: 3 Total: 23 Total: 29 Total: 40 Although each of these agencies have hired a sufficient number of security Source: Small Arms Survey 200113 personnel to justify the amount of weapons they have in storage, there are no requirements for the assurance that these weapons will not be used at the discretion of the security personnel, who may opt to carry more than 2 units for more dangerous investigations or operations. In this situation, how is the regulatory agency able to assure that the protocol is followed in all instances? On the other hand, in order to determine the reasons for the prevalence of security agencies in a certain area, a simpler system of evaluation must be applied to the other regions in the country, namely: the level of urbanization in the area. This is evident in the lack of security agencies in mainly rural-agricultural regions, such as region 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and CARAGA, whereas in the developing areas such as Laguna and Zamboanga, there are a fair number of security agencies, while in developed urban centers, such as Cebu and Davao, security agencies are relatively prevalent, thus reinforcing that the need for security agencies is largely shaped by urbanization and business-industry. 64 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 5 | The Firearms Industry 65 (WWLUKP_!7YP]H[L.\UV^ULYZOPWWLY9LZPKLU[Z Guns per 100 Rank Country CHAPTER 6 residents (2007) (2007) Angola 17.3 34 Argentina 10.2 62 Perception of Social Insecurity Australia 15.0 42 & Community Safety Austria 30.4 14 Canada 30.8 13 Jennifer Santiago Oreta China 4.9 102 with Ma. Victoria Caranay, Bernadette Eugenio Cyprus 36.4 5 & Vladimir Reyes1 Finland 32.0 8 France 31.2 12 Germany 30.3 15 Greece 22.5 23 ¯^OLUWLVWSLJHU^HUKLYHYV\UKPU[OLPYJVTT\UP[PLZH[UPNO[^P[OV\[MLHY India 4.2 110 VMILPUNKL[HPULKVYZOV[MVYUVHWWHYLU[YLHZVU^OLU[OL`JHUUVSVUNLYZLL Iran 7.3 79 TPSP[HY`JHTWZULHY[OLPYJVTT\UP[PLZ^OLUWYP]H[LHYTPLZHYLKPZTHU[SLK Iraq 34.2 7 ^OLU[OL`JHUUV[OLHYN\UZOV[ZHU`TVYL^OLU[OL`JHUZSLLWPU[OLPYO\[Z Italy 11.9 55 ^P[OV\[^VYY`PUN[OH[»Z^OLUHJVTT\UP[`PZJVUZPKLYLKºZHML» 4H` Mexico 15.0 42 )YN`0U\N\N7PRP[5VY[O*V[HIH[V New Zealand 22.6 22 Norway 31.3 11 Pakistan 11.6 57 ;OLMLLSPUNVMPUZLJ\YP[`HTVUNJP]PSPHUZQ\_[HWVZLK^P[OHWLYJLW[PVUVMH^LHR state2 motivates people to secure arms for protection. “The demand for small Russia 8.9 68 HYTZHUKSPNO[^LHWVUZPZVM[LUM\LSSLKI`JVUKP[PVUZVMPUZLJ\YP[`VWWYLZZPVU Saudi Arabia 35.0 6 O\THUYPNO[Z]PVSH[PVUZHUK\UKLYKL]LSVWTLU[¹<5+7,ZZLU[PHSZ5V 5V] Serbia 37.8 4 2002) South Africa 12.7 50 Spain 10.4 61 ;OLWHYHKV_PZ[OH[¸¯JV\U[YPLZHUKYLNPVUZ^P[O[OLOPNOLZ[SL]LSVMÄYLHYT Sweden 31.6 10 violence and ownership are less able to address them than countries with Switzerland 45.7 3 SV^YH[LZVMÄYLHYT]PVSLUJLHUKV^ULYZOPW¹*\RPLY:PKLS :[PSSSLNHS Thailand 15.6 39 and illegal gun-trade thrive because of the continued and increasing demand Tunisia 0.1 178 MVYHYTZI`JP]PSPHUZ3H^SLZZULZZJYPTPUHSP[`IHUKP[Y`HUKPUZ\YNLUJ`HUK Turkey 12.5 52 HJ\S[\YLVMPTW\UP[`JV\WSLK^P[O[OLPUHIPSP[`VMLUMVYJLYZ[VHKKYLZZ[OLZL United States 88.8 1 concerns create the impression of chaos and danger in society. A number of Uruguay 31.8 9 JP]PSPHUZSVVRH[N\UZHZWYV]PKLYVMZLJ\YP[`;OLPYVU`OV^L]LYPZ[OH[^OPSL Yemen 54.8 2 N\UWVZZLZZPVUTHRLZWLVWSLMLLSZLJ\YLP[ZWYVSPMLYH[PVUJHUHSZVTHRL people feel more insecure. More guns in circulation can further exacerbate the Source: SAS 2007 HSYLHK`]VSH[PSLZVJPHSWVSP[PJHSHUKLJVUVTPJKP]PKLZ[OH[L_PZ[PU7OPSPWWPUL society. 1 Ms. Eugenio, Ms. Caranay, and Mr. Reyes conducted >P[O[OLYPZLVMJYPTPUHSP[`HZZVJPH[LK^P[OÄYLHYTZ the main bulk of the FGDs. WYVSPMLYH[PVUP[ILJVTLZPUL]P[HISLMVYNV]LYUTLU[Z They prepared reports to increase its military and police spending to combat for each of the FGDs 1 Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1997-2004, Congressional Research Service (CRS), 29 Aug which, subsequently, are 2005. Available online http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/52179.pdf accessed 23 April 2011 lawlessness. Increased budget on military and police incorporated in this chapter. 5 Ballantyne, Robin. 2005. Japan’s Hidden Arms Trade. December 1. Available online http://atimes.com/atimes/ means lesser funds available for other government The final draft of the Japan/GL01Dh01.html accessed Sept 18, 2009 chapter, however, is written 7 Personal communication, 31 August 2010 ZLY]PJLZSPRLLK\JH[PVUOLHS[OJHYLPUMYHZ[Y\J[\YL by Dr Oreta and hence, is 8 Personal communication, 08 December 2009 OV\ZPUNSP]LSPOVVK[YHPUPUNTHZZ[YHUZWVY[H[PVUHUK responsible for the ideas put 9 Personal communication, 21 October 2010 forward by he chapter. environmental protection – services that are most 2 11 Personal communication, 31 August 2010 Weak state here means 13 SAS 2001, The Graduate School of Geneva. Available online http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by- crucial especially to the most vulnerable groups ƚŚĞŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2001.html in society. Less budgetary support in these areas to enforce rules and laws ŝŵƉĂƌƟĂůůLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJ 66 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 6 | Perception of Social Insecurity & Community Safety 67 means more issues that can be used by insurgent groups to recruit members. 0U(\N\Z[ HYLWVY[PU[OL7OPSPWWPUL+HPS`0UX\PYLYZ[H[LK[OH[¸757PZ /LUJL[OLJ`JSLVM\UKLYKL]LSVWTLU[HUKYHKPJHSPaH[PVUVMWLYJLW[PVUVM ZOPWWPUNH[OV\ZHUKZOV[N\UZ[V4PUKHUHV[VHYTX\HSPÄLKYLZPKLU[ZHZWVSPJL deprivation prevail. There is no doubt that both physical safety and human auxillaries.”6 KL]LSVWTLU[JVUJLYUZHYLNYLH[S`HMMLJ[LKI`[OLWYVSPMLYH[PVUVMÄYLHYTZ While the actual amount of guns in circulation is based on collective imagination The consequences of arms proliferation are most felt in the local level. Muggah and approximation (see Chapter 2) - data from a research done in 2009 and Batchelor (2002)3 stated in their report that small arms proliferation validates pervasiveness of gun ownership: PTWHJ[ZVUJYPTPUHSP[`OLHS[OHUKLK\JH[PVUZLY]PJLZHUKLJVUVTPJHJ[P]P[` ¸>OLUHZRLKPM[OL`HYLHZZVJPH[LK^P[OVYRUV^VMZVTLVULoutside their 0[JH\ZLZKPZWSHJLTLU[^HZ[HNLVMNV]LYUTLU[YLZV\YJLZKHTHNLVUZVJPHS family with gun(s)[OLYLZWVUZL^HZTVYLMVY[OYPNO[/HSMVM[OLZ\Y]L` structures and withdrawal of development assistance. Below is a more detailed YLZWVUKLU[ZMYVTLPNO[HYLHZPU3\aVU=PZH`HZ4PUKHUHVYLZWVUKLU[Z description of the costs of small arms proliferation: HKTP[[LK[VRUV^ZVTLVULV\[ZPKL[OLPYMHTPS`^OVV^UHN\U¯;VOH]LH • Criminal violence: Arms in the hands of criminals directly impact on the ]LY`PUMVYTHSNH\NLVUOV^THU`[OLZLN\UV^ULYZHYL[OLYLZWVUKLU[Z X\HSP[`VMSPMLVMJP]PSPHUZ¶ZWLJPÄJHSS`[OLWLHJLHUKVYKLYVMJVTT\UP[PLZ ^LYLHZRLK[VNP]LU\TILYZÄN\YLZHZYLNHYKZ[OLU\TILYVMTHSLZHUK ;OLJVSSHWZLVMOLHS[OHUKLK\JH[PVUZLY]PJLZ!/LHS[OHUKLK\JH[PVU^VYRLYZ females (outside their family) who owned a gun. The respondents reported a HYLVM[LU[HYNL[LKVYH[[HJRLKPU[OLJVU[L_[VMHYTZYLSH[LK]PVSLUJL(JJLZZ [V[HSVMTHSLHUK MLTHSLN\UV^ULYZ¯;OLZLÄN\YLZVI]PV\ZS`¯HYL to these services are constrained or limited due to armed insecurity. “In poor measure of the actual amount of guns in circulation. The relevance of 4PUKHUHVJOPSKTVY[HSP[`YH[LZL_JLLKWLY^OLYLHZ[OLUH[PVUHS [OLÄN\YLZOV^L]LYPZ[OLZLLTPUNH\KHJP[`VMN\UV^ULYZOPWPU[OLJV\U[Y` H]LYHNLPZSLZZ[OHU WLY¹4\NNHO)H[JOLSVY ¶H\KHJPV\ZPU[OLZLUZL[OH[VU[OLH]LYHNLLHJOYLZWVUKLU[RUV^H[SLHZ[ +PZWSHJLTLU[VMWLVWSL!-PYLHYTYLSH[LKPUZLJ\YP[`PZHZPNUPÄJHU[MHJ[VY[OH[ VULN\UV^ULY3PRL^PZLPM^L[HRL[OLYH[PVVMTHSLHUKMLTHSLN\UV^ULYZ PUÅ\LUJLZWLVWSLZ»KLJPZPVUZ[VÅLLVYTPNYH[L there is 1 female to every 5.8 male gun owners. The wide disparity of male and • Declining economic activity: Formal and informal trade and commercial female reported gun owners adds support to the argument that gun-possession activities deteriorate in situations of armed insecurity. PZKVTPUHU[S`HºTHSL[OPUN»[OH[PZN\UHZHUPUZ[Y\TLU[VM]HS\LPZSPURLK • Reduced government resources: Armed violence can have a negative effect with the heteronormative conception of assigning the function of protection to on government revenue (low tax collection) and domestic savings which can males.” (Oreta 2009) 7 contribute to decline in economic activity. • Damage to social structure: Small arms availability can have negative ;OPZÄUKPUNYLZVUH[LZ^P[O[OLÄN\YLWYV]PKLKI`[OL2000 UN The Eight PTWSPJH[PVUZ[VMHTPS`HUKJVTT\UP[`JVOLZPVUNLUKLYYLSH[PVUZHUK International Crime Victims Survey prepared by the Interregional Crime and customary institutions. 1\Z[PJL9LZLHYJO0UZ[P[\[L0UZHPKYLWVY[[OLWLYJLU[HNLVMOV\ZLOVSKZ • Withdrawal of development assistance: Small arms availability generates ^P[OÄYLHYTZPU[OL7OPSPWWPULZPZÄ]LWLYJLU[;OLZHTLYLWVY[Z[H[LZ[OH[ PUZLJ\YP[`[VKL]LSVWTLU[HNLUJPLZYLZ\S[PUN[V^P[OKYH^HSVMHPK VM[OLZLOV\ZLOVSKZOH]LOHUKN\UZHUK THPU[HPUN\UZMVYZLSM WYV[LJ[PVU*\RPLYHUK:PKLS ! Insecurity Fuelling Firearms Proliferation (ZKPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LYN\UZHYLLHZPS`H]HPSHISL(STVZ[L]LY`VUL^OV +\YPUN[OLLSLJ[PVUN\UIHUPUN\UV^ULYZJVTWSHPULK[OH[Z\JOTV]L participated in focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted to ascertain the ^HZLUJV\YHNPUNMVYPSSLNHSÄYLHYTOVSKLYZJYPTPUHSZZPUJL[OL`RUL^[OH[[OL WLYJLW[PVUHUKMLLSPUNZVMWLVWSLYLNHYKPUNN\UÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVUJSHPTLK licensed holders could not use their guns and would not be able to defend that it was “easy to acquire guns in their community especially if (one) has themselves.8 money.”40U+H]HV*P[`YLZWVUKLU[ZZOHYLK[OH[MVY7OW <: VULJHUHSYLHK`NL[HU4 "MVY7 HU4"MVY7O7 H 0UHYLZLHYJOJVUK\J[LKPU [OL[VWMV\YNYV\WZPKLU[PÄLKI`YLZWVUKLU[Z JHSPILY "HUKMVY7OW HJHSPILY 5 HZZV\YJLZVM]PVSLUJLPU[OLPYJVTT\UP[PLZ^LYLH`V\[ONHUNZIJYPTPUHS NYV\WZJULPNOIVYZHUKKWVSP[PJHSMHTPSPLZ0[PZ[O\ZUV[Z\YWYPZPUN[OH[ 0U*V[HIH[VHJJVYKPUN[V-.+WHY[PJPWHU[Z! majority of respondents in said study declared that (1) violence exists in their Guns are easy to procure since they are given as gifts to esteemed HYLHHUK[OH[THQVYP[`MLHYZ[VILH]PJ[PTVM]PVSLUJLVULKH`6YL[H YLSH[P]LZHZNPM[ZMVYJLY[HPUZLY]PJLZVYHZWHY[VMHNYVVT»ZKV^Y` -VYH4VYVOH]PUNHN\UPZH^H`VMSPML;OL`^LYLIYV\NO[\W ;OLMLLSPUNVMPUZLJ\YP[`PZVI]PV\ZS`OPNOHUKPZTVYLWYVUV\UJLKPU ILSPL]PUN[OH[N\UPZULJLZZHY`HZWHY[VM[OLPY^LHS[OZV\YJLVM[OLPY NYV\WZJVUZPKLYLKTVYL]\SULYHISL[VN\U]PVSLUJL[OHUV[OLYZ¶PL[OVZL pride and as tool of survival. NLVNYHWOPJHSS`SVJH[LKPUJVUÅPJ[HMMLJ[LKYLNPVUZHUK[OL4VYVZ9 In IV[ONYV\WZ[OLZ[YVUNMLLSPUNVMPUZLJ\YP[`PZ[PLK^P[O[OLSVUNZ[HUKPUN Guns are easy to sell since most households in the community have JVUÅPJ[IL[^LLU[OL.97.V]LYUTLU[VM[OL9LW\ISPJVM[OL7OPSPWWPULZ N\UZMVYWYV[LJ[PVU0[PZYHYL[VÄUKHOV\ZLOVSKPUV\YJVTT\UP[`[OH[ HUK[OLPUZ\YNLU[NYV\WZ*7757(ZLWHYH[PZ[ZNYV\WZ403-453-HUK OHZUVN\UZ¹-.+7PRP[5V*V[HIH[V4H` fundamentalist group (Abu Sayaff Group). 68 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 6 | Perception of Social Insecurity & Community Safety 69 Gun availability has in a way become a part of daily life of the OHPSMYVTJP[PLZ^OLYLWVSPJLWYLZLUJLPZTVYLWYVUV\UJLK^V\SKWYVIHIS` WLVWSL0[PZUV[Z\YWYPZPUN[VÄUKMHYTLYZHUKNVH[OLYKLYZ^P[ON\UZ have a better sense of security. This may not be the case in areas where police ZSPUNPUNVU[OLPYZOV\SKLYZVYOHUNPUNMYVT[OLPYILS[Z0UKPYLJ[S`N\U visibility is scarce. availability has become the rule rather than an exception. Without the WYV[LJ[PVUVM[OLN\U`V\HYL]\SULYHISLHUKLHZ`[HYNL[¹-.+7PRP[ Others who do not have the luxury of living in gated subdivisions N. Cotabato 6 May 2010) ^V\SKW\[NH[LZPU[OLPYJVTT\UP[`ZVTLVM^OPJOHYL[LJOUPJHSS` illegal since the areas being cordoned off are actually public roads. In their community they have this understanding that if they heard ;OPZHJ[PVUOV^L]LYPZVI]PV\ZS`^LPNOPUN[OLVKKZILSPL]PUN[OH[ L_JOHUNLVMÄYLZMVYÄ]LTPU\[LZ[OH[»ZUVYTHSPMP[NL[ZSVUNLYSPRL [OLPSSLNHSHJ[VMW\[[PUNNH[LZMHYV\[^LPNOZ[OLILULÄ[VMZLJ\YPUN[OL TPU\[LZ[OL`HYLVU[OLHSLY[HUK[Y`[VNH\NL^OLYLP[PZJVTPUN JVTT\UP[`-.+3HN\UH (WYPS from or if they are in immediate danger. If it gets to more than an hour [OL`^PSSZSV^S`NH[OLY[OLJOPSKYLUWHJR[OLPY^VYSKS`WVZZLZZPVUHUK A direct effect of gun availability in community relations is the ^HP[MVYHS\SSPU[OLÄNO[PUN[VTV]LZVTL^OLYLZHML-.+7PRP[5 PUJYLHZLKYPZRVM]PVSLUJLPU[OLJVTT\UP[`0MWLVWSLHYLPUJVUÅPJ[ Cotabato 6 May 2010) N\UWVZZLZZPVUPUJYLHZLZ[OLYPZRVM]PVSLUJL¸0UKPYLJ[S`JVTT\UP[` relations may seem peaceful on the surface but can explode with just HZSPNO[TPZ\UKLYZ[HUKPUN¹7PRP[5*V[HIH[V 4H` Purpose of Guns There is ambivalence as regards people’s view on gun possession - on one OHUKWLVWSLSVVRH[P[HZH\ZLM\SVIQLJ[VMWYV[LJ[PVU¶WYV[LJ[PUNVUL»ZMHTPS` and one’s property - but at the same time they also recognize the dangers associated with it. Those who favor civilian gun possession – based on the FGD, Pikit, North Cotabato responses in the FGDs - seem to be borne more out of necessity rather than JVU]PJ[PVU;OPZ^H]LYPUNH[[P[\KLPZSPURLK^P[O[OLHWWYLJPH[PVUVMgun as an instrument of value. It is not a neutral object but has ascribed social meanings: 6ULT\Z[UV[L[OV\NO[OH[H]HPSHIPSP[`VMÄYLHYTZJVYYLZWVUKZ^P[OKLTHUK protection and power. HUKKLTHUKPZ\Z\HSS`KPJ[H[LKI`[OLZLJ\YP[`JVU[L_[-VYPUZ[HUJL^OPSL =PNHU10YLZWVUKLU[ZJSHPTLK[OH[P[^HZLHZ`[VHJX\PYLN\UZPU[OLPYHYLH[OL Of particular interest here are the views of Moro respondents.11 They argue that issue of proliferation in the community is less serious compared to Cotabato. 4\ZSPTZSVVRH[N\UWVZZLZZPVUILJH\ZLVM[OLPYL_WLYPLUJLVM¸TPUVYP[PaH[PVU¹ The difference in the security context of the two areas is glaring – Cotabato and marginalization by the State. More than just the reality of “rido” 12 in their is proximate to sporadic armed clashes between the government forces and JVTT\UP[PLZHYTZVYN\UWVZZLZZPVUPZZLLTPUNS`[OL^H`[OL4VYVZTLKPH[L M\UKHTLU[HSPZ[(:.ZLWHYH[PZ[Z403-HUKPUZ\YNLU[57(ZNYV\WZ^OPSL the perceived discriminatory policies of the majority. Guns are necessary for =PNHUKVLZUV[L_WLYPLUJL[OLZHTL [OL4VYVZILJH\ZLP[THRLZ[OLNV]LYUTLU[SPZ[LU[V [OLT:PUJL[OL`HYLHTPUVYP[`[OL`JVU[LUK[OH[PM 11 name withheld for security [OL`KVUV[OH]LN\UZ[OLNV]LYUTLU[^PSSUV[WH` reasons; interview was H[[LU[PVU[V[OLTHUK^PSSLUK\WSPRL[OL(TLYPJHU conducted on 27 Oct 2008 12 “Rido” is the term used to Indians: seen but not heard. describe feuding or clan conflict. Some “rido” are Gendered Security latent, some are active. “Rido” is of particular >OPSLVMÄJPHSYLWVY[ZZOV^[OH[TVYLTLUHYL interest among peace ]PJ[PTPaLKI`JYPTLZ^VTLUHYLWHY[PJ\SHYS`TVYL activists and policy makers as it tends to interact and fearful of getting victimized. “Fear of crime is a leading complicate the existing social and political concern in western cities and armed violence in the women’s fear of male violence constitutes the core region instigated both by the insurgents and the Workshop/ FGD in of the problem in terms of its quantity and nature.” all-out-war principle of Quezon City (Pain 1997)13;OYLH[ZVMJYPTLHMMLJ[^VTLUTVYL the GRP. For an extensive read on rido, see Torres HUK[O\Z^VTLUHYLTVYLSPRLS`[VZ\WWVY[WYL]LU[P]L Wilfrido Magno III. (ed) 4VYLV]LY[OLZLJ\YP[`JVU[L_[PZHSZVKPJ[H[LKI`[OLWLYMVYTHUJLVMZLJ\YP[` TLHZ\YLZ[OH[HKKYLZZJYPTPUHSP[`/\Y^P[a :TP[OL` 2007. “Rido Clan Feuding forces in the area. Those who live in private subdivisions where people are more 1998)140U[OLWYLZLU[Z[\K`PUMHJ[IV[OTLUHUK and Conflict Management in Mindanao.” USAID and ÄUHUJPHSS`Z[HISLHUKJHUHMMVYK[VOPYLWYP]H[LZLJ\YP[`N\HYKZVY[OVZL^OV ^VTLU[OPUR[OH[TVYL^VTLUHYL]PJ[PTPaLK The Asia Foundation. 70 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 6 | Perception of Social Insecurity & Community Safety 71 WYPTHYPS`ILJH\ZLVM[OLZVJPHSS`HZJYPILKUV[PVU[OH[[OL`HYLº^LHR» This adds burden and pressure for civilians to do something to address this PUZLJ\YP[`HUKZLLTZ[VJYLH[L[OLJVUKP[PVUMVYWLVWSL[VZLJ\YLÄYLHYTZMVY ;OLNLUKLYLKWHYHKPNTJYLH[LZHZLSMM\SÄSSPUNWYVWOLZ`¶ZPUJLZVJPL[`ZH`Z protection.17 [OH[^VTLUHYLVM[LU]PJ[PTPaLKILJH\ZLVM[OLPY]\SULYHIPSP[`PUKLLK[OL ^VTLUMLLS[OH[[OL`HYL]PJ[PTZHUK[OH[[OL`HYL^LHR¶^OL[OLYVYUV[[Y\L )\[HZYLWLH[LKS`TLU[PVULKPU[OPZWHWLY[OLZHKYLHSP[`PZ[OH[HN\UPZ ¸0U[OLMHJLVMKHUNLY[O\Z[OL^VTLUYLZWVUKLU[ZLP[OLYYLTHPUWHZZP]L HKV\ISLLKNLKPUZ[Y\TLU[¶P[HWWHYLU[S`WYV[LJ[ZI\[P[PZHSZV\ZLKI` LNWYH`SLH]L[OPUNZ[V.VKRLLWX\PL[VYNV[V[OLV[OLYL_[YLTL[OH[ criminal elements to pursue their ends.18 There is therefore a need to search PZ[VRPSSOLY[VYTLU[VY0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLNLUKLYLKILSPLMZVUZLJ\YP[`HUK MVYHS[LYUH[P]LTLHUZ[VTHRLWLVWSLMLLSZLJ\YL;OLZLHS[LYUH[P]LZSPRL^PZL safety seemingly push women to carry out two extreme acts – withdrawal or ZOV\SKUV[VUS`THRLWLVWSLZLJ\YLI\[ZOV\SKHSZVHSSV^WLVWSL[VJOHSSLUNL extreme violence.” (Oreta 2009) The victimization syndrome further marginalizes and negotiate the boundaries of the traditional security discourse. ^VTLUZLY]PUNSPRLHIHYYPLY[OH[WYL]LU[Z[OLTMYVTM\SS`WHY[PJPWH[PUNPUW\ISPJ Bolstering the view that security is the responsibility of the individual is the discourse on security matters. performance of state security institutions. There were mixed responses in regard to satisfaction with security institutions. Others lament the ineffectiveness and 0U[OLHIZLUJLVMJVOLZP]LHUKLMMLJ[P]LJVTT\UP[`ZLJ\YP[`TLJOHUPZT PULMÄJPLUJ`VM[OLWVSPJLI\[V[OLYZYLWVY[LKZH[PZMHJ[PVU individuals (women in particular) continue to feel the tensions brought about by an insecure environment. -.+WHY[PJPWHU[ZMYVT7PRP[5VY[O*V[HIH[VZHPK[OH[[OLIHYHUNH` local and even the national government’s way of handling issues “Women thus have to endure several layers of insecurity – she VMZLJ\YP[`PZWVVYHUKILTVHU[OH[[OL)HUNZHTVYVWLVWSLOH]L is insecure in a society that has too many guns circulating and always been the receiving end of all violations practiced by the JVUZLX\LU[S`OH]LOPNOJYPTLPUJPKLUJLHUKPUZ\YNLUJ`"ZOLPZ UH[PVUHSH\[OVYP[`4H` insecure in a system where more power is extended to men; and she PZPUZLJ\YLILJH\ZLZVJPL[`THKLOLYILSPL]L[OH[ZOLPZ^LHRHUKPZ FGD Participants from Davao del Sur said that if only the Barangay leaders KLWLUKLU[VUTLUMVYWYV[LJ[PVU.P]LUZ\JOJVU[L_[P[ZVTLOV^ ^V\SKLUZ\YL[OH[[OL`HYLMHPYPULUMVYJPUN[OLY\SLZWLVWSL^PSSMVSSV^[OLSH^ pushes the woman to the wall as regards the available options for ¸;OLWYVISLTPZ[OH[[OL`[HSRTVYLHUKJV\SKUV[Z\IZ[HU[PH[L[OLPY[HSR¹;OL OLY^OLUP[JVTLZ[VPZZ\LZVMZHML[`6UVULOHUK[OL^VTLU JVTTP[[LLVMWLHJLHUKVYKLYPZHSZVUV[M\UJ[PVUPUN4H` YLZWVUKLU[ZYLTHPULKWHZZP]LLNWYH`SLH]L[OPUNZ[V.VKRLLW X\PL[VYVU[OLV[OLYOHUK^VTLUNV[V[OLV[OLYL_[YLTL[OH[PZ There is also the view that people close to power use the military and [VRPSSOLY[VYTLU[VY0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLNLUKLYLKILSPLMHWWHYLU[S` NV]LYUTLU[YLZV\YJLZ[VÄNO[[OLPYLULTPLZ\UKLY[OLHLNPZVMYLWYLZZPUN[OL leaves little room for the women respondents women in mediating her separatist groups. “Ginagamit nila yung military to suppress the people.” They safety. “ (Oreta 2009) HYL\ZPUN[OLTPSP[HY`[VZ\WWYLZZ[OLWLVWSL 6J[ 4\ZSPT^VTLU CDO) Responsibility for Safety There is a general belief that the individual is primarily )\[HWHY[MYVTWVSP[PJZ[OLYLHYLPUOLYLU[Z[Y\J[\YHSSPTP[H[PVUZ;OLbarangay 15 This is the view of responsible for one’s own and one’s immediate FGD participants from tanods]PSSHNLWH[YVSZMVYPUZ[HUJLHYLUV[HYTLKHUK\ZLVUS`H¸IH[\[H¹ family’s safety.15 Safety is mostly regarded as a private Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, (wooden club). A Barangay tanod-participant from Laguna recounted that he matter rather than a community responsibility.16 16 April 2010 VUJL[HPSLK[^VZUH[JOLYZI\[^OLUOLÄUHSS`JH\NO[\W^P[O[OLJYPTPUHSZ[OL SH[[LYWVPU[LKHN\UH[OPTHUKOPZJVTWHUPVU"OLUJL[OL`OHK[VYL[YLH[HUK let the criminals escape. 3PRL^PZL[OLWVSPJL[VWVW\SH[PVUYH[PVPZMHYMYVTPKLHS;OLYLHYL police to 90M population (or 1:900) when the international accepted ratio is ! VULWVSPJLWLY WLVWSL4VYLV]LYVM[OLWVSPJLVUS` are issued side arms while the rest have to wait for the 17 even the view that the increase in PNP appropriations to purchase additional it’s-ok-to-have-guns-but- character-of-person-is- Jennifer Oreta with arms. (Tor 2008)19 SACOP (Social crucial is still within bounds of safety as personal matter Action of Pampanga) 20 The inadequacy of the police force to address the The people actually notice guide, en route to the lack of visibility of Sapang Uwak, Porac expectations of the population to provide peace and police forces, which actually Pampanga for the order is complicated by their limitations both in actual affects the efficiency to dispense justice. FGD, FGD with Aetas U\TILYHUKPU[OLH]HPSHIPSP[`VMHYTZPZZ\LKJV\WSLK Muntinlupa, 22 April 2010 72 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 6 | Perception of Social Insecurity & Community Safety 73 with the self-serving interest of some individuals in the police force who use the security. This is the context and the reason why there is a need to engage the institution for their own advantage.20 local government units. LGUs have great potential to secure its people the way that they have the potential to oppress its constituents and perpetuate injustice. Self-help: Community as Locus of Safety 0UL]LY`JVTT\UP[`[OLYLPZHS^H`ZHJVUÅPJ[THUHNLTLU[TLJOHUPZT[OH[ There is obviously a need to collectively re-imagine a security paradigm that KLHSZ^P[O[OLTHPU[LUHUJLVMWLHJL0U[YHKP[PVUHSJVTT\UP[PLZJVUÅPJ[ PZSLZZKLWLUKLU[VUN\UZ(S[LYUH[P]LJVTT\UP[`JVUÅPJ[[YHUZMVYTH[PVU THUHNLTLU[PZOHUKSLKI`[YPILSLHKLYZVYLSKLYZ"PUV[OLYZP[PZ[OLSVJHSS` management must be strengthened. Organizing the community can be an LSLJ[LK)HYHUNH`]PSSHNLVMÄJPHSZ4HU`JVTT\UP[PLZYLS`VU[OLIHYHUNH` LMMLJ[P]LPU[LY]LU[PVU[VTHRL[OLJVTT\UP[`ZHMLY;OLYLPZHSZVYLJVNUP[PVU chairpersons and councilors to maintain peace and order. that the government must actively intervene in controlling guns in circulation. Participation from civil society and local communities in carrying out the rule 0U*V[HIH[VPUJHZLZULLKPUNJVUÅPJ[THUHNLTLU[LZWLJPHSS`^OLUIPN VMSH^JHUKYHZ[PJHSS`SLZZLUZLUZLSLZZRPSSPUNZHUKJYPTLZMYVTOHWWLUPUN( MHTPSPLZHYLPU]VS]LKYLZWLJ[LK[YHKP[PVUHSSLHKLYZHYLJHSSLK[VPU[LY]LULHUK JYHJRKV^UVUJVYY\W[LSLTLU[ZPU[OLTPSP[HY`HUKWVSPJLPZULLKLK;OLYLPZ ZL[[SLJVUÅPJ[Z0YVUPJHSS`[OLZLºJVUÅPJ[THUHNLYZ»HYLL_WLJ[LK[VOH]LN\UZ HSZVHU\YNLU[ULLKMVY*VUNYLZZ[VYL]PL^L_PZ[PUNSH^ZY\SLZHUKYLN\SH[PVUZ [VMHJPSP[H[L[OLYLZVS\[PVUVM[OLWYVISLT7PRP[5VY[O*V[HIH[V 4H` YLSH[PUN[VHYTZHUKHJJVYKPUNS`THRL[OLTYLSL]HU[[V[OLYLHSP[PLZVM[OL[PTLZ 0U7HJP[H3HN\UHKLSL[LHJJVYKPUN[V-.+WHY[PJPWHU[ZZOHYLK[OH[[OLYL FGD participants said the concrete ways by which the government can address \ZLK[VILTHU`ZVSKPLYZSP]PUNPU[OLHYLHHUKJVUZLX\LU[S`THU`N\UZ the issue of safety is by dismantling private armies; controlling gun smuggling; H]HPSHISL0U[LYLZ[PUNS`[OLYL^HZSP[[SLUVYLJVYKVMJYPTPUHSP[`K\YPUN[OL[PTL giving enough salary to soldiers (to prevent bad behavior); and increasing the ¸;OLJVTT\UP[`[VVRJOHYNLVM[OLWLHJLHUKVYKLYHUK[OLN\UZOLSWLKHSV[ I\KNL[VM[OLWVSPJL[VPTWYV]L[OLPY]PZPIPSP[`-.+*HIHUH[\HU5\L]H,JPQH ILJH\ZL[OL`ILJVTLHKL[LYYLU[[VJYPTPUHSP[`¹3HN\UH (WYPS 16 April 2010) There is also a need to improve the effective monitoring of the O\THUYPNO[ZZP[\H[PVUPU[OLJVTT\UP[PLZ7PRP[5VY[O*V[HIH[V 4H` 0U+H]HV*P[`[OL-.+WHY[PJPWHU[ZJSHPTLK[OH[PU[OLWHZ[TLTILYZVM[OL NPA were the ones who maintained peace and order in their place. *VUÅPJ[PZIPNI\ZPULZZ4HRPUNWLHJLPZHSZVHNVVKI\ZPULZZ>P[O 0U[OLZL[OYLLJHZLZP[PZHWWHYLU[[OH[[OLWYLZLUJLVMN\UZHPKLKPULUZ\YPUN HSS[OH[JYLH[PUNJVUÅPJ[HUKWYL[LUKPUN[OH[`V\HYLÄ_PUNP[[OLU WLHJLHUKVYKLY/V^L]LYZ\JORPUKVMWLHJLYLZ[ZVUZOHR`NYV\UKZHUK `V\HYLLHYUPUNTVUL`0[PZPTWVY[HU[[OH[WLVWSLRUV^[OLYLHS creates a false sense of security. ZJVYL¸;OLJVUÅPJ[PZUV[IL[^LLU4PUKHUHVHUK3\aVUVYIL[^LLU 4PUKHUHVHUK=PZH`HZ0[»ZIL[^LLU[OLOH]LZHUK[OLOH]LUV[Z¯ The dissatisfaction felt by respondents as regards the performance of the 7LVWSLHYLILPUNTHUPW\SH[LK^P[OV\[[OLTYLHSPaPUNP[¹ 6J[ IHYHUNH`VMÄJPHSZHUK[OLWVSPJLPUTHPU[HPUPUNWLHJLHUKVYKLYTH`ILK\L 4\ZSPT^VTLU*+6 to high expectations. The barangay is the local government unit that is closest to the people in the community; while the police are expected to be visible in communities. ;VHSHYNLL_[LU[[OLU[OLIHYHUNH`HUKWVSPJLWYV]PKL[OLºO\THUMHJL»[V[OL amorphous concept of ‘the state’ among the people in the community. People’s perception of safety is based on the actions of the barangay. The barangay therefore has great potential in becoming an even more positive 3 MVYJLPUJVTT\UP[`ZLJ\YP[`/V^L]LYVULT\Z[ Muggah, Robert and Peter Batchelor. 2002. Development held Hostage: Assessing the Effects of Small Arms on Human development. UNDP, New York, chapters 1 and 2 bear in mind that barangay members are civilians. 4 Focus group discussion (FGD), 6 May 2010, Brgy Inug-ug, Pikit, North Cotabato 21 This is something to reflect 5 FGD, 18 April 2010, Sitio Cabarisan, Brgy. Sibulan, Davao City If the notion of security remains to be one that is on since the Barangay 6 ____. Phil. Daily Inquirer, 23 August 2008 officials – the Barangay KLWLUKLU[VUN\UZP[MVSSV^Z[OH[[OLZ[H[LT\Z[HYT 7 Oreta, Jennifer Santiago. 2009. Women and Security: Issues on Gun Proliferation and Violence in Selected Areas on patrols to be precise – are the Philippines. Dissertation Study. IHYHUNH`VMÄJLYZMVY[OLT[VIL^PKLS`WLYJLP]LKHZ simply deputized security 8 This view is shared by FGD participants from Laguna, 27 April 2010 an effective security force.21:\JOHJ[PVUOV^L]LYPZ forces where some are 9 see Appendix 6.1 Narrative Report of FGDs (Davao del Sur, Cotabato, Muslim women) issued arms/ guns but reminiscent of the militarization of communities during 10 FGD 13 April 2010, Vigan Cathedral most have none. The 13 Pain, Rachel H. (1997). Social Geographies of Women’s Fear of Crime. Transactions of the Institute of British [OLTHY[PHSSH^LYH0UMHJ[ZVTLJP]PSPHU]VS\U[LLYZ Barangay patrols are not Geographers, New Series, Vol. 22, No. 2. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with even elected officials. *(-. 74 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 6 | Perception of Social Insecurity & Community Safety 75 ºL[OUPJP[`»PZU\HUJLKPU[OPZJHZL[VPU]VS]LHJVTT\UP[`HSHUN\HNLNYV\W CHAPTER 7 HJVYWVYH[PVUHZZVJPH[PVUVYWVW\SH[PVU^P[OZPTPSHY[YHP[Z[OH[LUHISL[OLT to identify with each other and to distinguish themselves from other ‘ethnic The Peace Process & The Need for NYV\WZ»9LSPNPVUPZVM[LU\ZLKHZHZPNUPÄJHU[J\S[\YHSPKLU[PÄLY Arms Control & Management .P]LUZHPKVWLYH[PVUHSKLÄUP[PVUP[PZPUKLLKWYVISLTH[PJ[V\ZL[OLWOYHZL ‘gun culture’ as this implies that communities are bound together by a similar Jennifer Santiago Oreta & ML[PZOMVYN\UZ^P[O]PVSLUJLHZ[OLPYKPZ[PUN\PZOPUNTHYR/V^[OLYLMVYL Victoria Caranay ZOV\SKVUL\UKLYZ[HUK[OL[LYTJ\S[\YLPM[HRLU^P[OPU[OLJVU[L_[VMN\U saturated communities? A study made in 2010 by the Ateneo School of Government – Political +LTVJYHJ`HUK9LMVYT;LHT(:6.76+,9VU,SLJ[PVU9LSH[LK=PVSLUJLPU ;OLNV]LYUTLU[[OYV\NO[OL6MÄJLVM[OL7YLZPKLU[PHS(K]PZLYVU[OL7LHJL Abra distinguished the use of culture from “gun culture” – referring to the latter Process (OPAPP) is engaged in formal peace negotiations with the (1) Moro as the current norms practiced in a community where there is visible and proven 0ZSHTPJ3PILYH[PVU-YVU[403-HUK5H[PVUHS+LTVJYH[PJ-YVU[VM[OL tolerance for guns as an assurance of personal security and power; while the Philippines (NDFP). It is in the process of completing the implementation of the MVYTLY^HZKLZJYPILKHZ[OLUV[PVUHZZVJPH[LK^P[OYLSPNPVU[YHKP[PVUZHUK 1996 Peace Agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the tribes. 1986 Peace Agreement with the Cordillera People’s Liberation Army (CPLA); HUKPZW\[[PUNHJSVZ\YL[VWLHJL[HSRZ^P[O9LIVS\Z`VUHY`VUN7HY[PKVUN This research argues against the use and popularization of the term “gun Manggagawa ng Pilipinas/ Revolutionary Proletarian Army/ Alex Boncayao culture” as the phrase is discriminatory. It also deems prejudicial the declaration )YPNHKL974797(())HUK9LIVS\Z`VUHY`VUN7HY[PKVUN4HUNNHNH^HUN that ‘Mindanao has a ‘gun culture.’ It adopts the view that Mindanao has Mindanao (RPMM.) developed a tolerance for small arms/ gun proliferation and the violence it brings. Acquiring guns in these communities is a reaction to external factors The reasons behind the various insurgencies are multi-faceted. The opinions on HUKWYVISLTZ[OH[JYLH[LWYLZZ\YLWHYHUVPHHUKPUZLJ\YP[`ZLL*OHW[LY (Z how to address them are even more diverse and complicated. What is certain KPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LY [OLYLHSP[`VMZVJPHSHUKWO`ZPJHSPUZLJ\YP[`VMWLVWSL is that all rebel groups and the Government of the Philippines (GPh) recognize has some clear implications on arms control and management. [OH[Z\JOJVUÅPJ[ZHYPZLK\LWYPTHYPS`[VZVJPHSWVSP[PJHSHUKLJVUVTPJ PULX\HSP[PLZ(JJVYKPUN[V=HUKLY.YHHM HYTLKJVUÅPJ[HUKTPSP[HYPZT The Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the are not themselves the problem but are mere symptoms of a deep systemic and Domestic Peace Process 1 Lodgaard served as the Z[Y\J[\YHSÅH^PUHZ[H[LHUKP[ZZVJPL[` According to Sverre Lodgaard1H5VY^LNPHU7VSP[PJHS director of European :JPLU[PZ[HUK3HIVY7HY[`9LWYLZLU[H[P]L[OLYLHYL Security and Disarmament Studies from 1980 to 1986, ;OPZÄUHSJOHW[LYPZM\UKHTLU[HSS`PU[LYLZ[LKPUZP[\H[PUN[OLYVSLVMHYTZJVU[YVS three main reasons why arms must be managed. director of the International and management in the overall domestic peace process and security in the The ÄYZ[reason is because modern states need to Peace Research Institute, Oslo from 1987-1992 Philippines. It continues to problematize the issue through the contending 2 have the monopoly of force. The existence of private and director of the United lens of social control premised on the regulatory frameVYZVJPHSJVU[YVS[OH[PZ armed groups – regardless of ideology and motivation Nations Institute for based on consensual agreement. – undermines the capacity of the state to enforce Disarmament Research from 1992 to 1996 and rules impartially. director of Norwegian Gun Culture Institute of International The research reiterates that the term ‘gun culture’ is problematic. The concept Affairs from 1997 to 2007. The second YLHZVUHJJVYKPUN[V3VKNHHYKPZ[OH[ 2 Political analyst Weber assumes a position that being violent and ‘macho’ are inherent traits of a given arms must be managed because states have the was the first to argue that a J\S[\YHSPKLU[P[`;OPZV]LYHYJOPUNOVTVNLUPaPUNHUKZ\WLYÅ\V\Z[LYTPZVM[LU YLZWVUZPIPSP[`UV[VUS`[VLUZ\YLP[Z[LYYP[VYPHSPU[LNYP[` modern state is a corporate group that has compulsory H[[HJOLK[VZVJPL[PLZHUKJVTT\UP[PLZKLLW^P[OPU[OL[OYVLZVMHYTLKJVUÅPJ[ but also to ensure the security of its people. Charles jurisdiction, exercises 7LYOHWZP[^V\SKOLSW[VNVPU[VZLTHU[PJZHUKKLSPULH[LJ\S[\YLMYVT^OH[P[PZ Tilly argues that the state’s monopoly of force is a continuous organization, and how it should be understood. and claims a monopoly of means for the state to provide ‘protection’ for its force over a territory and citizens against lawless individuals and groups. This its population, including *\S[\YLPZHIYVHKHUKOPNOS`ÅL_PISL[LYT[OH[OHZ`L[[VYLHSS`ÄUKHZ[HUKHYK view legitimizes the use of force (or the threat of using all action taking place in the area of its jurisdiction. KLÄUP[PVU/V^L]LYMVY[OLW\YWVZLZVM[OPZYLZLHYJOJ\S[\YLPZKLÄULKHZthe force) of state security forces –the police and the (Weber. 1919. Politics as a WYPTHY`KLÄUPUNJOHYHJ[LYPZ[PJVMHUL[OUPJUH[PVUHSL[OUVSPUN\PZ[PJNYV\WThis TPSP[HY`1HJRZVUHUK9VZLILYN "3VKNHHYK" Vopcation. Lecture given to KLÄUP[PVUJVUZLX\LU[S`YLX\PYLZ[OH[VULZ\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OL^VYKºL[OUPJ»VY the Free Students Union of ;PSS` Munich University.) 76 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 77 Control & Management The thirdYLHZVUPZ[OLL_WLJ[LKSVUN[LYTÄZJHSHUKLJVUVTPJNHPUZPU trauma and paranoia among community members. It also exacerbates the successfully managing illegal arms and rebel groups. Military expenditures due lopsided power relations of male and female in society. It perpetuates the cycle [VL_[LUKLKWLYPVKVMJVUÅPJ[JHUHTV\U[[VZL]LYHSTPSSPVUZPUVWLYH[PVUHSHUK of violence and poverty that affects all persons within a community. intelligence costs. According to Lodgaard (1985) although rehabilitation and YLPU[LNYH[PVUWYVNYHTZTH`ILL_WLUZP]L\UKLY[HRPUNZ[OL`HYL[LTWVYHY`HUK ;OLZLHYN\TLU[ZHYLOV^L]LYVI]PV\ZS`IHZLKVU[OL]PL^[OH[[OLZ[H[L ^PSSVUS`ILPUJ\YYLKK\YPUN[OL[YHUZP[PVUWLYPVK(M[LY^OPJOJVZ[Z^PSSZL]LYLS` can have the monopoly on the legitimate use of violence.4 In the Philippine drop as there will no longer be need to spend exorbitantly on security provisions JVU[L_[^P[OTVYL[OHU PZSHUKZTHU`VMP[ZHYLHZYLTHPU]\SULYHISL and military operations in affected areas. to insurgencies that practically serve as private governments in their areas VMJVU[YVS0UV[OLY^VYKZ[OLPKLHVM[OLZ[H[LOH]PUN[OLTVUVWVS`VU[OL (UV[OLYLJVUVTPJNHPUPZ[OH[HJVUÅPJ[YPKKLUZ[H[LPZZLLUHZHU\UZ[HISL legitimate use of violence is more of a wish than a reality. From the time of THYRL[HUK[OLYLMVYLKL[LYZ[YHKLHUKPU]LZ[TLU[MYVTL_[YHUH[PVUHSHUK PUKLWLUKLUJL\U[PS[OLWYLZLU[UVHKTPUPZ[YH[PVUOHZZ\JJLZZM\SS`ZVS]LK[OL T\S[PUH[PVUHSJVYWVYH[PVUZ6UJLZLJ\YP[`PZPTWYV]LK[OLVYL[PJHSS`[YHKL YLILSSPVUZ,]LU[OLZVJHSSLKZ\JJLZZVM)LUPNUV¸5PUV`¹(X\PUVPUTHRPUN and investment will also increase. This is particularly true for resource- rich Taruc surrender during the administration of Former President Magsaysay may JV\U[YPLZZ\JOHZ[OL7OPSPWWPULZ^P[OPTTLUZLTHYRL[WV[LU[PHSI\[OHTWLYLK not be considered a resounding victory since the rebel group did not actually I`JOHV[PJWVSP[PJZHUKWSHN\LK^P[OJVUZ[HU[HYTLKJVUÅPJ[(JJVYKPUN[V fold up but has simply morphed into the current insurgent groups. 2\UPRV0UVN\JOP3H7VSP[PJHS:JPLUJL7YVMLZZVYMYVT:VWOPH Other related studies reported that “(f)ear of crime is a leading social and ºNV]LYUHUJL»M\UJ[PVUZPLHZZLY[PUNH\[OVYP[`PU[OLPY 4 ‘legitimacy’ must be WVSP[PJHSJVUJLYUPU¯JP[PLZHUK^VTLU»ZMLHYVMTHSL]PVSLUJLJVUZ[P[\[LZ[OL HYLHZVMJVU[YVSHUKWLYMVYTPUNZLJ\YP[`HUKVYKLY differentiated from core of the problem in terms of its quantity and nature.” (Pain 1993). Threats functions. ‘legality.’ Legitimacy is a subjective concept that VMJYPTLHMMLJ[^VTLUTVYLHUK[O\Z^VTLUHYLTVYLSPRLS`[VZ\WWVY[ attributes the rightness WYL]LU[P]LTLHZ\YLZ[OH[HKKYLZZJYPTPUHSP[`/\Y^P[a :TP[OL` ;VHSHYNLL_[LU[SVJHSWVSP[PJHSMHTPSPLZVYJSHUZ^P[O or the ethics of the object of inquiry. If used in private armies are also ‘private governments.’ This the context of a leader, ;O\ZPUNLULYHSWYVSPMLYH[PVUVMÄYLHYTZKVLZUV[VUS` 3 Inoguchi also serves as type is even more insidious as they wield complete legitimacy can mean the cause physical damage to persons; it also hinders Special Assistant to the JVU[YVSLZWLJPHSS`PUWVSP[PJZLJVUVTPJZHUK public acceptance of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, ascendancy of the leader SP]LSPOVVK[OYLH[LUZZLJ\YP[`HUKJH\ZLZZL]LYL Japan. security – in the communities they inhabit. They can (can be based on 78 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 79 Control & Management dip their hands in the resources of the state – both economic and coercive (ZPHZLJ\YP[`PZZ\LZHYLWYLKPJH[LKVU[OLYLNPTL»ZSLNP[PTHJ`6VYSHJR[OLYLVM – and use the same to advance their private agenda. Since a member of the ^LHRZ[H[LHUKVY[OL\UÄUPZOLKZ[H[LI\PSKPUN^VYRVM[OLWVSP[PJHSLSP[L WVSP[PJHSJSHUPZHUPUJ\TILU[LSLJ[LKVMÄJPHS[OL`HYLZLLTPUNS`\U[V\JOHISLI` WVSP[PJPaLKTPSP[HY`HUKWVSP[PJPaLKWVW\SH[PVU;OLZLPZZ\LZJHUUV[ILYLNHYKLK the national government (as they enjoy the ‘mandate’ of their people). The best HZZLWHYH[LHUKKPZ[PUJ["[OL`HYLPUMHJ[JSVZLS`PU[LY[^PULK;OLZ[H[LPZ^LHR example of this would be the rise of the Ampatuan family in Maguindanao. This HUKVYZ[H[LI\PSKPUNYLTHPUZ\UÄUPZOLKK\L[V[OLZ[H[LZ»MYHJ[PV\ZYLSH[PVU issue is actually where political-electoral reform agenda converge with security ^P[OHWVSP[PJPaLKWVW\SH[PVU0U[OL7OPSPWWPULJVU[L_[[OL[LU\V\ZYLSH[PVUZOPW and peace- building agenda. between political legitimacy and regime performance (largely rooted on the JV\U[Y`»ZOPZ[VYPJHSIHNNHNLVMJVSVUPHSPZTHUK[OLZVJPHSS`JVUZ[Y\J[LK 0UHYLHZ^OLYLIVZZPZTHUK^HYSVYKPZTJOHYHJ[LYPaLWVSP[PJZWVSP[PJPHUZHYL KP]PKLZIYV\NO[HIV\[I`KPMMLYLUJLZPUL[OUPJP[`SHUN\HNLJSHZZKP]PKLZHUK somehow expected to have goons since their stature largely depends on the ideological differences) greatly contribute to the political stability (or instability) number of guns in their possession and the armed people in their control. of the state. The outcome of this correlation is also seen as a crucial factor in 7H[PUVHUK=LSHZJVHYN\L[OH[WVSP[PJPHUZOPYLgoons and build up the politicization of the military. private armies not only for their protection but also to intimidate their opponents. Given the abject 6 The legitimacy of a given “Precisely because it is the body that actualizes the state’s inherent monopoly administration, in a 7 WYVSPMLYH[PVUVMN\UZP[PZUV[KPMÄJ\S[MVYWVSP[PJPHUZ[V democracy, is based on VM[OLSLNP[PTH[L\ZLVM]PVSLUJL>LILY [OLTPSP[HY`PUZ[P[\[PVUPZUV[ ÄUKN\UZMVYOPYL how acceptable is the Z\WWVZLK[VLUNHNLPU[OLPU[LYUHSWVSP[PJHSK`UHTPJZVM[OLZ[H[L0UMHJ[-PULY electoral exercise that (1975) argues that one should not be surprised if the military usurps political proclaim the government The phenomenon of private government-private in power. Legitimacy is a power – because it can if it wants to; the surprise rather is on the fact that it armies has been present for a long time. Kuhn (1967) subjective notion based OHZUV[0UV[OLY^VYKZHSSV^PUN[OLPUZ[P[\[PVU[VKPWP[ZOHUKZVU[OLPU[LYUHS on the collective view of 8 accounts their proliferation to the people’s “intentional what is right and ethical. WVSP[PJHSK`UHTPJZJYLH[LZ[OL\UH]VPKHISLWVSP[PJPaH[PVUVMYHURZ¹6YL[H collective blindness.” Since it is a subjective view, it can be given, but the 0U[OL7OPSPWWPULZ[OLWVSP[PJPaH[PVUVM[OLTPSP[HY`PZHKPYLJ[JVUZLX\LUJLVM people can also withdraw The presence of private governments is a serious it. For instance, even if the political decisions of the civilian leaders. The Philippine Scouts and the challenge to the legitimacy of the elected government. a given administration is *VUZ[HI\SHYPLZ[OLWYLJ\YZVYZVM[OL(-7^LYLJYLH[LKI`[OL 80 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 81 Control & Management NYV\WZ[OLJVUÅPJ[J`JSLOHZUVLUKPUZPNO[HZ[OLPUZ\YNLU[ZHUKJYPTPUHSZ ZHSHYPLZVM[OLZLIVK`N\HYKZKV\ISPUNHZ*=6Z ^PSSHS^H`ZOH]LYLHK`Z\WWS`VMÄYLHYTZHUKHTT\UP[PVU >OPSLUV[HSS*(-. 82 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 83 Control & Management Stakeholders in the domestic peace process JVTIH[HU[Z[V\UKLYNVHUKJVVWLYH[L^P[O++9LMMVY[ZKPZHYTHTLU[ ;OLYLHYL[OYLLTHPUHJ[VYZPU[OLKVTLZ[PJWLHJLWYVJLZZ[OLNV]LYUTLU[VY KLTVIPSPaH[PVUYLPU[LNYH[PVUOH]LWYV]LUPULMMLJ[P]L0UJLU[P]LZOH]LILLU [OLZ[H[LJP]PSZVJPL[`HUK[OLUVUZ[H[LHJ[VYZVY[OLYLILSNYV\WZ/V^L]LY peddled for groups to surrender their arms voluntarily. The most common according to Sato (2003)15HMV\Y[OHJ[VYPU[OLKVTLZ[PJWLHJLWYVJLZZPZ[OL program under the approach to DDR is the weapons-for-cash/ guns-for-cash international community (usually represented by the United Nations). program by the United Nations. Such programs have been employed in various JV\U[YPLZZ\JOHZ:VTHSPH4VaHTIPX\L,S:HS]HKVY/HP[P3PILYPH5PJHYHN\H Arms reduction is closely related to prevention of future proliferation. The UN Eastern Slovenia and Croatia. This program has successfully collected several Security Council reports (1997 and 1999) that for reduction and prevention to be [OV\ZHUKZVM:(3>\UP[ZZPUJL[OL Z/V^L]LYP[ZPTWHJ[PZZHPK[VILH[ LMMLJ[P]L[OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSJVTT\UP[`T\Z[ILIYV\NO[PU[VWYV]PKLWYLZZ\YL ILZ[^P[OH]LYHNLLMMLJ[P]LULZZ Z\WWVY[HUKHKKLKJHWHJP[`PUOHUKSPUNLUMVYJPUNHUKTHPU[HPUPUNNLU\PUL peace. (Sato 2003) (JJVYKPUN[VZJOVSHYZ[OPZWYVNYHTOHZVM[LUMHSSLUZOVY[VMP[ZNVHSZILJH\ZL the combatants usually have more than one weapon and may choose to sell off A ‘rational’ approach16T\Z[IL[HRLUPUKLHSPUN^P[OZTHSSHYTZHUKSPNO[ only the ones that s/he no longer wants. What is more disturbing is that there weapons (SALW) and domestic peace and security issues to be able to have been anecdotal reports that sometimes the combatants sell their old guns entice the international community to be more participative in matters that [VILHISL[VNL[JHZO[VW\YJOHZLUL^LYIL[[LYHUKTVYLKHUNLYV\ZN\UZ can be considered as outside of their own interests as sovereign actors. The ;OPZPU[\YUJYLH[LZHSHYNLKLTHUKMVYHYTZ[YHKPUN^P[OPU[OLTHYRL[HUK[OL ‘rational’ approach will enable the states to see the interdependence between J`JSLVMWYVSPMLYH[PVUILJVTLZPU]PNVYH[LKLUYPJOLKHUKYLUL^LKJYLH[PUNH [OLKVTLZ[PJZLJ\YP[`PZZ\LZVMHZV]LYLPNUZ[H[LHUKP[ZV^UPU[LYLZ[PU more serious problem than ever. [OH[JVUÅPJ[HMMLJ[ZT\S[PUH[PVUHSKPWSVTHJ`HUKPU[LYUH[PVUHS[YHKL;OPZ interdependence means that no country is truly free from the impact of BARIL.0U[OL7OPSPWWPULZ[OL)YPUNH9PÅL0TWYV]L`V\Y3P]LSPOVVK)(90317 KVTLZ[PJ:(3>HUKPUZ\YNLUJ`WYVISLTZHUK[O\ZHJJVYKPUN[VIV[O:H[V WYVNYHTOHZHSZVPUZ\MÄJPLU[S`TL[P[Z[HYNL[Z;OLWYVNYHT^HZPTWSLTLU[LK HUK0UVN\JOP UVJV\U[Y`ZOV\SKILSLM[[VKLHS^P[O[OL:(3> for the MNLF and was successful in ‘reintegrating’ 4850 former combatants problem alone. ^OV[\YULKV]LY ÄYLHYTZ18/V^L]LY[OPZWYVNYHTMHPSLK[VZ\MÄJPLU[S` disarm the former MNLF rebels. Some of the former rebels admitted to having ;OL<5Z\NNLZ[Z[OH[[VTHRLPU[LYUH[PVUHSPU[LY]LU[PVUTVYLPU[LNYHS[V[OL TVYL[OHUVUL^LHWVULHJOHUKZ\YYLUKLYPUNVUS`VUL[VH]HPSVM[OLILULÄ[Z KVTLZ[PJWLHJLWYVJLZZHUL^JOHPUVMJVTTHUKZOV\SKILLZ[HISPZOLK;OL VM[OLWYVNYHT;OLV[OLY^LHWVUZ^LYLLP[OLYRLW[H[OVTLVYNP]LU[VV[OLY SVJHSIVKPLZZOV\SKJVVYKPUH[L^P[O[OLYLNPVUHSIVKPLZ[OLYLNPVUHS[V[OL JVTYHKLZ^OVZ[PSS^LU[VUÄNO[PUNZLLKPZJ\ZZPVUPU*OHW[LY national and the national to the international. This ensures proper involvement and communication between all levels of participation. However it should ;OLHS[LYUH[P]L[V\ZPUNJHZOPZ]V\JOLYZMVYZ[VYLZHUKZ\WLYTHYRL[Z;OLZL be noted that the rebel groups are often wary of international intervention ^LYL\ZLKPU,S:HS]HKVY^OLYLPU[OVZL^OV[\YULKPU[OLPYN\UZJV\SKNL[ viewing such involvement as strategies to extend authority and control. This basic necessities in exchange. However it is said that the most effective PZWHY[PJ\SHYS`[Y\LMVY4HY_PZ[4HVPZ[*VTT\UPZ[HUKVY3LUPUPZ[PKLVSVNPJHS PUJLU[P]L[OH[VULJHUNP]LHYLJYLKPISLWYVÄ[HISLZ[HISLHUKUVU]PVSLU[ YLILSNYV\WZ0U[OL7OPSPWWPULZ[OL4VYVPUZ\YNLU[ZZLLT[VILTVYLVWLU sources of livelihood. to international intervention. In fact there has been a documented increase in MVYLPNUZ[HRLOVSKLYZPU[OL4PUKHUHVWLHJLWYVJLZZ:VTLUV[HISLWHY[PJPWHU[Z 6U[OLUH[PVUHSSL]LS[OLLMMVY[ZOH]LMHPSLKK\L[VSHJRVMJHWHJP[`YLZV\YJLZ are Japan and the United States of America. and political will by the local leaders and the predatory nature of the states. 6U[OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSSL]LSLMMVY[ZOH]LMHPSLKK\L[VHSHJRVMIL[[LYHUKTVYL It is also suggested that international aid should be directed to strengthening cohesive coordination. PUMYHZ[Y\J[\YLHUKO\THUYLZV\YJLZMVYZLJ\YP[`MVYJLZPUJVUÅPJ[YPKKLUHYLHZ (UHS[LYUH[P]LZ\NNLZ[PVU[V[OPZPU[OLSPNO[VMMLHYZ[OH[[OLTVUL[HY`HPK^PSS Efforts will only succeed if both national and international efforts are SHUKPUJVYY\W[OHUKZHUKJVU[YPI\[L[V[OLWYVISLTM\Y[OLYPZ[OLIYPUNPUNPU JVVYKPUH[LKHUK\UP[ZJVVWLYH[L^P[OLHJOV[OLYJYLH[PUNHJVTT\UP[`IHZLK VMPU[LYUH[PVUHSWLHJLRLLWPUNIVKPLZ[VHJ[HZZ\WWSLTLU[HY`I\[[LTWVYHY` NLU\PUL^LSSM\UKLK^LSSVYNHUPaLKHYTZJVU[YVSHUKTHUHNLTLU[WYVNYHT security forces in affected areas until successful that will re-establish law and order and bring in the long awaited development. rehabilitation and/or reform has been achieved. 16 In political science, the rational / rational choice approach capitalizes on the The Challenges of SALW proliferation in the Philippines Weapons-for-cash or Guns-for-cash programs cost-benefit scenario the Both legal and illegal arms trading have been present in the Philippines since decision makers consider. Based on the experience of other countries The belief of the approach [OLSH[L Z^OLU[OL,\YVWLHUJVSVUPaLYZÄYZ[ \UKLYNVPUNWLHJLWYVJLZZLZZLL(WWLUKP_ is that decision makers YLHSPaLK[OLTHYRL[WV[LU[PHSVMZLSSPUNHYTZ[V 17 This program was for compelling and coercing the communities and would always choose the native dwellers. It would only be in the 1900s when intended for all armed option that provides the insurgents, not only the greatest utility. MNLF 84 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 85 Control & Management colonial governments would begin to impose stricter arms control due to rising 0U[LYZ[H[LJVUÅPJ[PZHT\JOTVYLWV[LU[[OYLH[VU[OLYLNPVUHSSL]LSHZP[KPYLJ[S` PUZ[HUJLZVMHYTLKJVUÅPJ[ZLL*OHW[LY;OPZPZ[Y\LMVYTVZ[VM:V\[O(ZPH PU]VS]LZHUKHMMLJ[ZTVYL[OHUVULZ[H[LPUHYLNPVU;OLJVUÅPJ[JHULZJHSH[L (Tagliacozzo 2005) into full-scale wars and the existence of alliances may involve countries even V\[ZPKL[OLYLNPVU;OLYLZV\YJLZVM[OLNV]LYUTLU[IV[OLJVUVTPJHUK 0[PZKVJ\TLU[LKPU[OL7OPSPWWPULJHZL[OH[:\S\0ZSHUKHUKWHY[PJ\SHYS` WVSP[PJHS^PSSILJOHUULSLK[V[OL^HYPUZ[LHKVMKL]LSVWTLU[0[^PSSKPZWSHJL the Taosug and Balangingi Samal indigenous peoples have been part of this JP[PaLUZJSHPTSP]LZHUKJH\ZLOH]VJ[OH[TH`L]LUJVTWSL[LS`MYLLaL[YHKLPU THYRL[ZPUJL[OLJVSVUPHS[PTLZ;OLYLHYLZ[PSSHSSLNH[PVUZ[OH[[OPZHYLHPZZ[PSS [OLYLNPVU4VYLV]LYJVZ[VM^HYL_[LUKZIL`VUK[OLHJ[\HSÄNO[PUN(WHY[MYVT active in modern day illicit arms trading.19 It is included in what is now called YLOHIPSP[H[PVUHUKYLWHYH[PVUMVYWO`ZPJHSKHTHNL[OLYLPZHZ^LSSHKHTHNLK [OLº:V\[OLYU*VYYPKVY»^OLYLTVZ[VM[OLZT\NNSLK:(3>ZHYL[YHMÄJRLK WVSP[PJHSYLW\[H[PVU[OH[OHZ[VILYLJVUZ[Y\J[LKHUKTH`[HRLZL]LYHSKLJHKLZ /V^L]LYHZKPZJ\ZZLKPU*OHW[LY[OLPSSLNHSHYTZ[YHKLHJJVYKPUN[V[OL to repair. 757HUK(-7PZUVSVUNLY[OLTHPUZV\YJLVM^LHWVUY`MVYYLILSZHUKJP]PSPHUZ HSPRL ;OLZHTLJHUHSZVILZHPKVM[YHUZUH[PVUHSJYPTL[OH[PZOPNOS`VYNHUPaLK^LSS funded and often highly supported by some very powerful people. Transnational (JJVYKPUN[V4HRPUHUVHUK3\IHUN[OLZP_THPUZV\YJLZVM:(3> JYPTLZZ\JOHZHYTZZT\NNSPUNHUK[OLKY\N[YHKLHYLOHYK[V[YHJRHUKZVS]L \ZLKI`JP]PSPHUZHUKYLILSNYV\WZWHY[PJ\SHYS`PU[OL4PUKHUHVHYLHHYL![OL due to the complexity of their organization and operations. Even if a state has 4PSP[HY`HUK[OL7VSPJL\USPJLUZLKTHU\MHJ[\YLYZ\UYL[\YULKÄYLHYTZ [OLJHWHJP[`[VJ\YI[OL[OYLH[PUP[ZV^UQ\YPZKPJ[PVULMMVY[Z[VJVTIH[ILJVTL MYVT[OLJV\WH[[LTW[PU[OL ZMVYLPNUZOPWTLU[ZYLWVY[LKS`MYVT KPMÄJ\S[ZPUJL[OL[OYLH[HSZVL_PZ[ZPUULPNOIVYPUNZ[H[LZ (MNOHUPZ[HU N\UY\UULYZHUK [OLYLILSZ[OLTZLS]LZ^OVHYLLUKV^LK with manufacturing capacity. State Level Pressure. State level pressure comes from actors within the state as well as non-state actors (NSA.) Why Firearms Proliferate: Sources of Pressure +VTLZ[PJHYTLKJVUÅPJ[HUKVYNHUPaLKJYPTLHMMLJ[YLNPVUHSZLJ\YP[`PUKPYLJ[S` by creating insecurity within the state and its neighbors that the disorder may magnify and eventually spill over to other states. It also presents deterrents for economic investment and thus impedes development. 20 Countries included in the HORN are Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. 86 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 87 Control & Management KPZLUMYHUJOPZLTLU[WV]LY[`HUKKPZZH[PZMHJ[PVU^P[O[OLNV]LYUTLU[HUKPU[OL TVZ[L_[YLTLJHZLZHYTLKYLILSSPVU Table 7.1. Pressure Points where Firearms Proliferate /V^L]LY[OLYLZLHYJO^V\SKSPRL[VTVYLZWLJPÄJHSS`JSHZZPM`[OLHYTLK Regional Level State Level Pressures Local Level Pressures Pressures rebellion and insurgencies as local level SALW proliferation pressure because Transnational organized Transfer of SALW from state Mistrust between groups, the armed insurgencies as a result of political and economic marginalization crime and terrorist to Non-state Actors (NSA) clans, tribes OH]LWYVK\JLKUVSHYNLZJHSLUH[PVUHSTV]LTLU[;OLYLILSNYV\WZIV[OVM activities, International and poor security of the ZLWHYH[PZ[HUKPKLVSVNPJHSUH[\YLHYLSPTP[LK[VJLY[HPUYLNPVUZVUS`Z\JOHZ Arms Trade, the Black national SALW stockpiles Competition for scarce ZVTLWHY[ZVM4PUKHUHVPU[OLJHZLVM[OL403-HUKZVTLWHY[ZVM3\aVU Market and the porous resources: e.g. cattle borders (ex. JI and the Abu Inconsistent and lukewarm rustling, crime as a result of =PZH`HZHUKLHZ[LYU4PUKHUHVPU[OLJHZLVM[OL*VTT\UPZ[PUZ\YNLUJ` Sayaff) commitment to DDR efforts economic marginalization (poverty) .P]LU[OLUH[\YLVM[OLJ\S[\YHSHUKL[OUPJKP]LYZP[`VM[OL7OPSPWWPULZJVUÅPJ[ Regional political instability Inequity between classes IL[^LLUJSHUZ[YPILZHUKNYV\WZOH]LILJVTLPUJYLHZPUNS`]PVSLU[HUK (ex. Corruption in the and marginalizing practices Ideological clashes between state and in neighboring by the government – Semi- government and insurgents dangerous with the advent of modern weaponry. In Mindanao there is a practice states, Burmese Military feudal, semi-capitalist called Rido or clan wars. Clan feuds also occur in Northern Philippines such as Junta, Thailand’s military structure of society, patron Guns as a tool to ensure PUJLY[HPUHYLHZVM(IYH2HSPUNHHUK0SVJVZ dictatorships) client system the protection of the self, the family and one’s Domestic manufacturing livelihood. 7V]LY[`HUKPUZLJ\YP[`HYLHSZV[^VSLHKPUNJH\ZLZVMÄYLHYTZWYVSPMLYH[PVUPU capabilities [OL7OPSPWWPULZ-VYPUZ[HUJLJH[[SLHUKJHYHIHVV^ULYZHYT[OLTZLS]LZHZ JH[[SLY\Z[SPUNHUKJHYHIHVYHPKPUNHYLUV[\UJVTTVUPUZVTLWHY[ZVM=PZH`HZ HUK4PUKHUHV 88 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 89 Control & Management 0UÅ\LU[PHSSLHKLYZMYVTJP]PSZVJPL[`SPRLYLSPNPV\ZNYV\WZ^OVJHULMMLJ[P]LS`TVIPSPaL Appendix 7.1 Comparative Analysis of DDR: Select Countries [OLSVJHSWVW\SHJL)PZOVWZMVY*H[OVSPJZ Demobilization: Downsizing or complete disbandment of armed forces (government and/or opposition or factional forces) as part of broader transformation from war to peace Reintegration: Assistance measures for former combatants and dependants [VYLZL[[SLPUWVZ[^HYJVTT\UP[PLZZVJPHSILJVTLWHY[VMKLTVJYH[PJ KLJPZPVUTHRPUNWYVJLZZWVSP[PJHSLUNHNLPUZ\Z[HPUHISLJP]PSPHUSP]LSPOVVKZ LJVUVTPJHUKHKQ\Z[H[[P[\KLZL_WLJ[H[PVUZHUKKLHS^P[O^HYYLSH[LKTLU[HS trauma (psychological) Aeta children of Sapang Uwak, Porac The problem of international arms trade has been a global problem since the Pampanga. Children are always the 1800s wherein the colonial west produced SALW and sold them off to their unwitting victims of JVSVUPLZ-HZ[MVY^HYK[^VJLU[\YPLZUV[T\JOOHZJOHUNLK,\YVWLHUK gun violence [OL<:(HYLZ[PSS[OLTHPUZV\YJLZVMPU[LYUH[PVUHSHYTZ[YHKPUNL]LU^OLU [OL`JVU[PU\HSS`WYLHJOHUKH[[LTW[[VKPZHYTKLTVIPSPaLHUKYLPU[LNYH[L :[HISLSP]LSPOVVKZV\YJLZSVUN[LYTLTWSV`TLU[HUKKL]LSVWTLU[T\Z[ILIYV\NO[[V combatants and entire communities in developing nations. This seeming farce problem areas and communities. Quality education must be accessible and standards of PZHSSV^LK[VJVU[PU\LK\L[V[OLSHJRVMHZPUNSLJVOLZP]LJVVYKPUH[LKHUK living must be improved. There have been various efforts and investments in Mindanao binding treaty that will be the singular tool for enforcement of SALW control and JVZ[PUNIPSSPVUZVMWLZVZPUKL]LSVWTLU[WYVQLJ[ZHUKWYVNYHTZ@L[[OLZLPU[LY]LU[PVUZ YLN\SH[PVUHJYVZZHSSIVYKLYZ/V^L]LY[OPZPZUV[[VZH`[OH[[OLYLHYLUVLMMVY[Z have yet to create meaningful and visible changes that impact on the lives of the people to create such a treaty or program. Examples of such are the Arms Trade Treaty HUKZVJPL[`¶HUK[OPZZLLTPUNKYH^IHJRPZSHYNLS`K\L[V[OLSL[OHYNPJWHJLH[^OPJO[OL and the UN Firearms protocol. NV]LYUTLU[»ZTHTTV[OI\YLH\JYHJ`VWLYH[LZHUKK\L[V[OLPULW[P[\KLVMYLU[ZLLRPUN and self- interested politicians. ;OLPU[LYUH[PVUHSHYTZ[YHKLPZZVTHZZP]L[OH[P[NLULYH[LZH[SLHZ[ )<:+ SLNHSS`HUKHUHKKP[PVUHS )[V )<:+PSSLNHSS`0[PU]VS]LZ JVTWHUPLZ 4LHZ\YLZ[VJ\YITVUP[VYHUKJVU[YVS:(3>WYVSPMLYH[PVUT\Z[ILPUJVYWVYH[LKPU[V and over 90 states dealing with mostly second hand weaponry some of which SVJHSUH[PVUHSHUKPU[LYUH[PVUHSSH^Z[VILTVYLLMMLJ[P]L;OPZTLHUZ[OH[JVTTP[TLU[ HYLL]LUYLWVY[LKS`ZV\YJLKMYVTVSK*VSK>HYJHJOLZ;OLZPaLVM[OLTHYRL[ is needed from our national level legislators and leaders. ULJLZZHYPS`WYLZLU[ZKPMÄJ\S[PLZPUTVUP[VYPUNHUKJVU[YVSSPUN[OLTV]LTLU[VM arms across borders and it cannot be done by states acting alone. Successful 6]LYHSSHYTZJVU[YVSHUKTHUHNLTLU[HUKJVUZLX\LU[S`NLU\PULYLMVYTHUKWLHJL monitoring and regulation can only be done through international or at the very TH`VUS`ILHJOPL]LK[OYV\NOHUPU[LNYH[LKJVTWYLOLUZP]LHUKWHY[PJPWH[P]LWYVNYHT least regional efforts because matters of security permeate through all borders [OH[PU]VS]LZHSSHJ[VYZPU[OLUH[PVUHSSVJHSHUKNSVIHSSL]LSZPUJS\KPUNUVUZ[H[LHJ[VYZ and interests of states. (Small Arms Survey 2004) and insurgents. The International Arms Trade and SALW Proliferation in the African context Why Africa? The problem of SALW proliferation is very much present in the various (MYPJHUYLNPVUZHUKZ[H[LZ0UMHJ[P[PZZHPK[OH[ILJH\ZL(MYPJHUZ[H[LHUK society is so saturated with SALW that one can purchase an AK 47 for less [OHU <:+VYYV\NOS`7OW ;OPZHSHYTPUNSL]LSVMZH[\YH[PVUPZ indicative of the depth and gravity of the problem of SALW proliferation and the poverty that it perpetuates in Africa. This daunting condition is precisely what has attracted the international attention of organizations and intellectuals RLLUVUHUHS`aPUNHUKJ\YIPUN[OLWYVISLTVMHYTZPU[OL(MYPJHUJVU[L_[ The massive efforts directed to Africa means that there is much literature and 90 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 91 Control & Management L_WLYPLUJL[OH[^LJHUKYH^VUI\[UV[TPTPJ[VILHISL[VIL[[LY\UKLYZ[HUK its citizens the community must constantly arm itself to survive. In the 1991 SALW proliferation and how to address it in the Philippine context. JVSSHWZL[OL:VTHSP^LHWVUZ[VJRWPSL^HZKPZWLYZLKPU[V[OLYLNPVUUV[VUS`[V leaderless soldiers but also to armed militia. These arms were used to invade The Three Levels of SALW pressure in the Horn of Africa (HoA) WHY[ZVM2LU`H+QPIV\[PHUK,[OPVWPH 3HYNLWHY[ZVM(MYPJHHYL^HY[VYUJVUÅPJ[YPKKLUTPZLYHIS`WVVYHUKZH[\YH[LK ^P[O:(3>PU[OLOHUKZVMJP]PSPHUZNV]LYUTLU[ZZLJ\YP[`MVYJLZIV[OZ[H[L The second state level SALW proliferation pressure for the HoA is the poorly HUKUVUZ[H[LYLILSNYV\WZHUKJYPTPUHSZ/V^L]LYMVY[OLW\YWVZLZVM[OPZ JVVYKPUH[LKHUKPUZLUZP[P]LH[[LTW[ZH[+LTPSP[HYPaH[PVU+LTVIPSPaH[PVUHUK analysis we will only use the three levels of SALW proliferation pressure on the Reintegration (DDR) of combatants and communities that have often practiced /VYUVM(MYPJHZLL>OP[LOLHK»ZMYHTL^VYRPU*OHW[LY [VILHISL[VNL[H oppressive and repressive programs that have tried to force the communities to more manageable and concrete application of the indicators. give up their arms instead of involving them and giving them proper incentives to willingly participate in the DDR. The use of force only served to further 6U[OLYLNPVUHSSL]LS[OL/V(PZHKLUMVYPSSPJP[HYTZ[YHMÄJRPUN0[ZV\YJLZ alienate the local communities such as the pastoralists of Uganda and caused most of its internationally bought weapons from Europe with yearly purchases YLUL^LKJVUÅPJ[[VHYPZL amounting in the tens of millions. The highest yearly export volume recorded ^HZH[ 4<:+PU HUK^LHWVUZMYVT[OPZW\YJOHZLV]LY[^VKLJHKLZ The last state level proliferation pressure is the ability of some states within ago are still in circulation today on top of the million dollars worth new annual [OLYLNPVUUHTLS`2LU`HHUK 6U[OLZ[H[LSL]LS^LJHUHNHPU\ZL[OLJHZLVM:VTHSPH[VPSS\Z[YH[LV\YÄYZ[ MHJ[VY^OPJOPZ[OL[YHUZMLYVM:(3>MYVT:[H[LHJ[VYZ[V5:(0U:VTHSPHZPUJL [OLYLPZHSHJRVMHJLU[YHSPaLKH\[OVYP[`[VWYV]PKLZLJ\YP[`HUKWYV[LJ[PVUMVY 92 Gun Proliferation & Violence CHAPTER 7 | The Peace Process & The Need for Arms 93 Control & Management TABLE 7.2 SALW Pressures Points in the Horn of Africa Regional Level State Level Pressures Local Level Pressures REFERENCES Pressures • Transnational • Transfer of SALW from • Mistrust between groups, organized crime and state to Non-state Actors clans, tribes (IPUHSLZ7 (TVYVZV+ State and Society in the Philippines. Pasig terrorist activities, (NSA) and poor security City: Anvil Publishing. International Arms of the national SALW • Competition for scarce Trade, the Black Market stockpiles resources: Cattle rustling, and the porous borders Famine or fear of (KRPUZ1 7OPSPWWPULZ !>L»SS>HP[HUK:LLAsian Survey • Poorly coordinated DDR famine, Bride Price (a 150. • Regional political efforts and repressive phenomenon specific instability (Ex. Collapse and oppressive state to the Horn of Africa), of Somalia and the practices Crime as a result of (NVUJPSSV; The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the conflict between economic marginalization Katipunan. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Ethiopia and Eritrea) • Domestic manufacturing (poverty) capabilities (UKLYZVU) Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial • Guns as a tool to ensure the protection of the self, Imagination7HZPN*P[`!(U]PS7\ISPZOPUN0UJ the family and one’s livelihood. 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Quezon City: The Foundation for Nationalist Studies. 94 Gun Proliferation & Violence REFERENCES 95 *VVR74VSSPJVUP: *VSL; 9LN\SH[PUN.\U4HYRL[ZThe Journal of /\[JOJYVM[7*VSVUPHS4HZ[LYZ5H[PVUHS7VSP[PJVZHUK7YV]PUJPHS3VYKZ! Criminal Law and Criminology *LU[YHS(\[OVYP[`HUK3VJHS(\[VUVT`PU[OL(TLYPJHU7OPSPWWPULZ The Journal of Asian Studies *VYVULS: ;OL7OPSPWWPULZPU !+LTVJYHJ`HUKP[Z+PZJVU[LU[Z Asian Survey 2VWLS+;YLH[PUN.\UZ3PRL*VUZ\TLY7YVK\J[ZUniversity of Pennsylvania Law Review *\RPLY> >PKLS= The Global Gun Epidemic: From Saturday Night Specials to AK-47s>LZ[WVY[*VUULJ[PJ\[!7YHLNLY:LJ\YP[`0U[LYUH[PVUHS 2YHTLY2H3LNHS*VU[YVSZVU:THSS(YTZHUK3PNO[>LHWVUZPU Southeast Asia. Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper no. 3 +HYV`7 6U[OL,]LUVM+PJ[H[VYZOPWHUK9L]VS\[PVU0U1H]H[LKL+PVZ (+HYV`7 2HSH^;PYVS3,KZDictatorship and Revolution (pp. 1-25) ______. (2001b) Legal to Illegal: Southeast Asia’s Illegal Arms Trade. Manila: Conspectus. 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