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Tambara ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY JOURNAL DE DAVAO ATENEO Tambara Volume 25 • December 2008 tambara VOLUME 25 DECEMBER 2008 Aquaculture in Mindanao: Transcending the Barriers Lauro Tito C. Ilagan The Teduray Women of Rifao in South Upi, Maguindanao: Their Ancestral Domain Claim and Struggle for Peace Sheilfa B. Alojamiento Shifting Tactics: Notes on Civil Society Politics and the Power of the Local in the Philippines Patricio N. Abinales Assessing RP’s National Security Strategies: The Alternate Views Dencio S. Acop Politics of Labeling the Philippines’ Muslims Samira Ali Gutoc Expressions of Masculinities by Ephemeral Selves in the Chatroom Environment Alvin S. Concha On Koranadal: A Geographical Inquiry into a Place Name in Mindanao Hiromitsu Umehara The Battle for the Huluga Archaeological Site Elson T. Elizaga Volume 25 • December 2008 Volume The Face of the Filipino in Diaspora Carlito M. Gaspar, CSsR Copyright © 2008. Ateneo de Davao University All rights reserved. tambara ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY JOURNAL ISSN 0117-6323 ATENEOtambara DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY JOURNAL Tambara Editor Gail T. Ilagan Associate Editors M. Isabel S. Actub Rex T. Rola The Tambara is published once a year. This publication is not responsible for the statements and opinions expressed in signed articles and reviews. Such statements are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editors. The university journal has borrowed the Bagobo word tambara to emphasize the commitment of the Ateneo de Davao University to serve as a Filipino, Catholic, and Jesuit University. Subscription rates: PhP400 (local) USD20 (foreign) To order, write or call: The Editor, Tambara Ateneo de Davao University E. Jacinto Street 8016 Davao City, Philippines Tel. (+63-82) 221-2411 to 14 ext. 8213 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.addu.edu.ph/tambara Copyright © 2009. Ateneo de Davao University All rights reserved. ISSN 0117-6323 Contents Editorial Introduction v Aquaculture in Mindanao: Transcending the Barriers 7 • Lauro Tito C. Ilagan The Teduray Women of Rifao in South Upi, 31 Maguindanao: Their Ancestral Domain Claim and Struggle for Peace • Sheilfa B. Alojamiento Shifting Tactics: Notes on Civil Society Politics and 77 the Power of the Local in the Philippines • Patricio N. Abinales Assessing RP’s National Security Strategies: 99 The Alternate Views • Dencio S. Acop Politics of Labeling the Philippines’ Muslims 143 • Samira Ali Gutoc Expressions of Masculinities by Ephemeral Selves 157 in the Chatroom Environment • Alvin S. Concha On Koranadal: A Geographical Inquiry into a Place 177 Name in Mindanao • Hiromitsu Umehara Notes on Heritage Site Conservation 203 The Battle for the Huluga Archaeological Site • Elson T. Elizaga Notes on Filipino Migration 223 The Face of the Filipino in Diaspora • Carlito M. Gaspar, CSsR Book Reviews 233 Contributors 257 TAMBARA 25 VII Editorial Introduction Gail Tan Ilagan M. Isabel S. Actub elcome to the 25th volume of the Tambara, the official journal Wof the Ateneo de Davao University. As a special treat, we bring to our readers our choice harvest from among the articles submitted in response to our call for papers that address prospects, trends, and emerging issues. The theme was inspired by Fr. Albert E. Alejo, SJ who, until he had to go on leave in November, had been engaged in the selection process for inclusion in this volume. He remains available to us for editorial advice and suggestions. With this volume, we carry on the tradition of evaluating submissions according to substance, relevance, and readability. However, owing to the prospective nature of this year’s theme, our readers might find some of these articles open-ended. Nevertheless, we salute our contributors for their courage to build their respective cases. We thank them for sharing their sense of adventure, as well as for their patience to review our edits and re-edits. Fearless forecasts. Prospects, trends, and emerging issues. Patricio Abinales reflects on an alternate direction for party- list organizations. Dencio Acop proposes the development of a comprehensive national security strategy. Samira Ali Gutoc exhorts media practitioners to do their homework on the nuances of Muslim culture and religion. In Mindanao, Sheilfa Alojamiento calls for institutions to address the plight of Lumad women. Tito Ilagan bats for farming the sea in order to bring about a renaissance in Philippine aquaculture. Alvin Concha explores the emerging use of the internet to construct gender identity and sexuality. VIII For notes, we track Karl Gaspar going around the world and seeing the Philippines in the face of the proverbial Filipina everywhere. Elson Elizaga ventilates his frustration at the defilement of our cultural treasures. We similarly hope that the destruction of the Huluga heritage site is not a portent of things to come. Hiromitsu Umehara, our invited contributor, shares with us a priceless gem in his inquiry into Koronadal as a place name. This inevitably leads him to inquire into the Koronadal Valley Project. His article gives us back an important segment of Mindanao history. We are deeply honored to provide the forum for these discourses. TAMBARA 25 (2008): 7-30 Aquaculture in Mindanao: Transcending the Barriers Lauro Tito C. Ilagan With earth’s burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology. We must farm it as we farm the land. Jacques Cousteau Introduction isheries is a major industry in the Philippines, accounting for forty-three percent of the country’s total fish production, as well Fas around twenty-three percent of the total gross value added (GVA) in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. It is both a source of food and foreign exchange. Mindanao, on the other hand, is the leading fisheries producer in the Philippines, contributing forty-three percent to national production (Table 1). It is also home to the country’s major commercial fishing industries, namely, the tuna industry in General Santos City in Region Twelve and the sardine industry in Zamboanga City in Region Nine. Generally, these two industries comprise the bulk of fish production in Mindanao. Government statistics points to the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) as having the highest volume of fish production, but it should be qualified that most of ARMM’s fisheries production is actually in seaweeds, which is categorized as an aquaculture industry. While not discounting the seaweed industry’s value to Philippine Export, its inclusion in fisheries statistics has the effect of distorting 8 LAURO TITO C. ILAGAN the real situation of the aquaculture industry. As this paper focuses on actual fish production, it underscores this distinction and submits that the main fishery products from Mindanao – and consequently, the Philippines – are those that actually are fish. Tuna is one of Mindanao’s top five export products while canned sardines is a major domestic commodity. In total, Mindanao provides fifty-four percent of all fish in the country caught by commercial fishing. Aquaculture in Mindanao, however, is not as developed as in other parts of the country. Despite the presence of major corporate aquaculture players, such as the Sarangani Province-based Alsons Aquaculture Corp., Mindanao Aquaculture – sans seaweeds – actually contributes only around twenty-one percent to total aquaculture production. Table 1. Total fish production from Mindanao (2003-2007) Region 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 9 458,770 515,525 574,562 571,216 612,140 10 101,283 125,420 127,401 126,840 143,575 11 53,838 54,524 55,095 57,830 69,359 12 241,838 270,777 238,477 258,032 287,094 ARMM 559,364 637,842 674,955 738,540 800,801 CARAGA 93,462 93,997 94,195 98,270 108,987 Total Mindanao 1,508,555 1,698,084 1,764,685 1,850,728 2,021,956 % to National 42% 43% 42% 42% 43% National 3,619,282 3,926,173 4,161,870 4,408,472 4,711,769 Source: BFAR Philippine aquaculture experienced its heyday during the mid- eighties to early nineties, when the country was a major producer of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). The Philippines was the third most important shrimp producing country after Thailand and Indonesia, with a production of over 90,000 metric tons, primarily of the delectable black tiger (Table 2). The crash of the prawn industry in the 1990s due to the unchecked spread of disease ultimately led to Philippine aquaculture’s downfall, causing the industry to collapse to half its production levels. As with other agricultural industries in the country, talk is rife about how the Philippines once had a headstart in aquaculture, having the best TAMBARA 25 9 technicians and the best schools. Over the years this lead had been cut down by countries that had sent their students over, ostensibly to learn from us, only to use that learning later to improve on our technology and eventually surpass us in terms of innovations and breakthroughs – the pupil gaining mastery over the teacher. The industry has yet to fully recover, but the main thesis of this paper posits a coming resurgence of this once-mighty industry, a renaissance in Philippine aquaculture, so to speak. While the country’s dominance in aquaculture might not be soon forthcoming, the assertion here is that aquaculture will again become a major industry in the Philippines. However, to regain prominence in the global market, the industry has to undo and learn from past mistakes and adjust its production strategies and market goals. Table 2. RP ranking in world prawn production, then and now World Shrimp Production and Ranking by % Share, 1993 Rank Country Production (MT) % World Production 1 Thailand 225,515 27.1 2 Indonesia 138,578 16.6 3 Philippines 95,816 11.5 4 China 87,856 10.5 5 Ecuador 83,404 10 6 India 62,000 7.4 7 Vietnam 39,402 4.7 8 Bangladesh 28,525 3.4 9 Taiwan 12,337 1.5 10 Mexico 11,500 1.4 World Shrimp Production and Ranking by % Share, 2002 Rank Country Production (MT) % World Production 1 China 384,141 29.7 2 Thailand 162,400 12.6 3 Indonesia 159,182 12.3 4 India 114,970 8.9 5 Vietnam 67,500 5.2 Brazil 60,000 4.6 6 Ecuador 60,000 4.6 7 Bangladesh 57,581 4.5 8 Mexico 45,853 3.5 9 Philippines 37,477 2.9 Source: FAO Fishtat Plus 10 LAURO TITO C.
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