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												  Американський Долар» План Лекції 1. Introduction 2. DollЛекція №1 Тема лекції: «Американський долар» План лекції 1. Introduction 2. Dollars in Circulation 3. Faces and Symbols on Dollar Bills 4. Dollar Coins 5. The history of American currency Література: 1. Орел Ю., Артюхова І.Починаємо вивчати бізнес: Навчально-методичний посібник. – Дніпропетровськ: Видавництво ДАУБП, 2001. 2. https://www.factmonster.com/math/money/us-money-history 3. https://www.xe.com/currency/usd-us-dollar 4. https://www.uscurrency.gov/history 5. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/history-american- currency/ 6. http://time.com/5383055/dollar-bill-design-history/ Зміст лекції 1. Introduction The dollar is the basic unit of U.S. currency. It has been so since 1792. That year the United States began its own coinage system. Before then, the most accepted coin was the Spanish peso. Americans called it the Spanish dollar. The value of a Spanish peso was eight reales (pronounced ray-AHL-ays). To make change for an eight-reales coin, merchants would cut the coin into smaller pieces. The change might be one-half (four reales), one-quarter (two reales), or one-eighth (one real, also called one bit). This is the origin of "pieces of eight," a familiar phrase in pirate tales. Americans were used to seeing prices stated in Spanish dollars. The United States thus selected the dollar as its basic unit. Thomas Jefferson thought that dividing money by eight was impractical. As a result, Congress adopted the decimal system. In this system each dollar is divided into 100 cents. 2. Dollars in Circulation The United States Treasury Department produces U.S.
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												  The Big Reset: War on Gold and the Financial EndgameWILL s A system reset seems imminent. The world’s finan- cial system will need to find a new anchor before the year 2020. Since the beginning of the credit s crisis, the US realized the dollar will lose its role em as the world’s reserve currency, and has been planning for a monetary reset. According to Willem Middelkoop, this reset MIDD Willem will be designed to keep the US in the driver’s seat, allowing the new monetary system to include significant roles for other currencies such as the euro and China’s renminbi. s Middelkoop PREPARE FOR THE COMING RESET E In all likelihood gold will be re-introduced as one of the pillars LKOOP of this next phase in the global financial system. The predic- s tion is that gold could be revalued at $ 7,000 per troy ounce. By looking past the American ‘smokescreen’ surrounding gold TWarh on Golde and the dollar long ago, China and Russia have been accumu- lating massive amounts of gold reserves, positioning them- THE selves for a more prominent role in the future to come. The and the reset will come as a shock to many. The Big Reset will help everyone who wants to be fully prepared. Financial illem Middelkoop (1962) is founder of the Commodity BIG Endgame Discovery Fund and a bestsell- s ing author, who has been writing about the world’s financial system since the early 2000s. Between 2001 W RESET and 2008 he was a market commentator for RTL Television in the Netherlands and also BIG appeared on CNBC.
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												  Great Deformation: the Corruption of Capitalism in America4/C PROCESS + PANTONE 8402 GRITTY MATTE UV 100#PAPER. ECONOMICS / BUSINESS $35.00 / $38.00 can IN THE WORDS OF DAVID STOCKMAN THE GREAT DEFORMATION is a searing look at Washington’s craven response to the recent myriad of financial crises and fiscal cliffs. It counters conven- ER D “ At the heart of the Great Deformation is a rogue central bank tional wisdom with an eighty-year revisionist history of how LAN G N E that has abandoned every vestige of sound money.” the American state—especially the Federal Reserve—has fallen ARYL ARYL C prey to the politics of crony capitalism and the ideologies of fiscal stimulus, monetary central planning, and financial bail- DAVID A. STOCKMAN was elected as a “ In the years after 1980, America had undergone the equivalent of outs. These forces have left the public sector teetering on the Michigan congressman in 1976 and joined the Reagan White a national leveraged buyout...[and was] now saddled with edge of political dysfunction and fiscal collapse and have caused House in 1981. Serving as budget director, he was one of the America’s private enterprise foundation to morph into a spec- more in combined public and private debt.” key architects of the Reagan Revolution plan to reduce taxes, $30 trillion ulative casino that swindles the masses and enriches the few. cut spending, and shrink the role of government. He joined Defying right- and left-wing boxes, David Stockman Salomon Brothers in 1985 and later became one of the early The Corruption of Capitalism provides a catalogue of corrupters and defenders of sound partners of the Blackstone Group.
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												  The Big ResetREVISED s EDITION Willem s Middelkoop s TWarh on Golde and the Financial Endgame BIGs s RsE$EAUPTs The Big Reset The Big Reset War on Gold and the Financial Endgame ‘Revised and substantially enlarged edition’ Willem Middelkoop AUP Cover design: Studio Ron van Roon, Amsterdam Photo author: Corbino Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 94 6298 027 3 e-isbn 978 90 4852 950 6 (pdf) e-isbn 978 90 4852 951 3 (ePub) nur 781 © Willem Middelkoop / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. To Moos and Misha In the absence of the gold standard, there is no way to protect savings from confiscation through inflation. There is no safe store of value. If there were, the government would have to make its holding illegal, as was done in the case of gold. If everyone decided, for example, to convert all his bank deposits to silver or copper or any other good, and thereafter declined to accept checks as payment for goods, bank deposits would lose their purchasing power and government-created bank credit would be worthless as a claim on goods.
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												  The Republic of Texas 1836-1845The Republic of Texas 1836-1845 Sam Houston Chapter 11 section 1 Treaty of Velasco THE TREATIES OF VELASCO Public Terms 1. The war between Mexico and Texas was officially ended, and Texas was declared independent. 2. Santa Anna would not take up arms against Texas. 3. All Mexican forces would withdraw beyond the Rio Grande. 4. Prisoners would be exchanged. 5. Mexico would return all captured property. 6. Texas leaders would promptly return Santa Anna to Mexico. THE TREATIES OF VELASCO Secret Terms 1. Provided for Santa Anna’s immediate release 2. Santa Anna would try to persuade Mexican leaders to recognize the independence of Texas. 3. Santa Anna would push for the Rio Grande to be Mexico’s border with Texas. RESPONSE TO THE TREATIES OF VELASCO Texans Respond: 1. A small force stopped Santa Anna 2. David G. Burnet imprisoned him Mexican Response: 1. Leaders did not recognize treaties or Texas independence The Republic of Texas Republic of Texas Leaders • 1st President-Sam Houston • Vice President-Mirabeau Lamar • Secretary of State-Stephen F. Austin • Secretary of Treasury-Henry Smith (ad interim governor) • Secretary of War-Thomas J. Rusk Problems in the New Republic • Mexican government • Financial problems • Native Texans A New Capital • Brothers, John and Augustus Allen planned to build a new town and agreed to provide buildings in their town for the Texas government and name it after Sam Houston • Many people complained about the log structures, muddy streets, heat, humidity, diseases, and mosquitoes • The town of Houston remained the capital of Texas throughout Sam Houston’s first administration Attempt at Annexation • In the same election that made Houston the 1st president, the majority of Texans also voted to seek annexation to the United States • Most Texans had immigrated from the United States, and the Texans’ language, customs, and ideas about government were similar to most Americans • Annexation to the U.S.
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												  History of Fiat and Paper Money Failures | Thoughts About Gold, Silver, and Other Stuff 6/28/16, 11:14 PMHistory of Fiat and Paper Money Failures | Thoughts about Gold, Silver, and other stuff 6/28/16, 11:14 PM Thoughts about Gold, Silver, and other stuff Think Outside the Bank HOME ABOUT CONTACT History of Fiat and Paper Money Failures Search … LIVE GOLD AND SILVER PRICES The Fate of Paper Money “Paper money eventually returns to its intrinsic value – zero.” (Voltaire, 1694-1778 ) By Mike Hewitt The first well-known widespread use of paper money was in China during the Tang (618-907 A.D.) dynasty around 800 A.D. Paper money spread to the city of Tabriz, Persia in 1294 and to parts of India and Japan between 1319 to 1331. However, its use was very short-lived in these regions. In Persia, the merchants refused to recognize the new money, thus bringing trade to a standstill. By 1455, after over 600 years, the Chinese abandoned paper money due to numerous problems of over issuance and hyperinflation. Figure 1. This Kuan note is the oldest known banknote in the world. It was made in China circa 1380. Paper money did not arrive in Europe till 1633 with the earliest known English goldsmith certificates being used not only as receipts for reclaiming deposits but also as evidence of ability to pay. In 1656, the Bank of Sweden is founded with a charter that authorizes it to accept deposits, grant loans and mortgages, and issue bills of credit. By 1660, the English Goldsmiths’ receipts became a convenient alternative to handling coins or bullion. The realisation by goldsmiths that borrowers would find them just as convenient as depositors marks the start of the use of banknotes in England.
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												  Mo. 7 V7a the Texas Presidencies: Presidential371 i MO. 7 V7A THE TEXAS PRESIDENCIES: PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, 1836-1845 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Kenneth William Bridges Denton, Texas May, 1998 Bridges, Kenneth William, The Texas Presidencies: Presidential Leadership in the Republic of Texas. 1836-1845. Master of Arts (History), May, 1998, 151 pp., references, 101 titles. This thesis examines the letters, proclamations, and addresses of the four presidents of the Republic of Texas, David G. Burnet, Sam Houston, Mirabeau B. Lamar, and Anson Jones, to determine how these men faced the major crises of Texas and shaped policy regarding land, relations with Native Americans, finances, internal improvements, annexation by the United States, and foreign relations. Research materials include manuscript and published speeches and letters, diaries, and secondary materials. 371 i MO. 7 V7A THE TEXAS PRESIDENCIES: PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, 1836-1845 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Kenneth William Bridges Denton, Texas May, 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1.THE EMERGENCE OF THE TEXAS REPUBLIC 1 2. SAM HOUSTON AND THE NEW REPUBLIC 25 3.MIRABEAU B. LAMAR AND THE HIGH TIDE OF TEXAS NATIONALISM 55 4. DISASTER AND REDEMPTION 86 5. ANSON JONES AND THE TWILIGHT OF THE REPUBLIC 115 6. THE PRESIDENCIES CONSIDERED 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY 144 CHAPTER 1 THE EMERGENCE OF THE TEXAS REPUBLIC During the period between 1836 and 1845 when Texas existed as an independent republic, the Texian people endured numerous hardships.
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												  Currency Crisis- - Currency Crises Talk delivered at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University April 9, 1999 Saurabh Singal E-mail: [email protected] Currency Crises Page 1 e Contents 1. Models Of Exchange Rate Determination 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rates 1.2.1 Problems with PPP 1.3 Monetary Approach to Exchange Rate Determination 1.3.1 Flexible – Price Monetary Model 1.3.2 Dornbusch’s Sticky Price Monetary Model 1.3.3 Further Refinements to the Monetary Model 1.3.4 Empirical Performance of the Monetary Models 1.4 The Portfolio Balance Approach to Exchange Rate Determination 1.4.1 Basic Framework 1.4.2 Synthesis of Monetary and Portfolio Balance Approaches 2. Models of Currency Crisis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Generation Models of Currency Crisis 2.3 Second Generation Models of Currency Crisis 2.3.1 Examples of Second Generation Models 3. Early Warning Systems and Estimating Currency Crisis Probabilities 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors used to Explain Crisis: 3.3 Early Warning Indicators: The Approach of Kaminsky, Lizondo and Reinhart 3.3.1. Statistics Analyzed by Kaminsky, Lizondo and Reinhart 3.3.2 The Lead Time of Indicators 3.3.3 Persistence of Signals: 3.3.4 IMF's May 1998 World Economic Outlook Report: 4. Contagion in Currency Crises 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reasons behind contagion 4.3 The Study by Eichengreen, Rose and Wyplosz. 4.4 The Naïve Contagion Model 4.5 The Trade Weighted Contagion Model 4.6 The Macroeconomic Weighted Contagion Model 5 Alternative Monetary Systems for Prevention
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												  An Independent Texas 1836–1845236-237_COTXSE_3_11_p 11/18/02 9:34 AM Page 236 An Independent Texas 1836–1845 SECTION 1 The Republic of Texas SECTION 2 A Different Vision for Texas SECTION 3 Houston’s Return Leads to Annexation VIEW THE Texas on Tape CHAPTER 11 VIDEO LESSON. Alone it took its rise, alone it has soared aloft, and taken its stand among the proud emblems of nations, and alone let it remain glorious and ever bright. Mier expedition survivor Joseph D. McCutchan 1836 1839 1842 1845 1836 Sam Houston is 1838 Mirabeau Lamar is 1842 Mier expedition takes place elected first president elected president 1841 Lamar sends troops of Republic of Texas of Republic of Texas on Santa Fe expedition 1845 Resolution supporting 1841 Sam Houston is elected annexation of Texas is 1840 Council House president of Republic passed by U.S. Congress Fight occurs for second term 236 ✯ Chapter 11 236-237_COTXSE_3_11_p 11/18/02 9:34 AM Page 237 Before You Read What do you think is one of the most important qualities a government official should have? Did you say leadership? Voters often look for strong leadership skills when deciding Mirabeau on a political candidate. Those who hold political office— Lamar whether in student council or the Texas government— demonstrate their leadership abilities through their actions and accomplishments. Think about • the qualities of a good leader Anson • role models of good leaders Jones • the leadership qualities of past elected officials in Texas • the leaders in Texas government today Sam Houston As You Read Organizing Information In 1836 Texans adopted a constitution and HOUSTON LAMAR elected Sam Houston as their first president.