DOCSLIB.ORG

A Dynamic Model of Ammonia Production

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Dynamic Model of Ammonia Production A DYNAMIC MODEL OF AMMONIA PRODUCTION WITHIN GROW-FINISH SWINE BARNS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By ERIN LESLEY CORTUS Keywords: ammonia, modelling, urine puddles, slurry, convective mass transfer, urease activity, urination frequency, model validation. © Copyright Erin Lesley Cortus, December, 2006. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 i ABSTRACT Ammonia is a nuisance gas in many swine barns. The overall objective of this research project was to model ammonia formation and transmission processes in a grower-finisher swine barn, by first modelling the ammonia production and emission from urine puddles on the floor surface and the ammonia emission from the slurry pit, and then incorporating these emission rates in a dynamic model that separates the room and slurry pit headspace as two separate, but linked, control volumes. A series of studies were conducted to gather more information about the processes affecting the ammonia emission rate from the floor surface and the slurry that were later included in the overall room model developed. The model was then used to investigate ammonia reducing techniques and technologies based on the understanding of ammonia production and transmission incorporated in the model. The first step in modelling the ammonia emission rate from the floor surface was to determine the frequency of urinations by grower-finisher pigs. Male and female pigs were observed three times during their finishing phase to determine their urination frequency over the course of a day. The average measured urination frequency was 0.62 ± 0.11 urinations pig-1 h-1. A sinusoidal dromedary model was developed to describe the daily variation in urination frequency for male and female pigs between 51 and 78 kg. In order for the deposited urinations on the floor surface to emit ammonia, the urea in the urine must first be converted to ammonia and the urease enzyme catalyzes this reaction. Two methods, a fixed-time-point method using the indophenol assay for ammonium-nitrogen analysis and a continuous method using the coupled enzyme assay, were used to measure enzyme activity at the floor surface of a swine barn and were compared to reported urease activity levels in the literature. Using both methods, there ii appeared to be an ammonia-producing site on the floor surface or within the collected samples that made accurate measurements of urease activity impossible. A review of urease activity levels in the literature from dairy-cow houses suggest that urease activity will be lowest following floor-cleaning and increase quickly following fouling of the floor surface. Based on the literature review, a urease activity value of 5 g NH3 m-2 h-1 was suggested for use in ammonia emission modelling of fouled floor surfaces in swine barns until better measurements become available. The ammonia emissions from 36 simulated urine puddles under a variety of temperature, air velocity and initial urea concentration conditions were measured in a bench-scale experimental set-up. The measurements were used to calibrate and validate a dynamic, mechanistic, urine puddle emission model that considered the processes of evaporation, urea conversion, change in liquid concentration and puddle pH in order to simulate the amount of ammonia emitted from a puddle. Based on the correlation coefficients (R) between measured and simulated values for water volume (R=0.99), total ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (R=0.90), and total emission (R=1.00), along with five other statistical tests for each simulated variable, the model was deemed accurate. The measurements and simulations in this experiment showed the impact of puddle pH, urease activity and changing environmental conditions on the average puddle emission rate. Puddle emission continued to occur as long as there was still water. The impact of different slurry compositions on the ammonia emission rate from slurry pits was tested in another bench-scale experimental set-up with emission chambers. The emission chamber concentration data collected was used to calibrate and validate a developed slurry emission model. The collected slurry samples were concentrated iii mixtures of urine and feces from individually-housed animals fed different diets. An empirical equation was developed to express the amount of total ammoniacal nitrogen in the slurry that was in the form of ammonia (f) and thus volatile to the surroundings. Based on the empirical equation, the simulated value of f was between 0.03 and 0.08 and did not show the sensitivity to slurry pH that has been reported by other authors. The slurry emission model with the empirical equation for f was validated with ammonia emission measurements from eight different slurry samples and simulated hourly concentration measurements within 17% and five-day average concentration measurements within 3%. Further testing was recommended to ensure the model developed for concentrated manure in this study was applicable to the more dilute slurry found in swine barns. Using the information gained in the previous experiments, a mechanistic model describing the dynamic ammonia concentration in the room and in the slurry channel headspace of grower-finisher swine barns, as well as the ammonia emitted to the surrounding environment was developed. Data was collected from two grower-finisher rooms to use as input data to the model and for calibration and validation purposes. The model calibration procedure determined that the amount of emissions originating from the slurry for the simulated room conditions was generally less than 5% of the total room emissions, the air exchange rate through the slatted floor was approximately 4% of the room ventilation rate, and that in the first two weeks of animal activity in a room the urease activity at the floor surface will increase. The model was validated using separate data from that used in the calibration process. The model simulated hourly room concentration levels within 2.2 ppm and 3-day average concentration levels within 1.6 iv ppm. The model simulations were more accurate for one room that was fed a typical grower-finisher diet compared to another room fed an experimental diet with lower protein content and sugar-beet pulp inclusion. The dynamic model was tested for its sensitivity to various input factors in terms of the floor emission rate, slurry emission rate and total emission rate. An interesting aspect of the simulations was that increases in either floor or surface emission rate were compensated to a small extent by decreases in the other emission rate as a result of a reduced concentration gradient for mass transfer. The ammonia emission rate from the floor was most sensitive to changes in urease activity, fouled floor area and puddle area. The ammonia emission rate from slurry was most sensitive to changes in slurry pH. The impact of input variables on the total emission rate was dependant on the simulated proportion of the total ammonia emission coming from either the floor surface or slurry channel. Three ammonia reduction techniques were tested and evaluated on their impact to the total ammonia emission rate from a room compared to a given set of control conditions. The work in this thesis highlighted the importance of ammonia emission from the floor surface. The proportion of ammonia originating from the slurry and from the floor surface respectively will vary on the specific conditions within the barn, and will impact the effect of any ammonia mitigation technique that is investigated or used. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am sincerely grateful to the help and encouragement I received from Dr. Stéphane Lemay. He encourages the best in people by demonstrating not only his love of science and engineering, but also his compassion for everyone. I am also thankful for the wisdom and insights from Dr. Ernie Barber who always looked at the big picture. The interest, comments and hours spent reviewing the drafts of this thesis by Dr. Gordon Hill, Dr. Huiqing Guo, Dr. Oon-doo Baik and Dr. Trever Crowe are also appreciated. Thank you to Dr. Arogo for serving as the external examiner during my defence. I value all the friends I have made in the office and in the barn of the Prairie Swine Centre (PSCI), and the opportunity to participate in research outside the normal engineering realm. I am also indebted to the researchers, technicians and staff of the Research and Development Institute for the Agri-environment (IRDA) in Deschambault, Quebec for making my stay there rewarding. Mr. Rob Fengler was of great assistance in collecting data throughout my research program.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of the Appropriateness of Compost Toilets in Sri Lanka: 17 Key Questions
    Assessment of the Appropriateness of Compost Toilets in Sri Lanka: 17 Key Questions (Report 2 of 3 from "Evaluation of the Appropriateness of Ecological Sanitation in Relation to the Social, Cultural and Economic and Financial Context of Sri Lanka") Constanze Windberg, Consultant The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily constitute an endorsement by UNICEF. © UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND Regional Office for South Asia 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ON KEY QUESTIONS A - P .................................................................. i FINDINGS OF RESEARCH ON KEY QUESTIONS A - P Question a: Is the dry composting toilet appropriate for any age group?.................................. 1 Question b: Is the dry composting toilet appropriate for pregnant women? ............................. 2 Question c: Does dry composting toilet require special user’s instructions for menstruating women?............................................................................................. 2 Question d: Does the content, texture and humidity of excreta influence the performance of composting toilet? ........................................................................ 3 Question e: Does the nature, composition and pH of the additive (ash, sawdust, soil…) influence the performance of dry composting toilet?............................................. 3 Question f: Do air humidity and temperature in the composting chamber influence performance? ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Global Nomads: Techno and New Age As Transnational Countercultures
    1111 2 Global Nomads 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 A uniquely ‘nomadic ethnography,’ Global Nomads is the first in-depth treat- 3111 ment of a counterculture flourishing in the global gulf stream of new electronic 4 and spiritual developments. D’Andrea’s is an insightful study of expressive indi- vidualism manifested in and through key cosmopolitan sites. This book is an 5 invaluable contribution to the anthropology/sociology of contemporary culture, 6 and presents required reading for students and scholars of new spiritualities, 7 techno-dance culture and globalization. 8 Graham St John, Research Fellow, 9 School of American Research, New Mexico 20111 1 D'Andrea breaks new ground in the scholarship on both globalization and the shaping of subjectivities. And he does so spectacularly, both through his focus 2 on neomadic cultures and a novel theorization. This is a deeply erudite book 3 and it is a lot of fun. 4 Saskia Sassen, Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology 5 at the University of Chicago, and Centennial Visiting Professor 6 at the London School of Economics. 7 8 Global Nomads is a unique introduction to the globalization of countercultures, 9 a topic largely unknown in and outside academia. Anthony D’Andrea examines 30111 the social life of mobile expatriates who live within a global circuit of counter- 1 cultural practice in paradoxical paradises. 2 Based on nomadic fieldwork across Spain and India, the study analyzes how and why these post-metropolitan subjects reject the homeland to shape an alternative 3 lifestyle. They become artists, therapists, exotic traders and bohemian workers seek- 4 ing to integrate labor, mobility and spirituality within a cosmopolitan culture of 35 expressive individualism.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    editorial note index amber 832, 1028 American Dream 753 American Institute of Architects “a major modification of the human organism, 21 Club 601, 697 (AIA) 106, 150, 695, 816, 858, 869, 1066, namely its ability to pay attention, occurred when 3D printing 114, 159, 1449 2159, 2277 a major cultural innovation, domestication, was 9/11 676, 685, 844, 918–919, 1382, 1387, American Restroom Association adopted. … the house … should be viewed as 1760–1761, 2130 641, 695, 1646 Aalto, Alvar 639, 762, 772–773, 859 American Society of Heating a technical and cognitive instrument, a tool for aboriginal 1058, 1430 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning thought as well as a technology of shelter.” Abraj Al-Bait tower, Mecca 703, 786 Engineers 814, 825, 858 absolutism 900–901 American Society of Mechanical — Peter J. Wilson, The Domestication of Abu Dhabi 125, 480, 537, 1047, 1430, Engineers 290, 380, 2041, 2117 1551, 2288 American Standard 785, 1601, 1624, the Human Species (Yale, 1988). Acconci, Vito 59, 63 1673, 1675, 1680, 2279, 2281, 2286 Ackerman, James 898, 2333 American Standards Association 183 When our species domesticated itself – started acoustics 150, 203, 223, 260–261, Americans with Disabilities Act, living in permanent dwellings rather than 264–265, 267–269, 272, 274, 279, 304, 1990 1648, 1721, 1764 temporary encampments – architecture remade 348, 352, 360, 380, 485, 825, 1150 Ammannati, Bartolomeo 1936, 1963 Acropolis 900 amphitheater 1094, 1166, 1247, 2136, our sensory world in a revolution never seen acrylic 813, 842, 949, 1016, 1394
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of the Effect of Pit Latrine Additives on VIP Latrine Sludge Content Under Laboratory and Field Trials
    An investigation of the effect of pit latrine additives on VIP latrine sludge content under laboratory and field trials BF Bakare1*, CJ Brouckaert1, KM Foxon1 and CA Buckley1 1Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa ABSTRACT Sludge content in VIP latrines is degraded mainly under anaerobic conditions and the process is relatively slow. At varying stages of digestion within pit latrines, sludge accumulates and odour and fly nuisance may occur which could pose risks to public health and the environment. Management of accumulated sludge in pit latrines has been a major problem facing a number of municipalities in South Africa and is also a global issue. Manufacturers of various commercial pit latrine additives claim that by addition of this product to pit content, accumulation rate and pit content volume can be reduced, thereby preventing the pit from ever reaching capacity. This paper presents a comprehensive study conducted to determine the effects of additives on pit contents under laboratory and field conditions. By conducting both laboratory and field trials, it was possible to identify whether there is any acceleration of mass or volume stabilisation as a result of additive addition, and whether any apparent effect is a result of biodegradation or of compaction. The results indicated that neither laboratory trials nor field trials provided any evidence that the use of pit additives has any beneficial effect on pit contents. The reasons why additives seem to not have any beneficial effects are also discussed. Keywords: additives, digestion, pit content, sludge, public health, VIP latrine INTRODUCTION not been conclusively and scientifically demonstrated, and the findings from the few available studies previously conducted, as In South Africa, where the provision of adequate sanitation presented in the literature, are controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Plumbing Code
    DPH 77 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 890 SUBCHAPTER r TITLE 77: PUBLIC HEALTH CHAPTER I: DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SUBCHAPTER r: WATER AND SEWAGE PART 890 ILLINOIS PLUMBING CODE SUBPART A: DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 890.110 Applicability 890.120 Definitions 890.130 Incorporated and Referenced Materials 890.140 Compliance with this Part 890.150 Workmanship 890.160 Used Plumbing Material, Equipment, Fixtures 890.170 Sewer and/or Water Required 890.180 Sewer and Water Pipe Installation 890.190 Piping Measurements 890.200 Operation of Plumbing Equipment SUBPART B: PLUMBING MATERIALS Section 890.210 Materials 890.220 Identification (Repealed) 890.230 Safe Pan Material and Construction SUBPART C: JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS Section 890.310 Tightness 890.320 Types of Joints 890.330 Special Joints 890.340 Use of Joints 890.350 Unions 890.360 Water Closet and Pedestal Urinal 890.370 Prohibited Joints and Connections in Drainage Systems 890.380 Increasers and Reducers SUBPART D: TRAPS AND CLEANOUT (T/C-1) DPH 77 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 890 SUBCHAPTER r Section 890.410 Fixture Traps/Continuous Waste 890.420 Pipe Cleanouts 890.430 Cleanout Equivalent 890.440 Acid-Proof Traps SUBPART E: INTERCEPTORS − SEPARATORS AND BACKWATER VALVES Section 890.510 Grease Interceptor Requirements 890.520 Gasoline, Oil and Flammable Liquids 890.530 Special Waste Interceptors 890.540 Laundries (Repealed) 890.550 Backwater Valves − Sanitary System and Storm System (Repealed) SUBPART F: PLUMBING FIXTURES Section 890.610 General Requirements − Material
    [Show full text]
  • Toilets and Night Soil (Types, Treatment & a Bit of History)
    Toilets and Night Soil (Types, Treatment & A Bit of History) May 2006 Japan Association of Drainage and Environment Night Soil and Sewerage Research Group Preface Night Soil and Sewerage Research Group is a substructure of Japan Association of Drain- age and Environment. This Group conducts research mainly on culture and history of toi- lets/night soil, and has been planning lecture meetings or field visits for seven years now. In 2003, in an effort to encapsulate our activities, we wrote a book called What do you think Toilets and Night Soil? published by Gihoudou Publishing Co. We have also written arti- cles for specialized field magazines to supply information on this field. Night Soil had been used as fertilizer for farms until quite recently. A result of this practice was the affliction of a large number of people with parasites. Flush Toilets using sewerage system, which is the most popular type, community treatment plants, Johkasou (private treatment facility), had been effective in the eradication of parasite disease in a short period of time. This booklet is intended to inform people of other countries about toilet history in Japan. At first glance, you might ask: Why should I bother reading about toilets (and other delicate matters) at all? Well, the convenient water-flushed toilets were not always available, you know. Then, your next question might be: Hmmm…what did they use in those days? There are seven chapters in this booklet. I’m sure you will find a selection that interests you. To make the presentation more appealing and easily understood, we have carefully chosen the photos to include here.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on Technical Options for On-Site Sanitation
    Handbook on Technical Options for on-Site Sanitation Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Government of India February 2012 (Manuscript prepared by Dr. P.K.Jha, Consultant, Sanitation & WM, NRC) 0 Handbook on Technical options for on-site Sanitation Chapters Page No. Preface 1. Introduction 3 2. Linkage of sanitation and health 6 i. Human wastes and disease transmission 6 ii. Pathogens in human wastes 7 3. Criteria for a sanitary toilet and sustainability of sanitation 10 i. Criteria for a sanitary toilet 10 ii. WHO guidelines for safe use of excreta and waste water 10 iii. Sustainability of a sustainable technology 11 4. Technology options for household on-site sanitation 14 I. Technology for normal soil condition A. Single off-site flush pit toilet 14 B. Single off- site flush pit with provision of double pit 15 C. Two pit pour flush toilet 16 II. Technology for high water table areas and rocky areas 20 a) Balram Model 20 b) Ecosan Model 22 III. Biogas toilet 24 IV. Toilet for physically handicapped and old age people 27 V. Superstructures for toilets to suit different economic conditions 31 VI. Assessment of some technologies for household toilets 33 5. Design criteria for pits and chambers for a household toilet 34 6. Key technological problems in implementing household toilets i. Technical issues 38 ii. Operation and maintenance of a household toile; Do and Don’t do 40 Bibliography 42 1 Preface Provision of adequate sanitation to all communities has been a major challenge in India. This is also due to the fact such communities have full spectrum of variations in socio- cultural and economic conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality and Odor (H)
    Please note that this document has been reformatted and the electronic version may visually appear different than the original printed version. All the content has remained the same, except that the Tables of Contents of certain chapters have been simplified to make all chapters uniform and that the portions of certain chapters relating to comments from the GEIS Citizens Advisory Committee and responses to those comments have been deleted. Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Animal Agriculture: A Summary of the Literature Related to Air Quality and Odor (H) Prepared for the Environmental Quality Board Prepared by: Larry D. Jacobson, Roger Moon, Jose Bicudo, Kevin Janni, Sally Noll, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Gerald Shurson, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Jun Zhu, David Schmidt, Charles McGinley, Engineer, McGinley and Associates, Philip Goodrich, Richard Nicolai, Charles Clanton, Kenneth Davis, Lisa Brosseau, Jill Bruns, Public Health Nurse, Renville County, Minnesota, Carlos Pijoan, Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Thomas Blaha, Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota Beverly Durgan, UM Project Leader, Associate Dean for Research, COAFES Kathryn Draeger, UM Project Manager, Environmental Ground Inc. Unless otherwise noted all of the team members are associated with the University of Minnesota, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences. H-i MH ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOARD September, 1999 To Interested Minnesotans: The GEIS on Animal Agriculture is a statewide study authorized and funded by the 1998 Minnesota Legislature and ordered by the EQB. The Legislature directs the EQB to “. .examine the long-term effects of the livestock industry as it exists and as it is changing on the economy, environment and way of life of Minnesota and its citizens.” The intent of the GEIS is twofold: 1) to provide balanced, objective information on the effects of animal agriculture to future policymakers; and 2) to provide recommendations on future options for animal agriculture in the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining an 'Indicator Package' to Allow Identification of 'Cess Pits'
    University of Birmingham Defining an ‘indicator package’ to allow identification of ‘cess pits’ in the archaeological record. Smith, David DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.014 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (Harvard): Smith, D 2013, 'Defining an ‘indicator package’ to allow identification of ‘cess pits’ in the archaeological record.', Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, pp. 526-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.014 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Excretion in the Animal House 8-50% N
    20- 70% applied N excreted 8-50% N animal house excretion in the excretion FROM ANIMALS TO CROPS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF CURRENT AND FUTURE STRATEGIES FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT Jerke W. de Vries Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr P.W.G. Groot Koerkamp Professor of Farm Technology Wageningen University Prof. Dr I.J.M. de Boer Professor of Animal Production Systems Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr W.B. Hoogmoed Assistant professor, Farm Technology Group Wageningen University Dr C.M. Groenestein Senior Scientist, Wageningen UR Livestock Research Wageningen University and Research Centre Other members Prof. H. Wenzel, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Prof. Dr M.K. van Ittersum, Wageningen University Prof. Dr G. Zeeman, Wageningen University Dr G.L. Velthof, Wageningen University and Research Centre This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School of Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. FROM ANIMALS TO CROPS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF CURRENT AND FUTURE STRATEGIES FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT Jerke W. de Vries Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 17 January 2014 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. Jerke W. de Vries From animals to crops - Environmental consequences of current and future strategies for manure management, 178 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6173-832-5 Therefore do not seek to understand in order to believe, but believe that thou mayest understand.
    [Show full text]
  • •ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES in SANITATION Proceedings from Sida Sanitation Workshop Balingsholm, Sweden 6-9 August 1997
    321.0 97EC •ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES IN SANITATION Proceedings from Sida Sanitation Workshop Balingsholm, Sweden 6-9 August 1997 ~~Cibrary IRC lnterr~tJonaI’water and Safl~taUonCentra Tel.: +31 70 30 ~a980 FMX~‘p~i1V0 *~~ Editors Jan-Olof’ Drangert Jennifer Bew Uno Winbiad Pub~ications0fl Water Resources: No 9 Department for Natural Resources and the Environment 321. 0—97EC--14330 Pubhcations an Water Resources This series covers issues on water resources from a development cooperatiori perspective. Sida’s Department for Natural Resources and the Environment befleves that the publications will be of interest to those involved in this fleld of work. The document is a result of a Sida commissioned study but it does not necessarily represent Sida’s policy. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to Sida. Copies may be obtained from: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, S-105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Telephone: +46 8 698 5’lOO Telefax: +46 8 698 5653 Foreword Most cities in the world are short of water and many are subject to critical environmental degradation. Their peri-urban areas are among the worst polluted and disease ridden habitats of the world. Sewage discharges from centralised water-borne collection systems pollute surface waters and seepage from sewers, septic tanks and pit toilets pollute groundwater. It is quite dear that conventional sanitation technology based on flush toilets, sewers, treatment and discharge cannot solve these problems in urban areas lacking the necessary resources in terms of water, money and institutional capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Hygienic Toilet)
    A Joint U.S.-India Conference Waste Management Innovation Dry Sanitaon System (Hygienic Toilet) “Towards a Green, Inclusive, Circular Economy” 17-18 April 2017 (Project supported by: Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation) Principal Investigator Innovation Development Prof. K. Munshi Company Director Prof. K. Munshi, IDC , IIT Bombay 2 Google Maps http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&tab=wl To see all the details that are visible on the screen, use the Print link next to the map. IDC IIT Bombay The program is meant to develop knowledge, skill and aptitude to become creative problem solvers and bring about innovation in manufacturing & communication industry K. Munshi Former Professor & Head 3 Map data ©2012 Google - 1 of 2 8/11/12 2:10 PM 4 Opportuni3es………… & also Challenges……… Innovation Design Integration Development Company TECHNOLOGY Current Partnerships: DESIGN CAIR / ANURAG – DRDO CIMFR – CSIR INTEGRATION Technical Design R&D – TATA STEEL + Humanis@c Design INMAS / DIPAS – DRDO MARKETABILITY IIT BOMBAY 6 Principal Investigator: K. Munshi Former Professor & Head IDC IIT Bombay Innovation Director, CTech Labs Pvt. Ltd Development Powai, Mumbai – 400076 Company www.ctechlab.com M: +91-9833687822 DRY-SAN System Making of a Hygienic Rural Toilet (Project supported by: Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation) Design Challenges & Opportunities Kindly Beware: There may some offensive pictures in the slides ahead The crisis Where there are no latrines people resort to defecation in the open. - UNEP Report 665 million Indians practice open defecation, more than half the global total. 1,000 children younger than 5 years die every day in India from diarrhea, hepatitis- causing pathogens and other sanitation-related diseases - the United Nations Children’s Fund The crisis is especially acute for girls: Many drop-out of school once they reach puberty because of inadequate lavatories, depriving the country of a generation of possible leaders - UNICEF The toll on human health, due to unhygienic sanitation conditions is grim.
    [Show full text]