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Assessment of the Appropriateness of Compost Toilets in Sri Lanka: 17 Key Questions
Assessment of the Appropriateness of Compost Toilets in Sri Lanka: 17 Key Questions (Report 2 of 3 from "Evaluation of the Appropriateness of Ecological Sanitation in Relation to the Social, Cultural and Economic and Financial Context of Sri Lanka") Constanze Windberg, Consultant The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily constitute an endorsement by UNICEF. © UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND Regional Office for South Asia 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ON KEY QUESTIONS A - P .................................................................. i FINDINGS OF RESEARCH ON KEY QUESTIONS A - P Question a: Is the dry composting toilet appropriate for any age group?.................................. 1 Question b: Is the dry composting toilet appropriate for pregnant women? ............................. 2 Question c: Does dry composting toilet require special user’s instructions for menstruating women?............................................................................................. 2 Question d: Does the content, texture and humidity of excreta influence the performance of composting toilet? ........................................................................ 3 Question e: Does the nature, composition and pH of the additive (ash, sawdust, soil…) influence the performance of dry composting toilet?............................................. 3 Question f: Do air humidity and temperature in the composting chamber influence performance? ........................................................................................................ -
An Investigation of the Effect of Pit Latrine Additives on VIP Latrine Sludge Content Under Laboratory and Field Trials
An investigation of the effect of pit latrine additives on VIP latrine sludge content under laboratory and field trials BF Bakare1*, CJ Brouckaert1, KM Foxon1 and CA Buckley1 1Pollution Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa ABSTRACT Sludge content in VIP latrines is degraded mainly under anaerobic conditions and the process is relatively slow. At varying stages of digestion within pit latrines, sludge accumulates and odour and fly nuisance may occur which could pose risks to public health and the environment. Management of accumulated sludge in pit latrines has been a major problem facing a number of municipalities in South Africa and is also a global issue. Manufacturers of various commercial pit latrine additives claim that by addition of this product to pit content, accumulation rate and pit content volume can be reduced, thereby preventing the pit from ever reaching capacity. This paper presents a comprehensive study conducted to determine the effects of additives on pit contents under laboratory and field conditions. By conducting both laboratory and field trials, it was possible to identify whether there is any acceleration of mass or volume stabilisation as a result of additive addition, and whether any apparent effect is a result of biodegradation or of compaction. The results indicated that neither laboratory trials nor field trials provided any evidence that the use of pit additives has any beneficial effect on pit contents. The reasons why additives seem to not have any beneficial effects are also discussed. Keywords: additives, digestion, pit content, sludge, public health, VIP latrine INTRODUCTION not been conclusively and scientifically demonstrated, and the findings from the few available studies previously conducted, as In South Africa, where the provision of adequate sanitation presented in the literature, are controversial. -
Illinois Plumbing Code
DPH 77 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 890 SUBCHAPTER r TITLE 77: PUBLIC HEALTH CHAPTER I: DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SUBCHAPTER r: WATER AND SEWAGE PART 890 ILLINOIS PLUMBING CODE SUBPART A: DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 890.110 Applicability 890.120 Definitions 890.130 Incorporated and Referenced Materials 890.140 Compliance with this Part 890.150 Workmanship 890.160 Used Plumbing Material, Equipment, Fixtures 890.170 Sewer and/or Water Required 890.180 Sewer and Water Pipe Installation 890.190 Piping Measurements 890.200 Operation of Plumbing Equipment SUBPART B: PLUMBING MATERIALS Section 890.210 Materials 890.220 Identification (Repealed) 890.230 Safe Pan Material and Construction SUBPART C: JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS Section 890.310 Tightness 890.320 Types of Joints 890.330 Special Joints 890.340 Use of Joints 890.350 Unions 890.360 Water Closet and Pedestal Urinal 890.370 Prohibited Joints and Connections in Drainage Systems 890.380 Increasers and Reducers SUBPART D: TRAPS AND CLEANOUT (T/C-1) DPH 77 ILLINOIS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 890 SUBCHAPTER r Section 890.410 Fixture Traps/Continuous Waste 890.420 Pipe Cleanouts 890.430 Cleanout Equivalent 890.440 Acid-Proof Traps SUBPART E: INTERCEPTORS − SEPARATORS AND BACKWATER VALVES Section 890.510 Grease Interceptor Requirements 890.520 Gasoline, Oil and Flammable Liquids 890.530 Special Waste Interceptors 890.540 Laundries (Repealed) 890.550 Backwater Valves − Sanitary System and Storm System (Repealed) SUBPART F: PLUMBING FIXTURES Section 890.610 General Requirements − Material -
Poultry Litter/Manure Management Practices in Intensively Managed Poultry Farms in Portharcourt
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 3 Ver. II (Mar. 2015), PP 53-58 www.iosrjournals.org Poultry Litter/Manure Management Practices in Intensively Managed Poultry Farms in Portharcourt Ekenma Kalu Department Of Veterinary Public Health And Preventive Medicine. Micheal Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike. Abstract: The investigation to determine the different litter/manure management practices of poultry farmers was carried out in Port Harcourt urban area. A well structured questionnaire was administered to 30 randomly selected poultry farmers in the study area by one on one interview and observation of the environment. The results revealed that poultry farming is on the increase. Majority of these farmer’s management practices showed that they have little knowledge about proper disposal of litter/manure resulting from their farm operations. 53.3% sell their waste immediately after clearing their farms while 43.3% store them for later use and 3.4% applied theirs directly to nearby farm lands. During the period of study, 96.7 % of the farmers had not heard of manure treatment before disposal while 3.3% have heard of it but did not practice it. It was also noted that improper handling of poultry production from start to finish could lead to environmental hazards. Keywords: Intensively managed, Poultry farms, Litter/manure, Port Harcourt. I. Introduction Poultry is one of the most developed animal industries in Nigeria. Historically, the growth of poultry industry began as a result of its high level of energy and protein, rapid turnover rate and short incubation period (i.e. -
Handbook on Technical Options for On-Site Sanitation
Handbook on Technical Options for on-Site Sanitation Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Government of India February 2012 (Manuscript prepared by Dr. P.K.Jha, Consultant, Sanitation & WM, NRC) 0 Handbook on Technical options for on-site Sanitation Chapters Page No. Preface 1. Introduction 3 2. Linkage of sanitation and health 6 i. Human wastes and disease transmission 6 ii. Pathogens in human wastes 7 3. Criteria for a sanitary toilet and sustainability of sanitation 10 i. Criteria for a sanitary toilet 10 ii. WHO guidelines for safe use of excreta and waste water 10 iii. Sustainability of a sustainable technology 11 4. Technology options for household on-site sanitation 14 I. Technology for normal soil condition A. Single off-site flush pit toilet 14 B. Single off- site flush pit with provision of double pit 15 C. Two pit pour flush toilet 16 II. Technology for high water table areas and rocky areas 20 a) Balram Model 20 b) Ecosan Model 22 III. Biogas toilet 24 IV. Toilet for physically handicapped and old age people 27 V. Superstructures for toilets to suit different economic conditions 31 VI. Assessment of some technologies for household toilets 33 5. Design criteria for pits and chambers for a household toilet 34 6. Key technological problems in implementing household toilets i. Technical issues 38 ii. Operation and maintenance of a household toile; Do and Don’t do 40 Bibliography 42 1 Preface Provision of adequate sanitation to all communities has been a major challenge in India. This is also due to the fact such communities have full spectrum of variations in socio- cultural and economic conditions. -
Defining an 'Indicator Package' to Allow Identification of 'Cess Pits'
University of Birmingham Defining an ‘indicator package’ to allow identification of ‘cess pits’ in the archaeological record. Smith, David DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.014 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (Harvard): Smith, D 2013, 'Defining an ‘indicator package’ to allow identification of ‘cess pits’ in the archaeological record.', Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, pp. 526-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.014 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs
PREPUBLICATION COPY ADVANCE COPY Not for public Release Before 3:00 pm, EST, Thursday, December 12, 2002 Final Report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs This prepublication version of Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs has been provided to the public to facilitate timely access to the committee’s findings. Although the substance of the report is final, minor editorial changes may be made throughout the text and citations will be checked prior to publication. The final report is anticipated to be available in February 2003. PREPUBLICATION COPY Final Report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs This prepublication version of Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs has been provided to the public to facilitate timely access to the committee’s findings. Although the substance of the report is final, minor editorial changes may be made throughout the text and citations will be checked prior to publication. The final report is anticipated to be available in February 2003. Ad Hoc Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. -
How Safe Is Chicken Litter for Land Application As an Organic Fertilizer?: a Review
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review How Safe is Chicken Litter for Land Application as an Organic Fertilizer?: A Review Margaret Kyakuwaire 1,2,*, Giregon Olupot 2, Alice Amoding 2, Peter Nkedi-Kizza 3 and Twaha Ateenyi Basamba 2 1 Department of Agriculture, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala 759125, Uganda 2 Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 759125, Uganda; [email protected] (G.O.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (T.A.B.) 3 Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32601-0290, USA; kizza@ufl.edu * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 August 2019; Accepted: 26 August 2019; Published: 20 September 2019 Abstract: Chicken litter application on land as an organic fertilizer is the cheapest and most environmentally safe method of disposing of the volume generated from the rapidly expanding poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about the safety of chicken litter for land application and general release into the environment. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for maximizing the benefits of chicken litter as an organic fertilizer and mitigating negative impacts on human and environmental health. The key safety concerns of chicken litter are its contamination with pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, helminthes, parasitic protozoa, and viruses; antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes; growth hormones such as egg and meat boosters; heavy metals; and pesticides. Despite the paucity of literature about chicken litter safety for land application, the existing information was scattered and disjointed in various sources, thus making them not easily accessible and difficult to interpret. -
Impact of Short-Term Storage on the Quantity of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia Coli in Broiler Litter Under Practical Conditions
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Repository of the Freie Universität Berlin Impact of short-term storage on the quantity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli in broiler litter under practical conditions Paul Siller,*,1 Katrin Daehre,*,y Nadine Thiel,z Ulrich Nubel,€ z,x,# and Uwe Roesler* *Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany; yDepartment of Food, Feed and Commodities, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany; zDepartment of Microbial Genome Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Miroorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany; xBraunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technical Uni- versity, Braunschweig, Germany; and #German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany ABSTRACT Applying broiler litter containing until 72 h and qualitatively until the end of the trial in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing winter. In summer detection was possible quantitatively Escherichia coli (E. coli) to arable land poses a potential up to 36 h and qualitatively until 72 h. For surface litter risk for humans to get colonized by contact with samples a qualitative detection of ESBL-producing E. contaminated soil or vegetables. Therefore, an inactiva- coli was possible in all samples taken in both trials. In the tion of these bacteria before land application of litter is deep samples a significant decrease in the bacterial crucial. We performed 2 short-term litter storage trials counts of over 2 Log10 was observed for total E. coli in the (one in summer and winter, respectively), each covering winter and for total E. -
Hygienic Toilet)
A Joint U.S.-India Conference Waste Management Innovation Dry Sanitaon System (Hygienic Toilet) “Towards a Green, Inclusive, Circular Economy” 17-18 April 2017 (Project supported by: Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation) Principal Investigator Innovation Development Prof. K. Munshi Company Director Prof. K. Munshi, IDC , IIT Bombay 2 Google Maps http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&tab=wl To see all the details that are visible on the screen, use the Print link next to the map. IDC IIT Bombay The program is meant to develop knowledge, skill and aptitude to become creative problem solvers and bring about innovation in manufacturing & communication industry K. Munshi Former Professor & Head 3 Map data ©2012 Google - 1 of 2 8/11/12 2:10 PM 4 Opportuni3es………… & also Challenges……… Innovation Design Integration Development Company TECHNOLOGY Current Partnerships: DESIGN CAIR / ANURAG – DRDO CIMFR – CSIR INTEGRATION Technical Design R&D – TATA STEEL + Humanis@c Design INMAS / DIPAS – DRDO MARKETABILITY IIT BOMBAY 6 Principal Investigator: K. Munshi Former Professor & Head IDC IIT Bombay Innovation Director, CTech Labs Pvt. Ltd Development Powai, Mumbai – 400076 Company www.ctechlab.com M: +91-9833687822 DRY-SAN System Making of a Hygienic Rural Toilet (Project supported by: Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation) Design Challenges & Opportunities Kindly Beware: There may some offensive pictures in the slides ahead The crisis Where there are no latrines people resort to defecation in the open. - UNEP Report 665 million Indians practice open defecation, more than half the global total. 1,000 children younger than 5 years die every day in India from diarrhea, hepatitis- causing pathogens and other sanitation-related diseases - the United Nations Children’s Fund The crisis is especially acute for girls: Many drop-out of school once they reach puberty because of inadequate lavatories, depriving the country of a generation of possible leaders - UNICEF The toll on human health, due to unhygienic sanitation conditions is grim. -
Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Kenneth D
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications 2006 Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Kenneth D. Casey University of Kentucky José R. Bicudo CH2M Hill Canada Ltd. David R. Schmidt University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Anshu Singh University of Kentucky Susan W. Gay Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/361. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Air Quality and Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production/Waste Management Systems Abstract The bjo ective of this paper is to summarize the available literature on the concentrations and emissions of odor, ammonia, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, non-methane volatile organic carbon, dust, and microbial and endotoxin aerosols from livestock and poultry buildings and manure management systems (storage and treatment units). Animal production operations are a source of numerous airborne contaminants including gases, odor, dust, and microorganisms. Gases and odors are generated from livestock and poultry manure decomposition (1) shortly after it is produced, (2) during storage and treatment, and (3) during land application. -
Ohio Livestock Manure Management Guide (Bulletin 604)
Bulletin 604 OHIO LIVESTOCK MANURE MANAGEMENT GUIDE Authors and Editorial Committee Randall James, Ph.D. John M. Smith Committee Chair and Editor Assistant Professor Associate Professor and Extension Educator Agricultural and Natural Resources Extension Educator Ohio State University Extension, Geauga County Ohio State University Extension, Auglaize County The Ohio State University Olli Tuovinen, Ph.D. Maurice L. Eastridge, Ph.D. Professor Professor School of Environment and Natural Resources Animal Sciences The Ohio State University The Ohio State University Maurice E. Watson, Ph.D. Larry C. Brown, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor School of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Food, Agricultural, and The Ohio State University Biological Engineering The Ohio State University Mary H. Wicks Program Coordinator Kevin H. Elder Ohio Composting and Manure Executive Director Management Program Livestock Environmental Permitting Program The Ohio State University Ohio Department of Agriculture Norm Widman Stephen S. Foster State Agronomist Agricultural and Natural Resources Extension Educator USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ohio Ohio State University Extension, Darke County Lingying Zhao, Ph.D. James J. Hoorman Assistant Professor Water Quality Extension Educator Department of Food, Agricultural, and Ohio State University Extension, Hardin County Biological Engineering Martin J. Joyce The Ohio State University Administrator And thank you to the Ohio Livestock Resource Management Section Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Coalition, Producer Education Committee, for Division of Soil and Water Conservation reviewing this edition of Bulletin 604. Harold M. Keener, Ph.D. With thanks to: Professor Department of Food, Agricultural, and Editorial Committee Biological Engineering Bulletin 604, 1992 Edition The Ohio State University Donald J. Eckert Karen Mancl, Ph.D.