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17 Los Señoríos Del Sureste De Petén Laporte, Juan Pedro y Carlos Rolando Torres 1994 Los señoríos del Sureste de Petén. En I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987 (editado por J.P. Laporte, H. Escobedo y S. Villagrán), pp.112-134. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. 17 LOS SEÑORÍOS DEL SURESTE DE PETÉN Juan Pedro Laporte Carlos Rolando Torres Nota de la edición: La versión original de este trabajo fue publicada en Mayab 3:7-23. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid (1987). Estudios de área y asentamiento en el área Maya Central han sido esporádicos, restringidos a sitios del Noreste de Petén y del río Pasión. Los asentamientos reflejan el ambiente natural y las instituciones de integración y control social mantenidas por la cultura; se manejan niveles de estructuras individuales, disposición comunitaria y patrón ínter comunitario. Es necesario incrementar los estudios arqueológicos regionales, con perspectivas intersitio en vez de intrasitio, abarcando aspectos de adaptación ecológica y económica, enfocando modelos explícitos de la sociedad Maya; son importantes los elementos del medio biofísico y cultural. Los estudios arqueológicos del área han enfatizado la uniformidad del medio ambiente, lo cual es aparente solo a nivel macro área; sin embargo, la variabilidad ambiental de la región es grande y debe ser considerada como factor primario en la diferenciación regional; de no considerarse, la variación cultural ligada al medio ambiente podría pasar desapercibida (Voorhies 1972; Ashmore 1981; Rice y Puleston 1981). El carácter del reconocimiento llevado a cabo durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 1985, como parte de las actividades del Proyecto Nacional Tikal, intenta penetrar en el patrón ínter comunitario, como una primera etapa en el estudio de las comunidades prehispánicas del Sureste de Petén, englobada en los actuales municipios de San Luis, Poptun y Dolores (Figura 1; Torres 1985; Torres y Laporte 1986). El Sureste de Petén consiste de varias regiones geográficas formadas por planicies fluviales, llanuras interiores y por las Montañas Mayas, en sus vertientes Oeste y Norte; geológicamente, el relieve consiste de rocas sedimentarias paleozoicas (esquistos, pizarras, areniscas y sedimentos marinos), con rocas volcánicas más recientes que incluyen granito, porfirito y cuarcitas, por lo que hay vetas de pedernal, cuarzo y pirita. Es caliza terciaria, en ocasiones dolomítica, con inclusión de fragmentos de concha, es decir caliza fosilífera. La erosión de este material es importante en la formación del suelo, desarrollado sobre rocas calcáreas a elevaciones bajas. Este material calizo fue utilizado en la construcción y relleno de edificios, en la manufactura de cal y estucos, así como en la erección de monumentos tallados en los sitios del área (Ower 1928; Dickerson y Weisbord 1931; IGN 1972; Hammond 1975, 1983). Son abundantes los arroyos que descienden la montaña para formar los ríos mayores que drenan la región; la altitud es variable formando micro nichos en reducidos valles y planicies con buena tierra para el cultivo. Los pasos a través de la montaña en sentido este-oeste son importantes al considerar las rutas de movilidad en el sur del área Maya Central, comunicando así la vertiente oriental y el mar con las tierras interiores del sistema Pasión-Usumacinta. En un sentido norte-sur, los pasos de montaña son poco conocidos. 112 Figura 1 El Noroeste de las Montañas Mayas: el valle de Dolores Del Sureste de Petén fueron reportados anteriormente algunos asentamientos prehispánicos, generalmente asociados a monumentos esculpidos, como los casos de Poptun, Ixkun, Ixtutz y Xutilha. El área de estudio abarca tres sectores. El sector Central se refiere al área de Dolores, incluyendo los sitios de Ix Kol, Curucuitz, Ixtonton e Ixkun. El Sector Sur con el sitio de Ixtutz y otros del área de Poptun, San Luis y Machaquila. Un tercer sector se integra en el extremo oriental de estos valles, colocando como centro al sitio de Sacul y comparativamente a los sitios de Lubaantun, Caracol y del Distrito Stann Creek en Belice (Figura 1; Maudslay 1889-1902; Morley 1937-38; Shook y Smith 1950; Satterthwaite 1961; Greene 1972; E. Graham 1985). Fueron aplicadas técnicas de reconocimiento y levantamientos de superficie sobre la base de observaciones de brújula Brunton; en cada sitio se excavaron pozos estratigráficos con el fin de conocer la deposición en plazas y obtener material sujeto a ordenamiento cronológico. Los planos incluidos son de montículos y no de estructuras, como Ixtonton y Sacul; también se incluyen planos de estructuras tomados de los estudios de Greene (1972) y Graham (1980) en Ixkun e Ixtutz. 113 SECTOR CENTRAL El valle de Dolores, rodeado de cerros aislados, es parte de una meseta entre 400 y 500 m SNM; hacia el este se encuentra el río Mopan. Actualmente el bosque ha desaparecido ante los cultivos básicos, además de zonas de café, caña de azúcar y ganadería (Figura 1). Este sector incluye los centros de Ixkun al norte, Ixtonton al este, Curucuitz al sur e Ix Kol, en el propio valle de Dolores; fue conocido en el ámbito arqueológico e histórico desde momentos tempranos. En Petén, Dolores es conocida por su antiguo asentamiento colonial y por las tempranas reducciones que allí se efectuaron. El pueblo fue fundado en 1708 posiblemente a cargo de curas llegados de Mérida, Yucatán (Soza 1970:205-7). En una acuarela de ca. 1735, se muestra el pueblo de Los Dolores o Xtanche, así como otros cercanos, entre ellos Santa Ana, San Luis, Santo Toribio y El Chal o Chacal (Cano 1984). Posteriormente la población creció con la llegada de familias yucatecas. Paralelamente al interés histórico suscitado por el estudio de la evangelización de Tierra Baja, Alfred Maudslay visitó Ixkun a finales del siglo XIX. Posteriormente y por el prestigio de sus monumentos tallados, Ixkun fue objeto de diversas visitas. Maudslay menciona que al norte de Ixkun se encuentra Yaxche, ya en área de sabana, asociado al río San Juan (Maudslay y Maudslay 1899:176-8). IX KOL Localizado sobre una elevación natural en el extremo noreste del valle de Dolores, Ix Kol es un centro rodeado por otros grupos menores (Figura 2). Un grupo complejo es Ix Kol 14, sobre una elevación que se divide en dos secciones, siendo más alta la del este, de menor área que la oeste; entre ambas sostienen seis grupos de estructuras, construidas sobre roca natural y nivelaciones en forma de terrazas. En los sondeos de Ix Kol 14 se detectó que puede tener una ocupación Preclásica en las cercanías; también se evidencia construcción del horizonte Tzakol; el asentamiento actual es Clásico Tardío; fueron observados restos de una estructura circular de baja altura. Las expectativas de localizar una ocupación de época Postclásica asociada a Ix Kol 14 fueron negativas. CURUCUITZ Localizado en los potreros de la población de Boca del Monte, en terreno plano y limpio; ocupa un área hacia el oeste del valle; a 3 km al este de Ixtutz. La vegetación predominante en estos potreros son el pino petenero y plantaciones de naranjo. El sitio parece integrado por dos zonas mayores, una en la planicie y la otra en las elevaciones del noroeste del valle; hay abundantes grupos de habitación menores, reflejando un patrón de fuerte densidad. El patrón de asentamiento del valle puede reflejar mitades sociopolíticas, importante al estudio de la organización social prehispánica (Montmollin 1985). Curucuitz consiste de al menos cinco plazas, en un asentamiento bastante complejo del cual pueden definirse solamente algunos de estos conjuntos; uno de ellas tiene un pequeño basamento al centro, que en otros sitios del área se consideran como plataformas de monumentos esculpidos. Se construye sobre roca nivelada, dejando libre la tierra cultivable del valle. Su ocupación es del Clásico Tardío y el escaso material recuperado impide observar ocupación anterior. En el extremo noroeste del valle se encuentra una zona posiblemente habitacional situada sobre las terrazas artificiales de la parte superior del cerro, de dimensiones apreciables, con la posible inclusión de edificios de carácter ceremonial. Esta localidad está situada en forma estratégica para observación de la totalidad del valle; no fue recorrida en esta ocasión. 114 Figura 2a El sitio arqueológico Ix Kol Figura 2b El sitio arqueológico Ix Kol 115 IXTONTON La meseta sobre la cual se encuentra Ixtonton pertenece a una vertiente próxima a la de Dolores y se asocia al río Mopan (Figura 1). Hay montículos en la parte superior de numerosas elevaciones que le rodean; en la parte principal, situada hacia el centro del valle, se localizan el mayor número de montículos y las estelas visibles. Este centro ceremonial se encuentra rodeado al sur y al oeste por cortes naturales muy pronunciados. El área central de Ixtonton se compone de dos plazas principales, las Plazas Este y Oeste, acompañadas por dos patios para el juego de pelota, tres plazoletas de menor tamaño (Norte, Noroeste y Sureste) y del paso de tres calzadas que proceden de distintas zonas del sitio, las cuales tienen sus respectivos grupos de arranque, principalmente los denominados Ixtonton 2 y 86 (Figura 3). En eje norte-sur, al frente de la Plataforma Este, se encuentran varias estelas fragmentadas. Al centro de la Plaza Oeste hay un fragmento de estela (Estela 1); es un monumento de piedra caliza con talla en una cara mediante cartuchos glíficos, posiblemente 4 columnas con 4 o 5 inscripciones verticales; tiene glifo introductorio en la parte superior. Fuera de estas plazas y hacia el noroeste del centro ceremonial se localiza una elevación natural posiblemente modificada (Grupo Ixtonton 2), que sostiene varias estructuras formando una plazoleta elevada; en algunos montículos se observan fragmentos de muros y restos de dinteles de piedra angostos caídos en el montículo Norte. El Clásico Tardío está representado en la ocupación superficial del sitio. Bajo el piso superior puede existir una ocupación Chicanel, lo cual es más evidente bajo el segundo piso; hay materiales que indican ocupación en el área que puede remontarse a la etapa Mamom, rastro más temprano localizado para el Sureste de Petén en esta investigación.
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