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A) Cerebral Cortex: • Outer Most Gray Matter of Cerebrum, Covers Hemispheres , Named Pallium

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A) Cerebral Cortex: • Outer Most Gray Matter of Cerebrum, Covers Hemispheres , Named Pallium V- Telencephalon • It forms cerebrum , most rostral part of brain. • Cerebrum is separated caudally from cerebellum by transverse fissure. • Cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres by longitudinal fissure. Each hemisphere : 1-Contains lateral ventricle. 2-Consists of five topographical areas: a-frontal lobe rostrally b-occipital lobe caudally c-parietal lobe dorsally d-temporal lobe ventrolaterally e-olfactory lobe. 3-Presents 2 ends and 3 surfaces. A) two ends; rostral and caudal B) three surfaces; dorsolateral, medial, basilar. Cerebrum is formed of: • Cerebral cortex (gray matter). • Cerebral white matter. • Rhinencephalon. A) Cerebral cortex: • Outer most gray matter of cerebrum, covers hemispheres , named pallium. • It is folded so has grooves and elevations as gyri and sulci , typical for species. B) Cerebral white matter: • Consists of two types of fiber system: 1) Corticocortical fibers. 2) Projection fibers. 1) Corticocortical fibers: • Originate and terminate in cerebral cortex. • Subdivided into; association and commissural fibers. A-Association fibers : Connect different cortical areas in same cerebral hemisphere. B-Commissural fibers: Extend between similar areas on opposite sides of cerebrum. It consists of corpus callosum, rostral commissure, dorsal and ventral commissures of fornix. Corpus callosum : • largest commissure. • It consists of: 1-Genu rostrally, 2-Body in the middle. 3-Splenium caudally. • In the center, corpus callosum forms roof of lateral ventricle. 2) Projection fibers: • They are either originate or terminate in cerebral cortex. • Their other ends are found within lower centers of brainstem or spinal cord. • consist of ascending and descending fibers. C) Rhinencephalon: • Includes all parts of brain associated with olfaction. • It includes: 1-Olfactory bulb. 2-Olfactory tract. 3-Lateral and medial olfactory striae. 4-Rostral perforated substance. 5-Piriform lobe. 6-Hippocampus( lies in floor of lateral ventricle). 7-Fornix (connects hippocampus with mamillary body). Brain ventricles Number: 1) Lateral ventricles (right and left). 2) Third ventricle. 3) Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct 4) Fourth ventricle. Development: developed as cavity of rostral part of neural tube Content: filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Communication: 1-With subarachnoid space through: A- Two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) B- Median aperture (foramen of Magendie) 2-With central canal of spinal cord. 1. Lateral ventricles: • Two, situated within cerebral hemispheres. • It may be subdivided into: A- Central part. B- Rostral horn. C- Temporal horn extends caudally. 2. Third ventricle -Ring-shaped space situated within diencephalon around interthalamic adhesion. -Communicates with each lateral ventricle through interventricular foramen (of Monoro). Third ventricle extends: 1-dorsal to pineal body to form suprapineal recess. 2-into pineal body to form pineal recess. 3- rostral to optic chiasma to form optic recess. 4-into infundibulum to form infundibular recess. 4. Fourth ventricle: -large cavity, situated between medulla oblongata and pons ventrally and cerebellum dorsally. -Continues rostrally with mesencephalic aqueduct and caudally with central canal of spinal cord. 3. Mesencephalic aqueduct: - Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct or aqueduct of sylvius narrow duct connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle. - Runs through mesencephalon. Choroid plexus: - It consists of blood capillary forms finger-like processes project into lumen of ventricle, covered by layer of ependymal cells, derived from lining membrane of ventricle. - It produces CSF which fills ventricles of brain and subarachnoid cavity. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Definition: • clear, colourless fluid similar to plasma. Occurrence: • It presents within: - Brain ventricles. - Central canal of spinal cord. - Subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord. Formation: It is derived from: - mainly from choroid plexuses of brain ventricles. - subarachnoid space. - ependyma and blood vessels of pia mater. Function: A) Mechanical function: • protective cushion around CNS. • It bathes brain and spinal cord . B) Nutrional function: • It provides some nutrients (with high content of potassium and calcium) to CNS. • It flushes away waste product. Circulation: • From lateral venricles which fluid flows through interventricular foramina (of Monoro) to third ventricle. • Choroid plexus of third ventricle contributes small amount of fluid which passes through cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle where its choroid plexus adds more CSF. • From fourth ventricle CSF passes : (1) Small amount to central canal of spinal cord. (2) Large amount through two lateral foramina (of luschka) to subarachnoid space. Within subarachnoid space CSF forms water jacket protects brain and spinal cord. CSF leaves subarachnoid space through arachnoid villi to venous sinuses of brain. From the sinuses blood flows to veins of general circulation (return to the vascular system). Lateral ventricles ↓ Interventricular foramen of Monoro ↓ Third ventricle ↓ Mesencephalic aqueduct ↓ Fourth ventricle ↓ ↓ Large amount to subarachnoid Small amount to central space via foramina of Luschka. canal of spinal cord. ↓ Venous sinuses via arachnoid villi ↓ Return to vascular system Clinical points: 1- Blockage foramen of fourth ventricle or cerebral aqueduct results in accumulation of CSF within ventricles (internal hydrocephalus) which leads to: * increased pressure internally. * dilate the ventricles. * press the brain tissue. 2-If fluid accumulates in subarachnoid space causes external hydrocephalus which leads to: *press the brain externally. Cisternal puncture: to obtain sample of CSF which is either: A) Normal colorless and contains no blood corpuscles. B) Contains W.B.Cs indicate infection. C) Contains R.B.Cs indicate haemorrhage. Spinal cord Part of CNS , presents within vertebral canal. Its cranial end continues with medulla oblongata at foramen magnum. Its caudal tapered end terminates at middle of sacrum. Length of spinal cord: 190 – 195 cm in horse. Its diameter is greatest in cervical and lumbar enlargements. General features: 1-Dorsal surface: A) Dorsal median sulcus: Along length of spinal cord. From it dorsal median septum extends ventrally to gray matter. B) Dorsal lateral sulcus: shallow groove lateral to dorsal median sulcus. through which dorsal root of spinal nerve enters spinal cord. C) Dorsal funiculus: - part of white matter between dorsal median sulcus and septum as well as dorsal lateral sulcus. II-Ventral surface: A) Ventral median fissure: • Along length of spinal cord. • Extends dorsally till gray matter. B) Ventral lateral sulcus: • Sometimes present , where ventral root of spinal nerve exits from spinal cord. C ) Ventral funiculus: • Part of white matter between ventral median fissure and ventral lateral sulcus. III-lateral surface: • Represented by lateral funiculus which is part of white matter between dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerve. Enlargements of spinal cord: Definiton: • Two enlargements where spinal cord increases in diameters due to increase in nerve cells and fibers. Cervical enlargement: • Region of origin of brachial plexus. • At level of last three cervical and first two thoracic spinal cord segments. lumbar enlargement: • Region of origin of lumbosacral plexus. • At level of last three lumbar and first two sacral segments Special terms of spinal cord: Conus medullaris: • Tapered end of spinal cord caudal to lumbar segments. Filum terminale: • Selender filament of pia mater extends caudally inside dural sac. Cauda equina: • Caudal termination of spinal cord. • It comprises conus medullaris, roots of spinal nerves attached to it, and filum terminale. • Like tail of horse so is referred to as cauda equina Structure of spinal cord: It is formed of : -White matter externally. -Gray matter internally. 1. Gray matter: • centrally perforated by central canal. • resembles butterfly or an H letter. • Two halves connected by dorsal and ventral gray commissures. • It is formed of; dorsal, ventral and lateral horns. • grayness due to aggregation of cell bodies of neurons. 2. White matter: • white in color • formed of processes of neurons in gray matter. • formed of three funiculi (dorsal, ventral and lateral). • The funciuli are composed of nerve fibers grouped in bundles (tracts) of common origin, destination and function. Regions of spinal cord: The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal regions. .
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