Sustainable Land Management

Sustainable Land Management . Selim Kapur Á Hari Eswaran Á W. E. H. Blum Editors Sustainable Land Management Learning from the Past for the Future Editors Dr. Selim Kapur Dr. Hari Eswaran Department of Soil Science & United States Department of Agriculture Archaeometry Natural Resources Conservation Service University of Çukurova PO Box 2890 01330 Adana, Turkey Washington, DC, USA [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Winfried E. H. Blum Institute of Soil Research Department of Forest and Soil Sciences University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Austria [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-14781-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-14782-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-14782-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938610 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to the Dear Memory of Prof. Dr. Cemil Cangir (1946–2010) Cemil Cangir the warrior of soil protection in Thrace, Turkey, passed away suddenly in Tekirdag˘ on May 10th 2010, at the age of 64, now lying in a village cemetary, whom he sought to be buried as a site overlooking the view of the soils which he dedicated his life in search of his unique protection strategies. The ever- threatened fertile soils of Thrace by the inappropriate growth of the industry and urbanisation are now seeking for the decendants of the “Cangir School” to take over the task and proceed the fight for their protection. The incomparable community and NGO solidarity Cemil had achieved as his life-long dream was based on a simple key, namely the “Integrated Sustainable Basin Management of the land”. Selim Kapur and Koray Haktanır . Preface Inappropriate use of land and water is still on-going, despite all efforts undertaken by numerous institutions dealing with land and soil protection, as for example the European Soil Protection Strategy, aiming at a common legal instrument for soil protection in Europe. One of the failures lies in conceptual problems, because the protection of land and water have to be done at river basin scale. The “Anthroscape”-approach presented in this book is thought as a contribution to improve the sustainable management of land and water at river basin scale, based on an analysis of the past developments, in order to shape the contemporary and future use of land in a sustainable way. Moreover, this book contains information about traditional techniques and knowledge, shown at specific examples of the “Anthroscapes”, which were developed by an integrated management, with a holistic perspective, to meet the needs of humans in a landscape, like water, food, biodiversity and culture. Therefore, the title of this book is “Sustainable Land Management: Learning from the Past for the Future”. Each chapter of the book has been discussed on several occasions in the field as well as during international conferences and meetings related to the topic of “Anthroscape development”. Moreover, the chapters were arranged in such a way that they are complimentary, regarding specific aspects of the “Anthroscape” concept. Chapter 1 introduces into the book, describing the key components of sustainable land and water management at river basin scale, which was specifically developed by H. Eswaran who has devoted the many efforts to develop a conceptual framework on the basis of his long-standing and world wide experience on soils and landscapes. Chapter 2 is mainly designated to the recent development of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy. Chapter 3 reflects the major benefit of studies of land/soil at river basin scale, disregarding frontiers and regions. Chapter 4 describes the major soils of Mediterranean Anthroscapes, with special reference on renovated traditional land use techniques in the Apulia region of southern Italy. Chapter 5 discusses the . vii viii Preface presently observed side-effects of touristic activities in the Italian Alps, including major threats to European water sources. Chapter 6 deals with North European Anthroscapes, and negative impacts, by measures within a particular region in South East Norway. Chapter 7 describes an expensive and time consuming practice, partially discussed very controversially, in the use of contemporary technology, for using soils with calcrete (petrocalcic) horizons in Sardinia, Italy, for increasing the productivity of vineyards. Chapter 8 deals with the use of soils on mine waste deposits in southeast Spain and Chap. 9 describes important Asian Anthroscapes, created by anthropogenic activities during thousands of years, for the cultivation of rice. In Chap. 10, Anthroscapes from Morocco were described, under the aspect of the use of exotic plants to rehabilitate degraded rangeland and to mitigate desertification. Chapter 11 deals with anthropogenically re-shaped land and its historical and cultural background in the Adana region in Turkey. Chapter 12 explains the impact of the ancient practice of shifting agriculture to the forest ecosystem and the low-input agricultural system to the Anthroscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia and Chap. 13 refers to impacts by improper land use in the Mediterranean area, and especially attempts to re-use abandoned mining landscapes in Murcia, southern Spain. Chapter 14 deals with possible future impacts of climate change on Mediterranean coastal areas, including the Anthroscape in Adana, Turkey. In Chap. 15 field trials for the evaluation of indigenous techniques for soil and water conservation in Niger (Africa) were discussed, searching less costly and labor-intensive conservation techniques. Similarly, Chap. 16 deals with local knowledge in protecting landscapes in Japan, with special attention to the cultural background and wisdom of the eco-life. Chapter 17 is very specific and deals with an experimental study, aiming to recover ancient natural landscapes in the Adana region, reconstructing lost parts of the landscape and regenerating biodiversity. Economic and social problems in degraded landscapes, including the evaluation of the costs of land degradation are discussed in Chap. 18. We specially thank the everlasting encouragement and patience of Drs. Hans Guenther Brauch and Christian Witschel, from Springer Editors. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Ismail Ç elik, Dr. E. Akça, Dr. Kemal Gu¨lu¨t, Dr. M. Dingil and Mr. K. Y. Koca for their support in editing this book. We finally express our sincere gratitude to all the authors of this book. Adana, Turkey Selim Kapur Hari Eswaran Winfried E. H. Blum Contents The Anthroscape Approach in Sustainable Land Use ....................... 1 H. Eswaran, S. Berberog˘lu, C. Cangir, D. Boyraz, C. Zucca, E. O¨ zevren, E. Yazıcı, P. Zdruli, M. Dingil, C. Do¨nmez, E. Akça, I. Ç elik, T. Watanabe, Y.K. Koca, L. Montanarella, M. Cherlet, and S. Kapur Anthroscapes in the Light of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy ............. 51 Luca Montanarella Soil Erosion-Desertification and the Middle Eastern Anthroscapes ......................................................... 57 Uriel N. Safriel, Pedro Berliner, Ariel Novoplansky, Jonathan B. Laronne, Arnon Karnieli, Itzhak Moshe, A. Kharabsheh, A. Ghaleb Mohammad, and G. Kusek Soils of the Mediterranean Region, Their Characteristics, Management and Sustainable Use .......................................... 125 Pandi Zdruli, Selim Kapur, and Ismail Ç elik Mountain Anthroscapes, the Case of the Italian Alps ..................... 143 Franco Previtali Development and Challenges of the Anthroscapes in the Clay Soil District of Eastern Norway ............................................. 163 Arnold Arnoldussen Anthroscapes and Anthropogenic Soils in North-Western Sardinia: The Soils with Calcrete Horizon in the Alghero Area (Italy) ............. 179 S. Madrau and C. Zucca Stimulated Soil Formation in a Degraded Anthroscape: A Case Study in Southeast Spain ........................................... 193 J.M. Arocena, J.M. van Mourik, and A´ . Faz Cano ix x Contents Asian Anthroscapes: China and Taiwan ................................... 205 Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai, Heng Tsai, Zueng-Sang Chen, and Hari Eswaran An Anthroscape from Morocco: Degraded Rangeland Systems and Introduction of Exotic Plant Material and Technology .............. 243 C. Zucca, F. Previtali, S. Madrau, E. Akça, and S. Kapur The Historical Anthroscape of Adana and the Fertile Lands ............ 259 Nurettin Ç elmeog˘lu Impact of Shifting Agriculture on the Sustainability of Anthroscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia ..................................... 285 E. Padmanabhan and H. Eswaran Roman Mining Landscapes in the Murcia Region,

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