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LAKE MINCHUMINA PREHISTORY an Archeologicalanalysis Charlese

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LAKE MINCHUMINA PREHISTORY an Archeologicalanalysis Charlese LAKE MINCHUMINA PREHISTORY An ArcheologicalAnalysis CharlesE. Holmes ,.,i"|iiifti ',,,, .' ti!.'Ji.:.' :.rl!. ALAS E 78 I A3 H623 1986 Crz AlaskaAnthropological Associafron Monograph Senes rrent drop in core (Figure forest during Ier this to be on of vegeta. Toklat River 3. ETHNOHISTORICBACKGROUND rop in spruce rer 1.5 meters At the time of historic contact in the late 1800s,the Lake Minchumina ine cl:aysedi- ion was inhabitedby Koyukon speakingAthapaskan Indians. Hosley(l96gb:g, sse clays may l98l:618) has suggestedon ethnographicevidence that the Athapaskan group llen from the known as the Kolchan extendedtheir territory northeastwardto include Lake Minchuminaand the upper Kantishnaarea in late prehistoric/earlyhistoric times. He concludedthat this region had been inhabited earlier by Koyukon from the ,lowerTanana River. However,linguistic studiesindicate there was a spreadof Upper Koyukon dialectsinto the Minchuminaarea during the nineteenthcentury (Kraussand Golla l98l:74). Koyukon is viewed by Kraussand Golla as intrusive betweenlower Tananaand upper Kuskokwim(Kolchan) languages. Lower Tanana and Kolchan are partly intelligibleand are consideredto have been(at an earlier time)part of a dialectchain (Kraussand Golla l98l:74). 'Perhaps the earliest documented reference to Lake Minchumina and its local inhabitants is that of the Russian Zagoskin. In 1843 Zagoskin traveled up the Yukon River to a point just downstream from the mouth of the Nowitna (Noggoy- ya) River. He sought information concerning the unexplored remote interior from local Nowitna Natives and Koyukon traders who visited the territory up the yukon River beyond the Nowitna. Although the information is not entirely accurate (apparently communication was difficult), the large lake described was likely Lake Minchumina. The Noggoyya [Nowitna] River flows out of a large lake which connects with many others, and flows into the yukon from the left side, that is, from the south; it is up to 50 sazhens [about 105 m] in width, and the point where it leaves the lake is a day's journey, which means about 30 miles. There are a great many native winter houses at the river's exit from the lake; indeed, a good many people live along the banks of the lake itself, which is well supplied with fish. There are no high mountains on the side where these natives live, but there are bare, pointed mountain peaks stretching beyond the horizon on the right side of the river fZagoskin 1967:174, 175). In the following year, zagoskin made a summer trip up the Kuskokwim River as far as the mouth of the Takotna River in the vicinity of the present village of McGrath. He learned from the local Natives of a large lake at the headwaters of the Kuskokwim, and believed this lake to be the same as the one mentioned the previous year by Natives on the yukon. ...I should make the observation that a large lake or inland sea must exist between the parallels of 630 and 65o N and meridians l54o and l45o W. The testimony of the natives we saw on the Yukon and along the Innoka [Innoko], and of those who lived on the Tochotno [Takotna], upholds this supposition IZagoskin 1967:27 2J. l5 Lake Minchumina is by far the largest lake that lies within the coordinates the _meansof communi given by Zagoskin. That so many different Native groupsfrom diverse geograph- upper Kuskokwim (AlL ical areas were aware of Lake Minchumina is an indication of the mJUitlty'of (own the Yukon River thesepeople and their contactswith, and knowledgeof, other groups. According portagebetween the Tal to VanStoneand (1981:560) Goddard the Koyukon peoplethat Zagoskinmet at the at the American Churc Nowilna River may have been among the Koyukon that later moved up the him about the portage. KantishnaRiver. The mid'nineteenthcentury must have beena time of populationadjustments TheseIndian in the Lake Minchuminaregion and on the lower Tananaand Kantishna Rivers. be found by There seemsto have been almost continuousmovements of people into and a day's trav( throughoutthe study area. Given the linguistic evidenceand Native traditions streamsand (Hosley 1968b:9;schneider 1983) it is clear that both Kolchan and Koyuk,on the Kuskokw speakersconstituted fairly recent incursionsinto the Minchumina region. But how are we to know whether or not this pattern of populationmouement, dis- This reference is probr placement,and settlementwas happeningin prehistorictimes? I believethat the McNalley 1922:8-9)rat archeologicaldata presentedin this study supportsthe premisethat it was. would be approximate It is a foregoneconclusion that Athapaskanswere engagedin intergroup mention of a portage trade and visitationlong before the comingof Europeans,but very little is known However,he makesno : of these early intergroup contacts(cf. whymper t868; A. clark t974). That these networks were long standing is clear from the presenceof raw materials The Lower (suchas obsidianfrom the middle Koyukuk River drainageand copperfrom the ascendsthe upperCopper River drainage)found in archeologicalsites throughout the interior. crossesto th During the early nineteenthcentury, Russian traders extended their fur trad- this trail wr ing activitiesup the Kuskokwim River. A permanentstation was establishedthere Alaska; but in 1834,later (1841)named Kolmokovskiy Redoubt (Zagoskin 1967.252). By 1844 region is one Russianswere conducting trading venturesto the upper Kuskokwim drainage. Vinasale,a Kolchan fishing camp, becamean intermittent trading post (perhaps Unsubstantiatedr seasonal)from the 1840son into the twentieth century (Hosley l98l:620). It is and Kuskokwim River highly likely that Nativesfrom Telida and Minchuminawere trading at Vinasale. Beachmade a journey However,the Russiantrade on the Kuskokwim at the time of Zagoskin'stravels, 1884. Other reports was alreadybeing affected by Tanainaacting as middlemanbetween the Russians poling up the Kantis at Cook Inlet and the deep interior upper Kuskokwim Indians (Zagoskin shown the portage by 1967:168-169).According to Fall (1981:207),"These Tanaina crossed the mountains Kuskokwim River (Hel to meet the interior peopleat a placecalled 'Itstsyno'(modern day Medfra), near The first docume the mouth of the 'TogtygchagnaRiver', a tributary of the Kuskokwim." The home ground was the Tyonek Tanaina had a tradition of trading with other groupsfrom the interior. Army (Herron 1909). They would also meet upper Kuskokwim Nativesat Merrill Passin the summeror kwim River down-stre fall to conduct trading (Fall l98l). Intergroup encounterswere not always for the Tanana).. Aft friendly. This was illustrated,in the oral accountof Diqelas Tukda, a Tanaina monthswith the Kolcl who was faccd with bodily harm by upper Kuskokwim Natives,when it was dis- of NovembgrHerron's coveredthat he was exploitingthem by chargingexorbitant prices for goods(Pete Native trail to Lake Ir 1977:25).Trade from anotherdirection became possible in the late 1840swith the Cosjacket. Herron ( establishmentof the Hudson'sBay Companyon the upper Yukon River at Fort fifteen at Lake Min Yukon. It is quite likely that at least someBritish trade goodsmade their way Schneider(1983) has c to both the Kolchan and Minchumina Koyukon. In 1883Frederick Schwatkamade a reconnaissancedown the Yukon River. Considering His is possiblythe earliestmention of the KantishnaRiver and its inhabitants. In the heartlar describingthe Koyukon of the lower TananaRiver, he reportedthat they "...unite the upper for war only with thoseliving on the 'Koskoquien' and a band called the Upper 'Too-clok' [Kuskokwim] the [Toclat] who live on a river of the sarne name..."(Schwatka gleaned fr, 1885:95). conclusions Henry Allen's 1885exploration of the Tanana River provided the first de- and travel tailed accountof this important river. At the mouth of the Kantishna River he Herron recc obtainedinformation from Native informantsthat the KantishnaRiver was "partly l6 le coordinates means of communication between the )rsegeograph- natives of the lower Tanana and the lstT:85). warburtonpike, who e mobility : f:t5:T:--fl]l.l- madea canoejourney of rn the Yukon River in 1887,provides another reference )s. According to a Native trail and Talal1.ald Kuskokwim Rivers. pike met rndians ^;;;^,"1d rin met at the ::9"^b:,::^"_1tle, rcovrr""i t the American church Mission near the present day Tanan" ,lii;;;, ooved up the im aboutthe portage. n adjustments TheseIndians told us of an easyway to the coastthat might tishna Rivers. be found by poling for two days up the Tanana,and making ple into and a day's travel with many small portagesup and down littlJ ive traditions streamsand through severallakes, till a creek tributarv to lnd Koyuk,on the Kuskokwim is reached[pike 1967:23g1. region. But rovement, dis- This referenceis probably to the cosna River trail (cf. Herron lieve l90l:Map; Rand- that the McNalley 1922:8-9)rather than to the Kantishna River, since was. "two day;s travel,, would be approximately50 kilometers. Alfred Brooks made the first specific in intergroup portage mention of a trail betweenthe Kantishna and the Kuskokwim i.ivers. ittle.is known However,he makesno referenceto Lake Minchumina. 1974), That raw materials The Lower Tanana Indians are said to have a route which rper from the ascendsthe Toclat [Kantishna]and thence by portage trail the interior. crossesto the waters of the Kuskokwim.It is rumored that heir fur trad- ' this trail was used some by traders in the early historv of ablishedthere '.52). Alaska; but this rumor has never been verifiid, and the By 1844 regionis one which is entirelyunexprored
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