Stockholm Environment Institute, Project Report 2014-03 Reviewing the coherence and effectiveness of implementation of multilateral biodiversity agreements in Tanzania Jacqueline Senyagwa and Stacey Noel Reviewing the coherence and effectiveness of implementation of multilateral biodiversity agreements in Tanzania Jacqueline Senyagwa and Stacey Noel Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D, Box 24218 104 51 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 30 80 44 Web: www.sei-international.org Director of Communications: Robert Watt Layout: Tiina Salumäe and Richard Clay Cover Photo: © Shutterstock This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special per- mission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). Copyright © February 2014 by Stockholm Environment Institute Reference: Senyagwa, J., Noel, S. 2014. Reviewing the coherence and effectiveness of implementation of multilateral biodiversity agreements in Tanzania. Project Report, SEI Africa, Nairobi: 41 p. Project No 41064 Stockholm Environment Institute Africa Centre World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 30677 Nairobi, 00100 Kenya ISBN 978-9949-9501-7-1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY his report summarises the review of effective effectiveness. Each category formulates a single review Timplementation of the cluster of biodiversity- question together with several criteria and benchmarks related multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) for scoring the implementation of the conventions. The at the national level in the party country of the United overall assessment of the cluster of MEAs is based on Republic of Tanzania. The MEAs are: Convention the results of the 15 review categories and can result on Biological Diversity (CBD); Convention on in high, moderate or low implementation effectiveness. Wetlands of International Importance especially as The review methodology has the most features typical Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention); Convention to a compliance and performance audit, and is less on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild comparable to a financial audit. Fauna and Flora (CITES or Washington Convention); and Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals The review of the coherence and effectiveness (CMS or Bonn Convention). of implementation of the four global biodiversity agreements concluded that Tanzania scored strong The review methodology was developed by the implementation in the category ‘Adequate legal and Stockholm Environment Institute’s Tallinn Centre policy framework’. Ten other categories are scored as (SEI Tallinn) and commissioned by the United Nations moderate and four as weak. Environmental Programme (UNEP), Division of Environmental Law and Conventions, in 2011. The The study also provides recommendations for testing of the methodology was carried out in 2013- the application of the review methodology. The 2014 and funded by the Stockholm Environment study results indicate that the 15 review categories, Institute under its Sida-funded Programme Support. benchmarks and criteria are appropriate for this type of evaluation; however, there are overlapping segments The review system for coherent and effective in some categories which could be placed under one implementation of multilateral biodiversity agreements category, to make the ratings clearer. Additionally, is based on 15 categories, addressing two types of some categories may not reflect the true rating if more effectiveness: objective-led and implementation than two MEAs are being considered at the same time. iii iv CONTENTS Executive summary iii List of acronyms and abbreviations vi List of figures vi List of tables vi 1 Introduction 1 2 General framework 2 2.1 Tanzania country profile 2 2.2 Overview of Nature Protection Framework in Tanzania 3 3 Methodology of the evaluation 6 4 The conventions: objectives and main concepts 9 4.1 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) 9 4.2 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) 9 4.3 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 11 4.4 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species and Wild Animals and Associated Agreements 11 5 Review results 12 5.1 Adequate legal and policy framework 12 5.2 Coordinated institutional and administrative framework 13 5.3 Development of an integrated national implementation/action plan(s) 14 5.4 Effective implementation and review of plans 15 5.5 Effective monitoring of MEAS in question 16 5.6 Consideration of objectives of MEAs in question in decision making 16 5.7 Adequate financing for implementation 17 5.8 Strong competencies and capacity 18 5.9 Stakeholder engagement 19 5.10 Effective enforcement system 20 5.11 Cross-border cooperation 21 5.12 Achieving the objectives 22 5.13 Coordination across clusters of MEAs 24 5.14 Benefits for the environment 24 5.15 Socio-economic benefits 25 6 Overall assessment of implementation of four biodiversity conventions and ways of improvement 27 References 29 Appendix: List of workshop participants in Tanzania: 4 March 2014 31 v LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEWA Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds CEPA Communication Education and Public Awareness CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBFM Community Based Forest Management CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species COP Conference of Parties EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act IUCN International Union for Nature Conservation JFM Joint Forest Management LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MOU Memorandum of Understanding NBF National Biosafety Framework NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEMC National Environmental Management Council MKUKUTA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kuondoa Umaskini Ramsar Convention Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map and flag ofTanzania Figure 2: Responsible Government units of Tanzania for different entities for MEAs Figure 3: Earnings from tourism in Tanzania, 2005-2009 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Review categories and the type of effectiveness they address Table 2: The relationships between the review categories of implementation benchmarks and the overall assess- ment of implementation effectiveness of the MEAs. Table 3: Tanzania’s policy and strategies supporting biodiversity MEAs Table 4: Tanzania’s International and regional biodiversity agreements Table 5: Summary on performance of biodiversity MEAs signed by Tanzania vi STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE 1 INTRODUCTION ver the past few decades, Multilateral In order to test the methodology, two country case OEnvironmental Agreements (MEAs) have studies were launched in January 2013: Estonia, a grown rapidly. There are now over 700 international European Union country of 1.3 million people in north agreements, addressing diverse environmental issues Europe, and Tanzania, an East African country of 44.9 at the national, regional and global levels; these million people. These two countries, which differ from agreements are in the form of conventions, charters, each other in terms of size, location, population, climate, agreements, accords, protocols and treaties in force political framework, geographical regions, level of from global to regional to bilaterally applicable development and other aspects that influence the state agreements.1 Multilateral environmental agreements of the biodiversity, became the testing grounds of the is a broad term that relates to any number of methodology, with the aim of the collecting empirical legally-binding international instruments through data on the usability of the review methodology. The which national governments commit to achieving cluster of biodiversity-related MEAs with four global specific environmental goals.2 biodiversity conventions were selected for testing: CBD, Ramsar Convention, CITES and CMS. There are Africa as a continent has a long history in conservation, a number of synergies in the four biodiversity MEAs. dating back to colonial times, when the African Conservation Convention on the Conservation of This report summarises the results of the testing of Nature and Natural Resources came into force. African the review methodology on the cluster of biodiversity states appear to have generally strong environmental conventions in Tanzania and provides recommendations legislation, but face some common problems: most for advancing the implementation of the MEAs and pressing among others include financial resources, weak for the application of the methodology. This report is governance and gaps in public awareness.3 structured as follows: Despite long term involvement in conservation treaties - Chapter 1 gives the country profile and general and the commitments made in the Conference of Parties framework for the nature conservation in Tanzania, (COP) to the CBD in 2002 to achieve significant reduction of biodiversity loss at global, regional and national - Chapter 2 introduces the review methodology, levels by 2010, there has been a common message emerging from all regions on declining of biodiversity - Chapter