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Strategic Action Programme for the Protection of The First published in Kenya in 2009 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Nairobi Convention Secretariat. Copyright © 2009, UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose without prior permission in writing from UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat. UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O Box 47074, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 (0)20 7621250/2025/1270 Fax: +254 (0)20 7623203 Email: [email protected] Thematic Authors: Prof. Rudy Van Der Elst, Prof. George Khroda, Prof. Mwakio Tole, Prof. Jan Glazewski and Ms. Amanda Younge-Hayes Editors: Dr. Peter Scheren, Dr. Johnson Kitheka and Ms. Daisy Ouya For citation purposes this document may be cited as: UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat, 2009. Strategic Action Programme for the Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment of the Western Indian Ocean from Land-based Sources and Activities, Nairobi, Kenya, 140 pp. Disclaimer: This document was prepared within the framework of the Nairobi Convention in consultation with its 10 Contracting Parties, namely the Governments of Comoros, France (La Réunion), Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Somalia, Seychelles and Tanzania. Other organizations that participated in the process of preparing this document include the following: • Birdlife International • Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) • East African Wildlife Society (EAWLS) • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations • Forum of Academic and Research Institutions in the Western Indian Ocean (FARI) • Global Environment Facility (GEF) • UNEP’s Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities Coordination Office (GPA) • Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) • Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO) • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) • International Maritime Organization (IMO) • International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) • New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) • Southern African Development Community (SADC) • The World Bank • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) • United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) • Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) • Wetlands International • Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of UNEP or the GEF. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the GEF, or any cooperating organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or of the delineation of its territories or boundaries. i Acknowledgements Many regional and national institutions and organizations, as well as individual Various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provided support to experts, participated in the preparation of this Strategic Action Programme the SAP formulation process. Special mention must be made of the Western (SAP) for addressing land-based activities and sources of degradation to the Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), which helped in the coastal and marine environment of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region. coordination of the review of various thematic studies, the review of the TDA In this regard, we would like to extend our appreciation for the contributions as well as the organization of the first SAP Drafting Workshop. Many thanks received from the following: also go to the members of the Consortium for the Conservation of the Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO-C): Birdlife The National Focal Point Institutions of the Nairobi Convention: the National International, Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean Directorate of Environment and Forestry of Comoros (DNEF); the National (CORDIO), the East African Wildlife Society (EAWLS), the International Union Association for the Management of Marine Protected Areas (ANGAP) of for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Wetlands International, the Wildlife Madagascar; the Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit of Conservation Society (WCS) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Mauritius (MENDU); the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs of Mozambique (MICOA); the National Environment Management Authority of International organisations from within the United Nations System and regional Kenya (NEMA); the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Transport development organizations: the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of Seychelles (MENRT); the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the South Africa (DEAT); and the National Environment Management Council of International Maritime Organisation (IMO), the Indian Ocean Commission Tanzania (NEMC). In particular, we would like to acknowledge the important (IOC), the Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission of the United contributions made by the National Focal Points and their respective national Nations Educational and Scientific Cooperation Organisation (IOC-UNESCO), teams. the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the United Nations Development Programme The members of the various Regional Task Forces established by the WIO-LaB (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Project operating within the framework of Nairobi Convention: the Regional Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and the World Bank. Task Forces on Municipal Wastewater Management (MWWM), Physical Alteration and Destruction of Habitats (PADH), Water, Sediment and Biota Last but not least, we thank the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Quality (WSBQ), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); and Legal and Government of Norway for providing funds that enabled the successful Technical Review (LTR). These Task Forces provided substantial contributions implementation of the WIO–LaB Project. in the formulation of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) as well as interventions that fed into the SAP. While it would be quite impossible to thank all individuals of the above- mentioned organisations for their contributions, a list of persons who played a The members of the TDA and SAP Drafting Teams who provided technical key role in the development of this SAP is presented in Annex 2. support in the preparation of the TDA and SAP and helped in facilitating various meetings aimed at consolidating various stakeholder inputs (see Annex 2 for details on the members of these core Drafting Teams). ii Strategic Action Programme for the Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment of the Western Indian Ocean from Land-based Sources and Activities Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................... vi 1.6 Developing the Strategic Action Programme ..........................27 1.6.1 General and specific objectives of the SAP ..................27 Foreword .................................................................................viii 1.6.2 Process of developing the SAP ....................................28 Executive Summary .....................................................................1 Objective A .................................................................................2 PART II: Strategic Action Programme .......................................... 31 Objective B .................................................................................3 2.1 Structure of the SAP .............................................................31 Objective C ................................................................................4 2.2 Vision and objectives of the Strategic Action Programme ........31 Objective D.................................................................................5 2.2.1 A new vision for the WIO region .................................31 2.2.2 Objectives of the Strategic Action Programme .............31 Part I: Background and Introduction .............................................9 1.1 Celebrating the Western Indian Ocean ...................................9 2.3 Strategic Component A: Protecting, Restoring and Managing Critical Coastal Habitats ......................................................32 1.2 The Region under Threat......................................................10 2.3.1 Environmental Quality Objective: Critical 1.3 What has been achieved thus far? ........................................12 Coastal Habitats ........................................................32 1.4 A Call for Joint Action .........................................................13 2.3.2 Management Targets: Critical Coastal Habitats ...........34 1.5 Overview of the WIO-LaB Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis . 15 1.5.1
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