9/7/20
The Eukaryotes 5.6-.7: Protists
(note: some of the group names used in your text are old & no longer used For more current classification go to: http://tolweb.org )
Review - Eukaryotes in general cell structure chromosomes made of chromatin cell division: mitosis & cytokinesis (if) sexual reproduction meiosis - makes haploid (1n) cells fertilization/syngamy - makes diploid (2n) cells
1 9/7/20
Kingdom Protista highly diverse (may be more than 1 kingdom soon) many spp. unicellular (not all) 2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae chemohetero & often mobile: protozoa
2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae, often with cell walls
2 9/7/20
2 “lifestyles”
Chemoheterotrophic: protozoa nutrition
trophozoite vs. cyst “free-living” vs. parasite Locomotion by self
flagella/cilia amoeboid flow by vector
Protist life cycle & reproduction asexual: fission budding
coenocyte
schizogony
(fragmentation)
3 9/7/20
Protist life cycles & reproduction sexual: gametes (1n), zygote (2n)
Protist habitats
P: Euglenozoa/phyta Euglenids Euglena spp.
secondary endosymbiosis
4 9/7/20
Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Trypanosoma brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesiense
African sleeping sickness
Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates T. cruzi
Chagas disease
5 9/7/20
Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Leishmania
P: Diplomonada = diplomonads: Giardia intestinalis (formerly G. lamblia)
6 9/7/20
P: Parabasala
Trichonympha
P: Parabasala Trichomonas vaginalis
7 9/7/20
Group Chromalveolata
Alveolates P: Ciliophora = ciliates Didinium
Paramecium
8 9/7/20
†Balantidium coli
Alveolates P: Apicomplexans
9 9/7/20
Blood-bourne Plasmodium P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale & P. malariae
Babesia
Water-bourne Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetenensis
10 9/7/20
Other: Toxoplasma gondii
Alveolates P: Pyrrophyta = Dinoflagellates
red tide
11 9/7/20
long exposure from Vieques Island, PR
At UCSB 2003 † Lingulodinium/Gonyaulax
† Alexandrium -> PSP † Pfiesteria -> PEAS
† Karenia/Gymnodinium breve -> NSP
12 9/7/20
Chromalveolata
Stramenopila = Heterokonta
P: Phaeophyta P: Bacillariophyta
P: Phaeophyta = brown algae
Macrocystis = giant kelp
Undaria = wakame Kelp harvesting: a local industry alginic acid/alginate
13 9/7/20
Health uses
Laminaria
One use Sterilized Laminaria digitatum & L. japonicum is inserted in its dry state (top of image) into the cervix. Mucopolysaccharides absorb water gradually, and the stick expands within the cervix.
P: Bacillariophyta = diatoms
pennate arrangement Stephanodiscus
centric
14 9/7/20
Diatom cell division (asexual reproduction)
15 9/7/20
-> ASP
P: Amoebozoa = lobed amoebas
16 9/7/20
(†) Acanthamoeba
(†) Naegleria fowleri
17 9/7/20
EID: Balamuthia mandrillaria
Entamoeba histolytica
Archaeplastida Primary Secondary endosymbiosis endosymbiosis
18 9/7/20
P: Rhodophyta = Gracilaria (& Red algae Gelidium) agar
crustose Chondrus crispus = irish moss carrageenan
Porphyra = nori, laver
19 9/7/20
P: Chlorophyta = green algae Chlamydomonas spp.
Chlamydomonas nivalis (6.6) “snow algae”
Marine green algae adult
Ulva = sea lettuce
Alternation of generation
adult adult
20 9/7/20
Other local marine green algae Codium fragile = dead man’s fingers
another Ulva (was Enteromorpha)
Oedogonium
Trebouxia spp.
(lichens)
21 9/7/20
On skin
Protothecosis, caused by (†) Prototheca wickerhamii or (†) P. zopfii, is a rare infection in the US, mostly from the southwest (seen worldwide but still is rare). Treatment has not been standardized but amphotericin B & ketoconazole have been used.
22