The Eukaryotes 5.6-.7: Protists

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9/7/20 The Eukaryotes 5.6-.7: Protists (note: some of the group names used in your text are old & no longer used For more current classification go to: http://tolweb.org ) Review - Eukaryotes in general cell structure chromosomes made of chromatin cell division: mitosis & cytokinesis (if) sexual reproduction meiosis - makes haploid (1n) cells fertilization/syngamy - makes diploid (2n) cells 1 9/7/20 Kingdom Protista highly diverse (may be more than 1 kingdom soon) many spp. unicellular (not all) 2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae chemohetero & often mobile: protozoa 2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae, often with cell walls 2 9/7/20 2 “lifestyles” Chemoheterotrophic: protozoa nutrition trophozoite vs. cyst “free-living” vs. parasite Locomotion by self flagella/cilia amoeboid flow by vector Protist life cycle & reproduction asexual: fission budding coenocyte schizogony (fragmentation) 3 9/7/20 Protist life cycles & reproduction sexual: gametes (1n), zygote (2n) Protist habitats P: Euglenozoa/phyta Euglenids Euglena spp. secondary endosymbiosis 4 9/7/20 Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Trypanosoma brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesiense African sleeping sickness Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates T. cruzi Chagas disease 5 9/7/20 Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Leishmania P: Diplomonada = diplomonads: Giardia intestinalis (formerly G. lamblia) 6 9/7/20 P: Parabasala Trichonympha P: Parabasala Trichomonas vaginalis 7 9/7/20 Group Chromalveolata cell membrane Alveolates P: Ciliophora = ciliates Didinium Paramecium 8 9/7/20 †Balantidium coli Alveolates P: Apicomplexans 9 9/7/20 Blood-bourne Plasmodium P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale & P. malariae Babesia Water-bourne Cryptosporidium parvum Cyclospora cayetenensis 10 9/7/20 Other: Toxoplasma gondii Alveolates P: Pyrrophyta = Dinoflagellates red tide 11 9/7/20 long exposure from Vieques Island, PR At UCSB 2003 † Lingulodinium/Gonyaulax † Alexandrium -> PSP † Pfiesteria -> PEAS † Karenia/Gymnodinium breve -> NSP 12 9/7/20 Chromalveolata Stramenopila = Heterokonta P: Phaeophyta P: Bacillariophyta P: Phaeophyta = brown algae Macrocystis = giant kelp Undaria = wakame Kelp harvesting: a local industry alginic acid/alginate 13 9/7/20 Health uses Laminaria One use Sterilized Laminaria digitatum & L. japonicum is inserted in its dry state (top of image) into the cervix. Mucopolysaccharides absorb water gradually, and the stick expands within the cervix. P: Bacillariophyta = diatoms pennate arrangement Stephanodiscus centric 14 9/7/20 Diatom cell division (asexual reproduction) 15 9/7/20 -> ASP P: Amoebozoa = lobed amoebas 16 9/7/20 (†) Acanthamoeba (†) Naegleria fowleri 17 9/7/20 EID: Balamuthia mandrillaria Entamoeba histolytica Archaeplastida Primary Secondary endosymbiosis endosymbiosis 18 9/7/20 P: Rhodophyta = Gracilaria (& Red algae Gelidium) agar crustose Chondrus crispus = irish moss carrageenan Porphyra = nori, laver 19 9/7/20 P: Chlorophyta = green algae Chlamydomonas spp. Chlamydomonas nivalis (6.6) “snow algae” Marine green algae adult Ulva = sea lettuce Alternation of generation adult adult 20 9/7/20 Other local marine green algae Codium fragile = dead man’s fingers another Ulva (was Enteromorpha) Oedogonium Trebouxia spp. (lichens) 21 9/7/20 On skin Protothecosis, caused by (†) Prototheca wickerhamii or (†) P. zopfii, is a rare infection in the US, mostly from the southwest (seen worldwide but still is rare). Treatment has not been standardized but amphotericin B & ketoconazole have been used. 22 .

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Balantidium Coli
GLOBAL WATER PATHOGEN PROJECT PART THREE. SPECIFIC EXCRETED PATHOGENS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASPECTS BALANTIDIUM COLI Francisco Ponce-Gordo Complutense University Madrid, Spain Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre, ASCR, v.v.i. Budweis, Czech Republic Copyright: This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: Ponce-Gordo, F., Jirků-Pomajbíková, K. 2017. Balantidium coli. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. http://www.waterpathogens.org (R. Fayer and W. Jakubowski, (eds) Part 3 Protists) http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/balantidium-coli Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. Acknowledgements: K.R.L. Young, Project Design editor; Website Design (http://www.agroknow.com) Published: January 15, 2015, 11:50 am, Updated: October 18, 2017, 5:43 pm Balantidium coli Summary 1.1.1 Global distribution Balantidium coli is reported worldwide although it is To date, Balantidium coli is the only ciliate protozoan more common in temperate and tropical regions (Areán and reported to infect the gastrointestinal track of humans.
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