9/7/20 The Eukaryotes 5.6-.7: Protists (note: some of the group names used in your text are old & no longer used For more current classification go to: http://tolweb.org ) Review - Eukaryotes in general cell structure chromosomes made of chromatin cell division: mitosis & cytokinesis (if) sexual reproduction meiosis - makes haploid (1n) cells fertilization/syngamy - makes diploid (2n) cells 1 9/7/20 Kingdom Protista highly diverse (may be more than 1 kingdom soon) many spp. unicellular (not all) 2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae chemohetero & often mobile: protozoa 2 “lifestyles” photoautotrophic: algae, often with cell walls 2 9/7/20 2 “lifestyles” Chemoheterotrophic: protozoa nutrition trophozoite vs. cyst “free-living” vs. parasite Locomotion by self flagella/cilia amoeboid flow by vector Protist life cycle & reproduction asexual: fission budding coenocyte schizogony (fragmentation) 3 9/7/20 Protist life cycles & reproduction sexual: gametes (1n), zygote (2n) Protist habitats P: Euglenozoa/phyta Euglenids Euglena spp. secondary endosymbiosis 4 9/7/20 Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Trypanosoma brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesiense African sleeping sickness Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates T. cruzi Chagas disease 5 9/7/20 Kinetoplastids trypanosomes = hemoflagellates Leishmania P: Diplomonada = diplomonads: Giardia intestinalis (formerly G. lamblia) 6 9/7/20 P: Parabasala Trichonympha P: Parabasala Trichomonas vaginalis 7 9/7/20 Group Chromalveolata cell membrane Alveolates P: Ciliophora = ciliates Didinium Paramecium 8 9/7/20 †Balantidium coli Alveolates P: Apicomplexans 9 9/7/20 Blood-bourne Plasmodium P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale & P. malariae Babesia Water-bourne Cryptosporidium parvum Cyclospora cayetenensis 10 9/7/20 Other: Toxoplasma gondii Alveolates P: Pyrrophyta = Dinoflagellates red tide 11 9/7/20 long exposure from Vieques Island, PR At UCSB 2003 † Lingulodinium/Gonyaulax † Alexandrium -> PSP † Pfiesteria -> PEAS † Karenia/Gymnodinium breve -> NSP 12 9/7/20 Chromalveolata Stramenopila = Heterokonta P: Phaeophyta P: Bacillariophyta P: Phaeophyta = brown algae Macrocystis = giant kelp Undaria = wakame Kelp harvesting: a local industry alginic acid/alginate 13 9/7/20 Health uses Laminaria One use Sterilized Laminaria digitatum & L. japonicum is inserted in its dry state (top of image) into the cervix. Mucopolysaccharides absorb water gradually, and the stick expands within the cervix. P: Bacillariophyta = diatoms pennate arrangement Stephanodiscus centric 14 9/7/20 Diatom cell division (asexual reproduction) 15 9/7/20 -> ASP P: Amoebozoa = lobed amoebas 16 9/7/20 (†) Acanthamoeba (†) Naegleria fowleri 17 9/7/20 EID: Balamuthia mandrillaria Entamoeba histolytica Archaeplastida Primary Secondary endosymbiosis endosymbiosis 18 9/7/20 P: Rhodophyta = Gracilaria (& Red algae Gelidium) agar crustose Chondrus crispus = irish moss carrageenan Porphyra = nori, laver 19 9/7/20 P: Chlorophyta = green algae Chlamydomonas spp. Chlamydomonas nivalis (6.6) “snow algae” Marine green algae adult Ulva = sea lettuce Alternation of generation adult adult 20 9/7/20 Other local marine green algae Codium fragile = dead man’s fingers another Ulva (was Enteromorpha) Oedogonium Trebouxia spp. (lichens) 21 9/7/20 On skin Protothecosis, caused by (†) Prototheca wickerhamii or (†) P. zopfii, is a rare infection in the US, mostly from the southwest (seen worldwide but still is rare). Treatment has not been standardized but amphotericin B & ketoconazole have been used. 22 .