Command Line Interface Overview
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Operating System Engineering, Lecture 3
6.828 2012 Lecture 3: O/S Organization plan: O/S organization processes isolation topic: overall o/s design what should the main components be? what should the interfaces look like? why have an o/s at all? why not just a library? then apps are free to use it, or not -- flexible some tiny O/Ss for embedded processors work this way key requirement: support multiple activities multiplexing isolation interaction helpful approach: abstract services rather than raw hardware file system, not raw disk TCP, not raw ethernet processes, not raw CPU/memory abstractions often ease multiplexing and interaction and more convenient and portable note: i'm going to focus on mainstream designs (xv6, Linux, &c) for *every* aspect, someone has done it a different way! example: exokernel and VMM does *not* abstract anything! xv6 has only a few abstractions / services processes (cpu, mem) I/O (file descriptors) file system i'm going to focus on xv6 processes today a process is a running program it has its own memory, share of CPU, FDs, parent, children, &c it uses system calls to interact outside itself to get at kernel services xv6 basic design here very traditional (UNIX/Linux/&c) xv6 user/kernel organization h/w, kernel, user kernel is a big program services: process, FS, net low-level: devices, VM all of kernel runs w/ full hardware privilege (very convenient) system calls switch between user and kernel 1 good: easy for sub-systems to cooperate (e.g. paging and file system) bad: interactions => complex, bugs are easy, no isolation within o/s called "monolithic"; -
The Design of a Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun Mcfarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I
The Design of A Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun McFarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I Mohamed Sharaf Introduction The Compiler is for the programming language PASCAL. The design decisions Concern the layout of program and data, syntax analyzer. The compiler is written in its own language. The compiler is intended for the CDC 6000 computer family. CDC 6000 is a family of mainframe computer manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. It consisted of CDC 6400, CDC 6500, CDC 6600 and CDC 6700 computers, which all were extremely rapid and efficient for their time. It had a distributed architecture and was a reduced instruction set (RISC) machine many years before such a term was invented. Pascal Language Imperative Computer Programming Language, developed in 1971 by Niklaus Wirth. The primary unit in Pascal is the procedure. Each procedure is represented by a data segment and the program/code segment. The two segments are disjoint. Compiling Programs: Basic View Machine Pascal languag program Pascal e compile program filename . inpu r gp output a.out p t c Representation of Data Compute all the addresses at compile time to optimize certain index calculation. Entire variables always are assigned at least one full PSU “Physical Storage Unit” i.e CDC6000 has ‘wordlength’ of 60 bits. Scalar types Array types the first term is computed by the compiler w=a+(i-l)*s Record types: reside only within one PSU if it is represented as packed. If it is not packed its size will be the size of the largest possible variant. Data types … Powerset types The set operations of PASCAL are realized by the conventional bit-parallel logical instructions ‘and ‘ for intersection, ‘or’ for union File types The data transfer between the main store buffer and the secondary store is performed by a Peripheral Processor (PP). -
Newbrain Handbook for Disk Users
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Any information on the system which could not be included in the Handbook for Disk Users will be found in a file on the system disk called `INFO'. To read the information, enter CP/M, type: TYPE INFO and press NEWLINE As the text is shown on the screen, hold down CONTROL and press S to stop and restart the display. How to use this Manual CONTENTS If you just want 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 3 to use prepared READ 2 Connecting up ............................................................................ 9 programs on your SECTIONS 1, 2,3 3 Getting started ........................................................................ 13 NewBrain, and don't 4 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Programs ................................... 25 want to know about LOOK THROUGH 5 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Data Files .................................. 31 how computers work ... SECTIONS 10-12 6 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Random Access Files ............... 41 7 Cataloguing files through BASIC ............................................ 51 8 Using cassettes ....................................................................... 53 If you know some WORK THROUGH THE 9 What is CP/M? ........................................................................ 55 BASIC already and WHOLE OF THIS 10 Working with disks .................................................................. 59 want to develop your MANUAL AS A BASIS 11 Using CP/M with NewBrain ................................................... -
RDS) Distribution
2001/10/30 Data Formats of the NSRL Reference Data Set (RDS) Distribution Change Record 1. 2001/01/25 – Editorial changes, corrections to record layouts, modification of distribution naming and versioning. 2. 2001/01/29 – Addition of Virus data element to File record, modification of data records to use ASCII 10 character instead of ASCII 13 to end a record, addition of information on physical distribution to indicate additional records or replacement database. 3. 2001/03/08 – Added section on fifth file, SHA-1.txt. 4. 2001/07/06 – Modified file structures, file names, distribution information. 5. 2001/09/05 – Editorial changes and corrections. 6. 2001/10/11 – Modified manufacturer file structure, added SpecialCode field to NSRLFILE.TXT structure, and added clarifications to physical file descriptions. 7. 2001/10/23 – Modified NSRLFILE structure to remove PathHash. 8. 2001/10/30 – Modified NSRLFILE structure to remove FileExt. Introduction This report describes the format of data included in the distribution of the National Software Reference Library (NSRL) Reference Data Set (RDS). The NSRL is a repository of commercial- off-the-shelf (COTS) software. The RDS consists of file profiles made up of file identifying information and hash values from the individual files provided in a software package’s installation media. An extract of the NSRL database is produced periodically and made available through the U.S. Department of Commerce’s (DoC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Database program as NIST Special Database #28. (See “Physical Distribution Media.”) As software is received in the NSRL, it is processed on a production machine that runs programs to compute a file signature, or hash value, for each file within the installation media. -
Entry Point Specification
EMV® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems Book B Entry Point Specification Version 2.6 July 2016 © 2016 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. EMV Contactless Book B Entry Point Specification version 2.6 Legal Notice The EMV® Specifications are provided “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, and EMVCo neither assumes nor accepts any liability for any errors or omissions contained in these Specifications. EMVCO DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, AS TO THESE SPECIFICATIONS. EMVCo makes no representations or warranties with respect to intellectual property rights of any third parties in or in relation to the Specifications. EMVCo undertakes no responsibility to determine whether any implementation of the EMV® Specifications may violate, infringe, or otherwise exercise the patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, know-how, or other intellectual property rights of third parties, and thus any person who implements any part of the EMV® Specifications should consult an intellectual property attorney before any such implementation. Without limiting the foregoing, the Specifications may provide for the use of public key encryption and other technology, which may be the subject matter of patents in several countries. Any party seeking to implement these Specifications is solely responsible for determining whether its activities require a license to any such technology, including for patents on public key encryption technology. -
Newline Characters Should Map to a Completely Ignorable Collation Element in the DUCET Marc Lodewijck (Brussels, Belgium) October 28, 2016
Proposal for consideration by UTC Newline characters should map to a completely ignorable collation element in the DUCET Marc Lodewijck (Brussels, Belgium) October 28, 2016 Assume the following records, which compare tertiary-equal: "xy#", "xy", "x#y" With the UCA “Shifted” option for handling variable collation elements, the sorting result is as follows: [3] x#y [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF 038F FFFF |] [2] xy [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF |] [1] xy# [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF 038F |] Inserting a variable character makes a string sort before the string without it; and appending a variable character makes a string sort after the string without it. With the “Shift-trimmed” option, this is the outcome: [2] xy [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | |] [3] x#y [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF 038F |] [1] xy# [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF 038F |] Inserting a variable character anywhere makes a string sort after the string without it; and the string having a variable character in the lowest position makes it sort before the other string. The “Shift-trimmed” option is the same as “Shifted”, except that trailing high-quaternary weights (from regular characters) are removed from the sort key. This means that, compared with “Shifted”, the “Shift-trimmed” option sorts strings without variable characters before ones with variable characters added—the string without variable characters has an empty fourth level. Now suppose we wish to sort the following text strings stored in a file: 1/6 It is obvious that we won’t strip off the newline character(s) at the end of each line, before it is processed further. -
Connect. Create. Collaborate
Connect. Create. Collaborate. Fall/Winter 2020 WHY NEWLINE? Easy for anyone to walk up and use. WE HELP YOU MAKE AN IMPACT If a solution isn’t easy to use, we won’t bring it to the market. All of our products are designed with IN YOUR CLASSROOM you in mind and it is the key to our success. Newline creates the classroom tools of the future. From interactive flat panels that keep students engaged through the lesson, to digital Completely Non-Proprietary tools that enhance your favorite software, Newline reinvents student We work in your world. No matter what software engagement and classroom communication in a time of remote and or hardware you want to use, our solutions give blended learning. you the freedom to collaborate how you choose. Newline Interactive is an award-winning manufacturer of interactive Distance Learning Flexibility displays, intuitive software, and other interactive innovations that are easy to use and increase student engagement in the classroom. Whether teaching students remotely, in-person, or in a blended learning environment, Newline’s We are a leading provider of software and hardware that helps schools solutions help keep your teachers connected to their students. find more ways to engage their students, train their teachers, and inspire more active learning. It is your passion to teach. Newline Interactive gets students excited to learn. NEWLINE NEWLINE INTERACTIVE & NON-TOUCH DISPLAYS DISPLAY SPECIFICATION SUPERIOR QUALITY FOR THE BEST EXPERIENCE RS+ NT X IP The driving power behind the Newline interactive ecosystem is a full range of superior Non-Proprietary √ √ √ √ interactive displays and large format displays. -
AVR244 AVR UART As ANSI Terminal Interface
AVR244: AVR UART as ANSI Terminal Interface Features 8-bit • Make use of standard terminal software as user interface to your application. • Enables use of a PC keyboard as input and ascii graphic to display status and control Microcontroller information. • Drivers for ANSI/VT100 Terminal Control included. • Interactive menu interface included. Application Note Introduction This application note describes some basic routines to interface the AVR to a terminal window using the UART (hardware or software). The routines use a subset of the ANSI Color Standard to position the cursor and choose text modes and colors. Rou- tines for simple menu handling are also implemented. The routines can be used to implement a human interface through an ordinary termi- nal window, using interactive menus and selections. This is particularly useful for debugging and diagnostics purposes. The routines can be used as a basic interface for implementing more complex terminal user interfaces. To better understand the code, an introduction to ‘escape sequences’ is given below. Escape Sequences The special terminal functions mentioned (e.g. text modes and colors) are selected using ANSI escape sequences. The AVR sends these sequences to the connected terminal, which in turn executes the associated commands. The escape sequences are strings of bytes starting with an escape character (ASCII code 27) followed by a left bracket ('['). The rest of the string decides the specific operation. For instance, the command '1m' selects bold text, and the full escape sequence thus becomes 'ESC[1m'. There must be no spaces between the characters, and the com- mands are case sensitive. The various operations used in this application note are described below. -
8. Character Strings
8. Character Strings 8.1. Introduction Until now we’ve avoided reading or writing text in our programs, and have worked exclusively with numbers. Even though we use a lot of Figure 8.1: Some very early text: The numbers in science and engineering, we still need to work with words Epic of Gilgamesh, first written down sometimes. Wouldn’t it be convenient to have a header at the top of around 2,000 BCE. It tells the story of King Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu each column of numbers in a data file, saying what that column means? and their epic journey to visit the wise We might also want to use text for data values themselves, like “on” man Utnapishtim, who was a survivor off of the Deluge. New fragments of the or “ ” instead of zero or one, to make our data easier for humans Epic were discovered in an Iraqi to read. Even if we have a glossary of numerical values and their museum in 2015. meanings, like “32 = Virginia, 33 = Maryland”, it’s handy to be able Source: Wikimedia Commons to just look at the data in a file and see its meaning directly, without ’ T P having to go look up the meaning of each number. B Y S G Q Early writing systems used written symbols to represent the sounds of K speech. Learning to read requires that you learn a sort of glossary of D L R these symbols and their speech equivalents. Computers can only store H M Š data in the form of binary numbers, so somewhere there’s going to W N T need to be a glossary that matches up text with numerical equivalents. -
Learning the Vi Editor
Learning the vi Editor en.wikibooks.org December 29, 2013 On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. A URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 103. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 101. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 107, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 103. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, you can use the pdfdetach tool including in the poppler suite, or the http://www. pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility. Some PDF viewers may also let you save the attachment to a file. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. -
STAT579: SAS Programming
Note on homework for SAS date formats I'm getting error messages using the format MMDDYY10D. even though this is listed on websites for SAS date formats. Instead, MMDDYY10 and similar (without the D seems to work for both hyphens and slashes. Also note that a date format such as MMDDYYw. means that the w is replaced by a number indicating the width of the string (e.g., 8 or 10). SAS Programming SAS data sets (Chapter 4 of Cody book) SAS creates data sets internally once they are read in from a Data Step. The data sets can be stored in different locations and accessed later on. The default is to store them in WORK, so if you create a data set using data adress; the logfile will say that it created a SAS dataset called WORK.ADDRESS. You can nagivate to the newly created SAS dataset. In SAS Studio, go to the Libraries Tab on the left (Usually appears toward the bottom until you click on it). Then WORK.ADDRESS should appear. SAS Programming SAS data sets SAS Programming SAS data sets SAS Programming Making datasets permanent You can also make SAS datasets permanent. This is done using the libname statement. E.g. SAS Programming Permanent SAS datasets The new dataset should be available to be accessed directly from other SAS programs without reading in original data. This can save a lot of time for large datasets. If the SAS dataset is called mydata, the SAS dataset will be called mydata.sas7bdat, where the 7 refers to the datastructures used in version 7 (and which hasn't changed up to version 9). -
Openshift Container Platform 3.11 CLI Reference
OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 CLI Reference OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 CLI Reference Last Updated: 2021-04-12 OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 CLI Reference OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 CLI Reference Legal Notice Copyright © 2021 Red Hat, Inc. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL ® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Node.js ® is an official trademark of Joyent. Red Hat is not formally related to or endorsed by the official Joyent Node.js open source or commercial project.