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Quercus Cerris
Quercus cerris Quercus cerris in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats D. de Rigo, C. M. Enescu, T. Houston Durrant, G. Caudullo Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) is a deciduous tree native to southern Europe and Asia Minor, and a dominant species in the mixed forests of the Mediterranean basin. Turkey oak is a representative of section Cerris, a particular section within the genus Quercus which includes species for which the maturation of acorns occurs in the second year. Quercus cerris L., commonly known as Turkey oak, is a large fast-growing deciduous tree species growing to 40 m tall with 1 Frequency a trunk up to 1.5-2 m diameter , with a well-developed root < 25% system2. It can live for around 120-150 years3. The bark is 25% - 50% 50% - 75% mauve-grey and deeply furrowed with reddish-brown or orange > 75% bark fissures4, 5. Compared with other common oak species, e.g. Chorology Native sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and pedunculate oak (Quercus Introduced robur), the wood is inferior, and only useful for rough work such as shuttering or fuelwood1. The leaves are dark green above and grey-felted underneath6; they are variable in size and shape but are normally 9-12 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, with 7-9 pairs of triangular lobes6. The leaves turn yellow to gold in late autumn and drop off or persist in the crown until the next spring, especially on young trees3. The twigs are long and pubescent, grey or olive-green, with lenticels. The buds, which are concentrated Large shade tree in agricultural area near Altamura (Bari, South Italy). -
Climate Change and Conservation of Orophilous Moths at the Southern Boundary of Their Range (Lepidoptera: Macroheterocera)
Eur. J. Entomol. 106: 231–239, 2009 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1447 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) On top of a Mediterranean Massif: Climate change and conservation of orophilous moths at the southern boundary of their range (Lepidoptera: Macroheterocera) STEFANO SCALERCIO CRA Centro di Ricerca per l’Olivicoltura e l’Industria Olearia, Contrada Li Rocchi-Vermicelli, I-87036 Rende, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Biogeographic relict, extinction risk, global warming, species richness, sub-alpine prairies Abstract. During the last few decades the tree line has shifted upward on Mediterranean mountains. This has resulted in a decrease in the area of the sub-alpine prairie habitat and an increase in the threat to strictly orophilous moths that occur there. This also occurred on the Pollino Massif due to the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall in Southern Italy. We found that a number of moths present in the alpine prairie at 2000 m appear to be absent from similar habitats at 1500–1700 m. Some of these species are thought to be at the lower latitude margin of their range. Among them, Pareulype berberata and Entephria flavicinctata are esti- mated to be the most threatened because their populations are isolated and seem to be small in size. The tops of these mountains are inhabited by specialized moth communities, which are strikingly different from those at lower altitudes on the same massif further south. The majority of the species recorded in the sub-alpine prairies studied occur most frequently and abundantly in the core area of the Pollino Massif. -
List of Vascular Plants Endemic to Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands 2020
British & Irish Botany 2(3): 169-189, 2020 List of vascular plants endemic to Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands 2020 Timothy C.G. Rich Cardiff, U.K. Corresponding author: Tim Rich: [email protected] This pdf constitutes the Version of Record published on 31st August 2020 Abstract A list of 804 plants endemic to Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands is broken down by country. There are 659 taxa endemic to Britain, 20 to Ireland and three to the Channel Islands. There are 25 endemic sexual species and 26 sexual subspecies, the remainder are mostly critical apomictic taxa. Fifteen endemics (2%) are certainly or probably extinct in the wild. Keywords: England; Northern Ireland; Republic of Ireland; Scotland; Wales. Introduction This note provides a list of vascular plants endemic to Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands, updating the lists in Rich et al. (1999), Dines (2008), Stroh et al. (2014) and Wyse Jackson et al. (2016). The list includes endemics of subspecific rank or above, but excludes infraspecific taxa of lower rank and hybrids (for the latter, see Stace et al., 2015). There are, of course, different taxonomic views on some of the taxa included. Nomenclature, taxonomic rank and endemic status follows Stace (2019), except for Hieracium (Sell & Murrell, 2006; McCosh & Rich, 2018), Ranunculus auricomus group (A. C. Leslie in Sell & Murrell, 2018), Rubus (Edees & Newton, 1988; Newton & Randall, 2004; Kurtto & Weber, 2009; Kurtto et al. 2010, and recent papers), Taraxacum (Dudman & Richards, 1997; Kirschner & Štepànek, 1998 and recent papers) and Ulmus (Sell & Murrell, 2018). Ulmus is included with some reservations, as many taxa are largely vegetative clones which may occasionally reproduce sexually and hence may not merit species status (cf. -
Condition of Designated Sites
Scottish Natural Heritage Condition of Designated Sites Contents Chapter Page Summary ii Condition of Designated Sites (Progress to March 2010) Site Condition Monitoring 1 Purpose of SCM 1 Sites covered by SCM 1 How is SCM implemented? 2 Assessment of condition 2 Activities and management measures in place 3 Summary results of the first cycle of SCM 3 Action taken following a finding of unfavourable status in the assessment 3 Natural features in Unfavourable condition – Scottish Government Targets 4 The 2010 Condition Target Achievement 4 Amphibians and Reptiles 6 Birds 10 Freshwater Fauna 18 Invertebrates 24 Mammals 30 Non-vascular Plants 36 Vascular Plants 42 Marine Habitats 48 Coastal 54 Machair 60 Fen, Marsh and Swamp 66 Lowland Grassland 72 Lowland Heath 78 Lowland Raised Bog 82 Standing Waters 86 Rivers and Streams 92 Woodlands 96 Upland Bogs 102 Upland Fen, Marsh and Swamp 106 Upland Grassland 112 Upland Heathland 118 Upland Inland Rock 124 Montane Habitats 128 Earth Science 134 www.snh.gov.uk i Scottish Natural Heritage Summary Background Scotland has a rich and important diversity of biological and geological features. Many of these species populations, habitats or earth science features are nationally and/ or internationally important and there is a series of nature conservation designations at national (Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)), European (Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Special Protection Area (SPA)) and international (Ramsar) levels which seek to protect the best examples. There are a total of 1881 designated sites in Scotland, although their boundaries sometimes overlap, which host a total of 5437 designated natural features. -
Topic 3. Diet Digestibilities
TOPIC 3. DIET DIGESTIBILITIES General trends in diet diges tibili ties follow the general trends in the cell structures of the plants. The stages and parts of plant growth that have thinner and less lignified cell walls are, for the most part, more digestible than those stages and parts with more lignified cell walls. Cell chemistry also affects digestibility, however. Tannins, for example, act as inhibitors of digestion. Changes in cell structure occur as plant phenology changes over the growing season. Emerging, growing tissue cannot have rigid cell walls, for new tissue is being added as cells increase in both number and size. When the numbers and sizes of cells in plant tissue have both reached maximum, cell maturation occurs and cell walls increase in thickness and rigidity. The cells in stems become very rigid and serve as supporting tissue. Cells in leaf tissue mature, become decadent, and the leaf falls to the ground. Flower petals mature, wither, and fall. Functional changes in different plant parts are accompanied by structural changes in the cells, and these changes affect nutritive relationships between animal and range. The concepts underlying relationships between cell structure and digestibility permit one to generalize on seasonal variations in diet digestibility. Consumption of decadent lignified dormant forage results in stable diet digestibilities. As the growing season progresses, diet digestibilities increase as new growth makes up an increasing proportion of the diet. As the growing season progresses and plants mature, diet digestibilities begin to drop until they reach the annual low when only de cadent lignified forage is available again. -
Heathland 700 the Park & Poor's Allotment Species List
The Park & Poor's Allotment Bioblitz 25th - 26th July 2015 Common Name Scientific Name [if known] Site recorded Fungus Xylaria polymorpha Dead Man's Fingers Both Amanita excelsa var. excelsa Grey Spotted Amanita Poor's Allotment Panaeolus sp. Poor's Allotment Phallus impudicus var. impudicus Stinkhorn The Park Mosses Sphagnum denticulatum Cow-horn Bog-moss Both Sphagnum fimbriatum Fringed Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum papillosum Papillose Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum squarrosum Spiky Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum palustre Blunt-leaved Bog-moss Poor's Allotment Atrichum undulatum Common Smoothcap Both Polytrichum commune Common Haircap The Park Polytrichum formosum Bank Haircap Both Polytrichum juniperinum Juniper Haircap The Park Tetraphis pellucida Pellucid Four-tooth Moss The Park Schistidium crassipilum Thickpoint Grimmia Poor's Allotment Fissidens taxifolius Common Pocket-moss The Park Ceratodon purpureus Redshank The Park Dicranoweisia cirrata Common Pincushion Both Dicranella heteromalla Silky Forklet-moss Both Dicranella varia Variable Forklet-moss The Park Dicranum scoparium Broom Fork-moss Both Campylopus flexuosus Rusty Swan-neck Moss Poor's Allotment Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss Both Campylopus pyriformis Dwarf Swan-neck Moss The Park Bryoerythrophyllum Red Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Barbula convoluta Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss The Park Didymodon fallax Fallacious Beard-moss The Park Didymodon insulanus Cylindric Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Zygodon conoideus Lesser Yoke-moss The Park Zygodon viridissimus Green Yoke-moss -
St Julians Park Species List, 1984 – 2003
St Julians Park Species List, 1984 – 2003 Fungi Species Common Name Date recorded Scleroderma citrinum Common Earth Ball 19/09/99 Amillaria mellea Honey Fungus 19/09/99 Hypholoma sublateridium Brick Caps 19/09/99 Piptoporus belulinus Birch Polypore 19/09/99 Lycoperdon perlatum Common Puffball 19/09/99 Coriolus versicolor Many-Zoned Polypore 19/09/99 Boletus erythropus - 19/09/99 Lactarius quietus Oak/Oily Milk Cap 19/09/99 Russula cyanoxantha The Charcoal Burner 19/09/99 Amanita muscaria Fly Agaric 19/09/99 Laccaria laccata Deceiver 19/09/99 Lepidoptera Species Common Name Date recorded Melanargia galathea Marbled White 1992/3 Venessa cardui Painted Lady 1992/3 Thymelicus sylvestris Small Skipper 1992/3, 06/06/98 Ochlodes venata Large Skipper 1992/3, 06/06/98 Pararge aegeria Speckled Wood 1992/3, 06/06/98 Venessa atalanta Red Admiral 1992/3 Aglais urticae Small Tortoiseshell 1992/3 Polyommatus icarus Common Blue 1992/3, 06/06/98 Pyronia tithonus Gamekeeper 1992/3 Maniola jurtina Meadow Brown 1992/3, 06/06/98 Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet 1992/3, 06/06/98 Inachis 10 Peacock 1992/3, 23/03/00 Polygonia C-album Comma 1992/3, 23/03/00 Anthocaris cardamines Orange Tip 1992/3 Noctua pronuba Large Yellow Underwing 06/06/98 Pieris brassicae Large White 06/06/98 Zygaena trifolii 5 Spot Burnet 06/06/98 Diboba caeruleocephala Figure of Eight 22/10/99 Xanthia aurago Barred Sallow 22/10/99 Chloroclysta truncate Common Marbled Carpet 22/10/99 Epirrata dilutata November Moth 22/10/99 Epirrata chrysti Pale November Moth 22/10/99, 07/11/99 Chloroclysta -
The Structure of Cynipid Oak Galls: Patterns in the Evolution of an Extended Phenotype
The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype Graham N. Stone1* and James M. Cook2 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK ([email protected]) 2Department of Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK Galls are highly specialized plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism. The most complex and diverse galls are those induced on oak trees by gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cyni- pini), each species inducing a characteristic gall structure. Debate continues over the possible adaptive signi¢cance of gall structural traits; some protect the gall inducer from attack by natural enemies, although the adaptive signi¢cance of others remains undemonstrated. Several gall traits are shared by groups of oak gallwasp species. It remains unknown whether shared traits represent (i) limited divergence from a shared ancestral gall form, or (ii) multiple cases of independent evolution. Here we map gall character states onto a molecular phylogeny of the oak cynipid genus Andricus, and demonstrate three features of the evolution of gall structure: (i) closely related species generally induce galls of similar structure; (ii) despite this general pattern, closely related species can induce markedly di¡erent galls; and (iii) several gall traits (the presence of many larval chambers in a single gall structure, surface resins, surface spines and internal air spaces) of demonstrated or suggested adaptive value to the gallwasp have evolved repeatedly. We discuss these results in the light of existing hypotheses on the adaptive signi¢cance of gall structure. Keywords: galls; Cynipidae; enemy-free space; extended phenotype; Andricus layers of woody or spongy tissue, complex air spaces within 1. -
Autographa Gamma
1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log 4 Introduction to the Reference 6 Soybean Background 11 Arthropods 14 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 14 Adoretus sinicus ............................................................................................................. 14 Autographa gamma ....................................................................................................... 26 Chrysodeixis chalcites ................................................................................................... 36 Cydia fabivora ................................................................................................................. 49 Diabrotica speciosa ........................................................................................................ 55 Helicoverpa armigera..................................................................................................... 65 Leguminivora glycinivorella .......................................................................................... 80 Mamestra brassicae....................................................................................................... 85 Spodoptera littoralis ....................................................................................................... 94 Spodoptera litura .......................................................................................................... 106 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 118 Adoxophyes orana ...................................................................................................... -
Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species
Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 346508, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/346508 Research Article Chemical, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty Wild Culinary Mushroom Species S. K. Sharma1 and N. Gautam2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur 176 062, India 2Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India Correspondence should be addressed to N. Gautam; [email protected] Received 8 May 2015; Accepted 11 June 2015 Academic Editor: Miroslav Pohanka Copyright © 2015 S. K. Sharma and N. Gautam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The chemical, bioactive, and antioxidant potential of twenty wild culinary mushroom species being consumed by the peopleof northern Himalayan regions has been evaluated for the first time in the present study. Nutrients analyzed include protein, crude fat, fibres, carbohydrates, and monosaccharides. Besides, preliminary study on the detection of toxic compounds was done on these species. Bioactive compounds evaluated are fatty acids, amino acids, tocopherol content, carotenoids (-carotene, lycopene), flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanidins. Fruitbodies extract of all the species was tested for different types of antioxidant assays. Although differences were observed in the net values of individual species all the species were found to be rich in protein, and carbohydrates and low in fat. Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide. Predominance of UFA (65–70%) over SFA (30–35%) was observed in all the species with considerable amounts of other bioactive compounds. -
Natural Products As Alternative Choices for P-Glycoprotein (P-Gp) Inhibition
Review Natural Products as Alternative Choices for P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) Inhibition Saikat Dewanjee 1,*, Tarun K. Dua 1, Niloy Bhattacharjee 1, Anup Das 2, Moumita Gangopadhyay 3, Ritu Khanra 1, Swarnalata Joardar 1, Muhammad Riaz 4, Vincenzo De Feo 5,* and Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq 6,* 1 Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; [email protected] (T.K.D.); [email protected] (N.B.); [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (S.J.) 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, ADAMAS University, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Bioechnology, ADAMAS University, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, India; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Pakistan; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmacy, Salerno University, Fisciano 84084, Salerno, Italy 6 Environment Science Department, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (V.D.F.); [email protected] (M.Z.-U.-H.) Academic Editor: Maria Emília de Sousa Received: 11 April 2017; Accepted: 15 May 2017; Published: 25 May 2017 Abstract: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is regarded as one of the bottlenecks of successful clinical treatment for numerous chemotherapeutic agents. Multiple key regulators are alleged to be responsible for MDR and making the treatment regimens ineffective. In this review, we discuss MDR in relation to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and its down-regulation by natural bioactive molecules. P-gp, a unique ATP-dependent membrane transport protein, is one of those key regulators which are present in the lining of the colon, endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB), bile duct, adrenal gland, kidney tubules, small intestine, pancreatic ducts and in many other tissues like heart, lungs, spleen, skeletal muscles, etc. -
SHANAGARRY, GARRYVOE, Aallyconon LAYOUT SHOWING LOCATION of ""'Mal
water matters • ,../../,P U$ pllIn.' • Full Report for Waterbody Ballycotton Bay Legend .H1itJ • Good o Moderate • Poor • Bad ..Yet to be detennined For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Date Reported to Europe: 22/12/2008 Date Report Created 25/08/2009 EPA Export 26-07-2013:18:17:44 water matters . yle? U.$ p/r.,ol • Summary Information: WaterBody Category: Coastal Waterbody WaterBody Name: Ballycotton Bay WaterBody Code: Overall Status: Overall Objective: .. Overall Risk: &I Not At Risk Applicable Supplementary Urban & Industrial; Measures: Report data based upon Draft RBMP, 22/12/2008. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Date Reported to Europe: 22/12/2008 Date Report Created 25/08/2009 EPA Export 26-07-2013:18:17:44 water matters . #.r"" U$ pi"".' • Status Report WaterBody category: Coastal Waterbody south western WaterBody Name: Ballycotton Bay n~ baSin district WaterBody Code: • Overall Status Result: Status Element Description Result EX Status from Monitored or Extrapolated Waterbody Extrapolated General Conditions DIN Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen MRP Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus 00 Dissolved Oxygen as percent saturation BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand T Temperature Biological Elements PB Phytoplankton - Phytoblooms PBC Phytoplankton - PhytoBiomass (Chlorophyll) MA Macroalgae RSL Reduced Species List SG Angiosperms - Seagrass and Saltmarsh For inspection purposes only. BE Benthic InvertebratesConsent of copyright owner required for any other use. FI Fish HydroMorphology HY Hydrology MO Morphology Specific Pollutants SP Specific Relevant Pollutants (Annex VII) Conservation Status CN Conservation Status (Expert Judgement) Protected Area Status PA Overall Protected Area Status Date Reported to Europe: 22/12/2008 Date Report Created 25/08/2009 EPA Export 26-07-2013:18:17:44 r water matters .