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Institut National Des Langues Et Civilisations Orientales Arsène Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale n°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde CESSMA UMR 245 THÈSE EN COTUTELLE Avec Université Général Lansana Conté de Sonfonia-Conakry Ecole Doctorale en Sciences Humaines et Sociales Option : Espace, Temps et Sociétés en Afrique Subsaharienne Présentée par Arsène CAMARA Soutenue à Conakry le 20 Février 2020 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Histoire, Sociétés et Civilisations Changement Social chez les Peuls du Fuuta-Jaloo, de 1920 à nos jours : du Pastoralisme au Commerce. Thèse dirigée par : Monsieur Robert-Edmond ZIAVOULA Professeur émérite des universités, CESSMA UMR 245, INALCO Monsieur Ismaël BARRY Professeur des universités, co-directeur de thèse, UGLC-Sonfonia MEMBRES DU JURY : M. Robert-Edmond ZIAVOULA Professeur émérite des universités, CESSMA UMR 245, (Géographe) INALCO M. Patrice YENGO Chercheur IMAF-CEA/EHESS, Rapporteur (Anthropologue) M. Joël Maxime MILLIMOUNO Maître de Conférences, Rapporteur (Historien), Université de Kindia M. Ismaël BARRY Professeur des universités, (Historien) UGLC-Sonfonia Mme Djénabou BARRY Professeure des universités, Membre, (Historienne) UGLC-Sonfonia M. Alpha Amadou Bano BARRY Professeur des universités, Membre, (Sociologue) UGLC-Sonfonia 2 SOMMAIRE : PAGE DE COUVERTURE ………………………………………………………………… 1 SOMMAIRE ………………………………………………………………………………… 3 INTRODUCTION GENERALE …………………………………………………………. 11 PREMIERE PARTIE : Démarche Méthodologique et Présentation générale du Fuuta- Jaloo ………………………………………………………………………………………… 28 CHAPITRE I : Méthodologie et Support documentaire de la Recherche ……………... 29 CHAPITRE II : Le Fuuta-Jaloo à l’ère de la théocratie musulmane, 1727-1896 ……... 98 DEUXIEME PARTIE : Le Fuuta-Jaloo entre pressions administratives et fiscales coloniales et le Changement social, à partir de 1896 …………………………………... 139 CHAPITRE III : Mise en place de l’administration et de la Politique fiscale coloniale au Fuuta-Jaloo (1896-1958) ………………............................................................................. 140 CHAPITRE IV : Quelques aspects pertinents du Changement social au Fuuta-Jaloo, depuis 1896 ………………................................................................................................... 192 TROISIEME PARTIE : Développement du Commerce en Guinée ou Comment les Peuls du Fuuta-Jaloo sont-ils devenus commerçants ? ……….................................................. 255 CHAPITRE V : Le Commerce peul entre pression politique fiscale et opportunités économiques des régimes issus de l’Indépendance Guinéenne (1958-2008) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 256 CHAPITRE VI : Du Pastoralisme au Commerce : Itinéraire historico-économique des Peuls pasteurs devenus commerçants …………………………………………………... 339 CONCLUSION GENERALE ………………………………………………………….... 441 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ET SOURCES ……………………………………………………… 452 TABLE DES MATIRES …………………………………………………………………. 486 3 4 DEDICACE : Je dédie cette thèse à ma famille et à mes parents : - A ma très chère épouse, Madame Camara née Aïssata SOUMAH, qui a su avec patience et dignité accepter cette longue absence pour raison de formation. Egalement pour l’amour, l’attention et le soutien moral inestimable dont elle m’a gratifié, surtout à des moments où la nécessité se posait. - A mes enfants, Louis-Christophe CAMARA et Henry-Laurent CAMARA, pour leur attachement à mon égard et pour tous les moments qu’ils m’ont procuré le sourire. Leur présence dans ma vie a boosté et galvanisé mon courage et mes efforts. Papa vous aime ! - A la mémoire de ma regrettée mère, Irène Foulé CAMARA, pour tous les sacrifices qu’elle a consentis de son vivant en faveur de ma scolarisation et de mon éducation. Sans son courage et son soutien, je n’aurais jamais pu atteindre ce stade de formation académique. Que son âme repose en paix. Amen ! 5 REMERCIEMMENTS : La réalisation de ce travail est la résultante d’une conjugaison de connaissances, d’efforts et d’échanges avec les encadreurs, des collègues, des parents et amis qui, avec leur recul, te soustraient du cercle souvent « abstrait et mystérieux » de la thèse. Ainsi, si ce travail a quelque mérite que ce soit, je le dois à la contribution et au concours de toutes les personnes qui ont bien voulu m’apporter leur soutien, et à l’adresse desquelles j’exprime tous mes sentiments de reconnaissance et de gratitude. Tout d’abord, j’exprime ma profonde gratitude à Messieurs Robert-Edmond ZIAVOULA (Professeur émérite des universités) et Ismaël BARRY (Professeur des universités) qui ont conjointement accepté de diriger cette thèse. Je leur remercie pour la chance qu’ils m’ont offerte de pouvoir la mener à bout, en me soutenant pédagogiquement, moralement et administrativement durant toutes ces années. Ils ont toujours suivi avec exigence et rigueur la réalisation de mes travaux de recherche ; qu'ils en soient tous remerciés pour leur constante disponibilité et leurs précieux conseils qui m’ont permis de m’améliorer chaque jour. J’adresse mes sentiments de reconnaissance aux autorités universitaires de Sonfonia et de l’INALCO qui ont permis et facilité mon séjour en France à travers la matérialisation d’une Convention de cotutelle internationale ; je pense notamment au Pr Mamadi KOUROUMA, Professeur émérite et ancien Recteur de l’Université de Sonfonia, qui a personnellement et financièrement soutenu mon projet de thèse. Je remercie très sincèrement, tout le personnel du Secrétariat de l’Ecole doctorale n°265 de l’INALCO, notamment Madame Cécile CORNIQUEL, et tout le personnel de l’unité de recherche du CESSMA, pour l’accueil, l’accompagnement administratif et financier qui m’ont permis de poursuivre mon cursus doctoral sur le territoire français et d’effectuer mes enquêtes de terrain aussi bien en France, en Guinée et au Sénégal. Je remercie également tous nos formateurs de l’Ecole Doctorale en Sciences Humaines et Sociales de l’Université de Sonfonia, notamment Dr Mohamed Campel CAMARA, Pr Djénabou BARRY et Pr Moustapha DIOP, pour leurs conseils et leurs suggestions à travers nos multiples échanges. Qu’ils retrouvent entre ces lignes, l’expression de ma profonde gratitude et de ma réelle satisfaction pour le sérieux, la qualité et la richesse de nos échanges pédagogiques. Pour consolider cette thèse, je suis allé à la quête de sources d’archives et de sources orales dont l’accès m’a été rendu possible par l’apport de certaines personnes. Ainsi, je remercie tous mes informateurs (commerçants, opérateurs économiques, éleveurs, notables, 6 administrateurs de marchés, etc.) du Fuuta-Jaloo, de Conakry, de Dabola, de Kindia et de Dakar, pour leur contribution essentielle à la réalisation de ce travail, pour leur hospitalité et leur disponibilité. Je remercie également tous les traducteurs dont le concours m’a facilité la collecte des informations auprès des personnes ressources. Mes sentiments de gratitude vont également à l’endroit de ma famille, de mes frères et sœurs, et de mes amis. Je pense tout d’abord à mon père, Ernest Tabor CAMARA, malade et alité depuis plusieurs années, pour qui la présentation de mon diplôme constituera une source de soulagement et de réconfort. Je pense ensuite à mes sœurs, Marie-Augustine CAMARA et Simone-Eugénie CAMARA, à mon frère Alfred-Jacob CAMARA, et à mon beau-frère Mahmoud SOUMAH, pour leur soutien inestimable. Que l’âme de mon frère, Louis-Blaise CAMARA, repose en paix. Amen ! Je remercie particulièrement mes amis Laurent et Christine BOUVET (à Montigny-le- Bretonneux – France) pour tous les services rendus à chaque fois que mes besoins se faisaient sentir. Enfin, à toutes les personnes de bonne volonté qui ont bien voulu garder l’anonymat, j’exprime ma profonde gratitude pour leurs contributions diverses et obligeantes à la conception et à la réalisation de cette thèse. L’ensemble de tous ces efforts m’ont permis de réaliser un rêve d’adolescent qui m’a longtemps habité. 7 SIGLES ET ACRONYMES : AEF : Afrique Equatoriale Française AGV : Amicale Gilbert Vieillard ANG : Archives Nationales de Guinée ANOM : Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer ANS : Archives Nationales du Sénégal AOF : Afrique Occidentale Francophone BAG : Bloc Africain de Guinée BAO : Banque de l’Afrique Occidentale BARAF : Bureau d’Aide à la Reconversion des Anciens Fonctionnaires BCRG : Banque Centrale de la République de Guinée BIAG : Banque Internationale d’Afrique et de Guinée BICIGUI : Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l’Industrie en Guinée BSD : Bureau de Stratégie et de Développement BULAC : Bibliothèque Universitaire des Langues et Civilisations CEDEAO : Communauté Economique des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest CEDUST : Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation Universitaire pour la Science et la Technologie CESSMA : Centre d’Etudes en Sciences Sociales des Mondes Africain, Américain et Asiatique CFAO : Compagnie Française d’Afrique de l’Ouest CGCE : Comptoir Guinéen du Commerce Extérieur CGCI : Comptoir Guinéen du Commerce Intérieur CMR : Centre de Modernisation Rurale CMRN : Comité Militaire de Redressement National CRD : Commune Rurale de Développement DSG : Démocratie Socialiste de Guinée DDI : Demande Descriptive d’Importation FAC : Fermes Agricoles Communales FAPA : Fermes Agro-pastorales d’Arrondissement FAO : Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (sigle anglais) FIDES : Fonds d'Investissement pour le Développement Economique et Social FMI : Fond Monétaire International 8 FRPC : Facilité pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté et la Croissance GOHA : Groupe Organisé des Hommes d’Affaires IES : Institution d’Enseignement
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