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Ka Pili Kai • Ho‘Oilo 2018 Volume 1 • Number 1

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Ka Pili Kai • Ho‘Oilo 2018 Volume 1 • Number 1 KaALL THINGSPili RELATED TO THE SEA ∙ VOL 1, NO 1 ∙ HO‘OILOKai 2018 Embracing knowledge from generations past and present A publication of Hawai‘i Sea Grant at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Ka Pili Kai • Ho‘oilo 2018 Volume 1 • Number 1 Ka Pili Kai (ISSN 1550-641X) is published WELCOME TO OUR INAUGURAL ISSUE OF THE NEW KA PILI KAI! quarterly by the University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program (Hawai‘i For our dedicated readers who have been receiving and Sea Grant), School of Ocean and Earth reading our quarterly magazine for many years, mahalo for embarking Science and Technology (SOEST). Hawai‘i on this new adventure with us and a big ʻohana welcome to all our new Sea Grant is a unique partnership of readers. ʻOhana, meaning family, aptly describes the relationships we university, government, and industry, focusing on marine have built with our communities and partners, who are at the heart of why research, education, and advisory/extension services. we have been working so passionately since we opened our doors in 1968. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program The title of the magazine, Ka Pili Kai, or “all things related to the 2525 Correa Road, HIG 208 sea,” has deep meaning for the work we do, so much so that we were Honolulu, HI 96822 determined to maintain the name even while being inspired by the start of our 50th anniversary celebrations to rethink how we present stories Director and information. During our early years between 1968, when we opened Darren T. Lerner, PhD Contents our doors, and 1972, when we achieved college program status, the Communications Leader foundation on which we stand today was built. Cindy Knapman We are celebrating these milestone years with special tributes during THE RETURN OF KŪ‘ULA Assistant Communications Leader 2018 to 2022, and our new Ka Pili Kai marks the first of these. Stay tuned to 1 RESTORATION OF HAWAIIAN FISHPONDS Heather Dudock learn about what we have planned for the upcoming years! BY JOSH MCDANIEL The Hawaiian calendar has two main seasons lasting approximately VOYAGES OF REDISCOVERY AND DISCOVERY Ka Pili Kai six months each. Recognizing the importance of the Hawaiian calendar 9 by RANDOLPH FILLMORE Editorial Team and seasonal change, moving forward you will notice on the cover of Cindy Knapman the magazine, the word Ho‘oilo, for the wetter, colder half of the year in Rachel Lentz Hawai‘i, or Kau, which marks the start of the warmer summer months. In TOE TIMATA ‘UPEGA O LE GĀTAIFALE Maya Walton each issue you will find our calendar of events appearing on the last two 17 RE-FORGING OLD TIES WITH THE SEA pages and more details on the intricacies of the environment and the lunar by MEGHAN MINER MURRAY Layout and Design Heather Dudock phases which have guided Hawaiians for thousands of years. WRITING THE BOOK ON REEF FISH Contributing Writers This inaugural issue is of particular importance in its celebration of 25 by ILIMA LOOMIS Participants of the 2016 Hui Mālama Loko Iʻa gathering visit Kaloko fishpond, James Brancho people and place across the Pacific region, our deep connection to all Hawaiʻi Island. Kaloko has been described as having the widest, most massive Jackie Dudock things related to the sea, and the imperative to learn from and embrace fishpond wall in Hawaiʻi. Photo: Heather Dudock Randolph Fillmore knowledge from generations past and present. WOVEN APPROACHES Ilima Loomis 27 UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS Josh McDaniel Me ke aloha pumehana, OF COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT IN HĀʻENA BOOK REVIEW: Meghan Miner Murray (With warm regards) AFTER THE FLOODS 31 by MEHANA BLAICH VAUGHAN KAIĀULU GATHERING TIDES Outreach Publication Photographer by JACKIE DUDOCK Andre P. Seale Postage paid at Honolulu, HI PUAKEA NOGELMEIER ON THE COVER: Coastline of Vaiava 33 THE CONSUMMATE KUMU Postmaster: Send address changes to: Natural National Monument in Vatia Bay, by JAMES BRANCHO Ka Pili Kai, 2525 Correa Road, HIG 208 Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Photo: Honolulu, HI 96822 (808) 956-7410; fax: (808) 956-3014 Andre P. Seale/ University of Hawaiʻi. [email protected] OLD NEWSPAPERS, NEW LESSONS 35 by JAMES BRANCHO hawaiiseagrant.org ABOUT THE PHOTOGRAPHER: Andre P. Seale is an Assistant Researcher The University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant Program was established in 1968 and designated a Sea Grant College at the Department of Human Nutrition HULI ‘IA in 1972, following the National Sea Grant College and Food and Animal Sciences, CTAHR, UH. 37 OBSERVING THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE Program Act of 1966. He is also an award-winning wildlife and by PELIKA ANDRADE underwater photographer with over 25 Ka Pili Kai is funded by a grant from the National years of experience. More of his images Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, project C/ CALENDAR OF EVENTS CC-1, sponsored by the University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant may be seen at www.artesub.com. 39 College Program/SOEST, under Institutional Grant No. NA18OAR4170076 from the NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Canoes and boats greet the Hōkūleʻa as she sails towards Magic Department of Commerce. The views expressed herein Subscribe to Ka Pili Kai Island, Oʻahu for Mālama Honua Homecoming, June 17, 2017. are those of the authors only. Visit: seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/resources/ka-pili-kai Photo: Cindy Knapman UNIHI-SEAGRANT-NP-17-05 THE RETURN OF RESTORATION OF HAWAIIAN FISHPONDS by JOSH MCDANIEL According to Hawaiian moʻolelo (oral traditions), Integrated Science, Knowledge, and Culture, believes Kūʻula built the first Hawaiian fishpond, or loko iʻa, Kūʻula may have been a god but also a real person on the island of Maui. Kūʻula was a fisherman of rare who had deep knowledge of fish behavior and coastal skill who is described as having supernatural powers ecosystems based on observation and experience. for directing and controlling fish. He was said to be able to summon fish at will, and is venerated as the “Kūʻula understood that by building a fishpond Hawaiian god of fishing. where freshwater streams met the ocean, he could capture brackish water and stimulate beneficial Rosie Alegado, an assistant professor in eutrophication,” Alegado said. “He constructed the the University of Hawai‘i School of Ocean and fishpond to attract and capture juvenile fish, such as Earth Science and Technology’s Department of ʻamaʻama [mullet] and awa [milkfish], which thrive in Oceanography and director of the University of estuaries where they feed on plankton.” Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program Center for Aerial image of Haleolono loko i‘a (fishpond) located within the ‘ili (section of land within an ahupua‘a), Honohononui, Hawaiʻi Island. Photo: Likeke Teanio, courtesy of Kalāho‘ohie Mossman. Located in Heʻeia Uli on the island of Oʻahu, Heʻeia Fishpond is a kuapā (walled) style fishpond enclosing 88 acres of brackish water. It includes six mākāhā (sluice gates) and its kuapā is possibly the longest in the island chain measuring about 1.3 miles long and forms a complete circle around the pond. Photo courtesy of Paepae o Heʻeia. Fishponds were a key part of the Hawaiian Loko kuapā have distinctive sluice gates, or divisions that are roughly equivalent to a watershed). fishponds across the Hawaiian islands prior to contact food production system for hundreds of years, mākāhā, which are unique to Hawaiʻi. Mākāhā Ahupuaʻa were controlled by a konohiki, or headman, with westerners. An inventory in 1901 identified but declined in use dramatically after contact are made of small tree branches about 1⁄2 inch in who among many other duties, controlled fishing 360 fishponds, only 99 of which were active, with with westerners and the subsequent cultural and diameter lashed together to form a grate within the rights and led the construction of fishponds. The an estimated annual production of about 486,000 socioeconomic changes and shifts in land use. sluice channels that connect the pond to the sea. The kiaʻi loko, or caretaker of the fishpond, lived at the pounds of ʻamaʻama and 194,000 pounds of awa. mākāhā allows fingerlings, or juvenile fish, to enter pond and was responsible for closely monitoring Fishponds disappeared dramatically during the Today, the spirit of Kūʻula is being revived in a the pond and fatten up on the abundant seaweed and and protecting the stocks from poachers. At the twentieth century. Westernization, development, and growing movement to restore fishponds across algae, but retains grown fish that are then too large konohiki’s request, the kiaʻi loko harvested fish from changes in land use, especially the spread of invasive the islands. Fishpond practitioners are combining to pass through the grate and return to the open the pond. Beyond the management of the fish stocks, mangrove and sediment accumulation from lack of western science with traditional culture and ocean. Mature fish congregate on the pond side of accumulation of silt was a perpetual challenge. When management, were the biggest factors, but fishponds knowledge to develop fishpond practices that are the mākāhā during incoming tide and on the ocean sediment became a problem, the kiaʻi loko would were also lost to lava flows and tsunamis. adaptable to today’s sustainability challenges. side during outgoing tide. This makes for easy harvest organize members of the ahupuaʻa to rake the pond with dip nets. bottom and move the silt and sediment near the There is an expanding movement to restore A Uniquely Hawaiian Invention mākāhā where it could be flushed out with outgoing fishponds as a way to grow food and educate The distinctive, rock-walled fishpond, or loko kuapā, While loko kuapā are the most common fishponds, tides. A person had to be immensely knowledgeable communities about culture and history.
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