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Home , Aft, Backstay, Barque, Barquentine, Bermuda rig, Bolt rope

Types of Rigs

Rigs and

Rigging Gaff

Toronto Schooner Brigantine

Barque Fully Rigged

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Gaff Rig vs Marconi () Rig Sloop

• One • Fore and rigged • One • This is the most commonly seen rig Bermuda rigged sail Gaff rigged sail these days Spray – sailed around the world in -Sail only has one -Sail has a peak and a 1895 by , who wrote - Less sail area -Greater sail area for same height “ Alone Around the World” - Easier to set -Requires more people to set

3 4 Cutter Schooner

• One mast • Two or more masts • Fore and aft rigged • Rigged Fore and Aft • Forward mast is shorter or • More than one headsail, usually with a equal to after mast(s) headrig as well • Can be gaff rigged – Bluenose • Can be – Challenge • Grand Banks Fishing Schooner

Bluenose II maiden voyage 1963 Maurice Crosby

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Topsail Schooner Ketch

• Two or more masts • Two masts • Gaff rigged on all • Fore and aft rigged lower masts, square sails on some masts • Mizzen mast forward of • A version with raked masts, the post (mizzen called the Baltimore provides some drive) , was much favoured by privateersmen • Aft mast is shorter than in the (Pride of the forward mast Baltimore II) (compare to Schooner) Ketch in Stormy Weather V. Howes 1896

http://www.pride2.org/history/index.php

7 8 Yawl

• Two masts • Three or more • Fore and Aft rigged masts • Mizzen mast aft of the • All masts except rudder post (mizzen is aftermost are mostly for square rigged steering/balance) • Aft mast is shorter than the forward mast (compare to Schooner)

http://joshuaslocum.net/books/sailing_alone_around_the_world/index.html

Spray – re-rigged as a yawl http://radio.weblogs.com/0124811/images/2003/11/10/Picton%20Castle%20rear%20quarter.jpg by Joshua Slocum

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Barquentine Brig

• Three or more • Two masts masts • Both square rigged • Foremast square • US Brig Niagara – rigged, other War of 1812 (Lake masts fore and aft Erie) rigged

Gazela – built in 1901 to transport Portuguese fisherman to the Grandbanks Last fishing voyage was in 1969

Now sails the eastern seaboard as an http://www.hnsa.org/ships/niagara.htm STV US Brig Niagara

11 12 Brigantine Fully Rigged Ship

• Two masts • Three or more masts • Fore mast square • All masts square rigged rigged • A true “ship” • Main mast fore and aft rigged

Irving Johnson

Cutty Sark

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Other Rigs Other Rigs

• There are countless variations on these • Grand Haven Rig: – This one developed in the Great Lakes, it is a 3- basic rigs which have developed masted schooner with the Main removed, and ’ls throughout the world. set between fore and mizzen. It resembles a large ketch, the spacing provides more space for cargo.

www.schoonerman.com

15 16 Other Rigs Other Rigs • Bald-headed: – This can refer to and which do • Jackass Barque: – This term could mean many not cross Royals as well as with things and was used to refer no to rigs that didn’t fit the basic definitions. – The Olympic was one such variation, with two square rigged masts followed by two fore and aft masts

Bald-headed schooner AJ Meerwald

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Spars Main lower mast Main Square vs Fore and Aft Sails Fore lower mast Fore topmast Topsail Square Fore and Aft yard Main • Perform best sailing • Better at sailing Gaff Mainstay sail boom downwind upwind compared to Sails • Requires many crew square sails. Why? members • Requires fewer crew Jibtop Main stay sail • Designed for ocean to handle sails Main Course crossings, following • Best suited to coastal Topsail tradewinds sailing, not ocean Fisherman crossing

19 20 Standing vs. Running Jibtop stay Jib stay Fore stay • Upper bob stay Lower Bob stay –lines, wires, or rods which are more or less Whisker stay Fore topmast shrouds fixed in permanent position while the is Fore mast shrouds Main mast shrouds under sail stay Triatic –What are some examples? Fisherman stay Main stay • Fore topmast capstay Main topmast capstay –lines or wires that are moved or adjusted Running while under sail Baggy wrinkle –What are some examples?

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4 1. Foot Tuning the Rig 2. Luff 3. Leach 3 9 4. Head 3 • All components of the rig are connected! 5. Peak 6. Throat • For the best performance under sail spars must 7. 8 1 8 be sitting in the best position, and stays and 8. Clew 4 shrouds must be at the appropriate tension. 9. 5 • Start with the lower masts and work up and out towards the topmasts and bowsprit 4 2 • Rigging officer should the tune of the rig 6 3 3 daily while under sail and adjust when necessary, and major rig tuning should be done 2 several times a summer 8 1 8 7 7 1

23 24 Sail Theory – How a sail works Sail Theory – How a sail works

• Downwind: • Upwind: Bernoulli’s Principle -sail merely traps -Windward side = high pressure the -Leeward side = low pressure -boat is being • Sail is sucked towards the low pressure, pulling the boat pushed forward forward Fast

Low

Slow High

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Sail Construction Sail Cloth Traditional • Traditional sail cloth was natural fibre – • Sail is designed by the sail maker – requires many years of experience and is considered an , linen, (hemp) art form - subject to mildew and rot • Sail dimensions are drawn full scale on the floor - stretches and looses shape of a loft – this is called lofting • Modern sail cloth is synthetic fibre Modern - racing use carbon fibre sails – very • Sail is designed and modeled on computer to get optimal performance expensive W ho m - Our use synthetic TB akes I’s s ails?

27 28 Sail Panel Seams and Stitching

• Sailcloth comes • Sails were traditionally sewn by hand in specified • Panels sewn together using double or widths triple stitching • 23 or 24 inches

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Bolt Tabling

• Rope sewn around the edge of the sail • strip of sailcloth sewn around the - reinforces the sail edge of a sail to reinforce where the bolt - prevents it from fraying rope is attached

31 32 Grommet

• A ring formed by laying up a single strand • A short piece of rope worked grommet of rope three times fashion into the & containing a • Traditionally used to fasten the upper edge metal thimble or luff of a sail to its stay

The Oxford Companion to Ships and the

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Hank Roach

• The small ring, hoop or clasp of metal by • Curve in the leech or foot of a sail which the luff of a jib or is bent on • Why do the square sails have a roach at to a stay the foot? • Fore and aft sails such as a gaff rigged sail can also have a roach

35 36 Tumbler Lacing

• Piece of wood bolted • Line used to lash the foot, head or luff of a between the gaff jaws that rests against the sail to the boom, gaff or mast mast • Line used to lash the foot of the sail to the • Tumbler pivots between the jaws allowing the boom would be called the main foot lacing gaff to be raised (and lowered) smoothly up the mast • Allows the gaff to pivot when the gaff is peaked up

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Gaskets Mitre Seam

• Lines or strips of sail cloth used to secure • A seam in a sail (often a sail when furled to a yard or boom on head sails) that joins panels of cloth that are roughly perpendicular to each other • On a headsail the reinforced seam runs Mitre seam from the clew to the luff and helps to distribute the load at the clew

http://www.sailingbreezes.com/Sailing_Breezes_Current/articles/July04/PanelPt1.htm

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• Large wooden beads threaded on line used to fittings or irons to the mast • Used to hold gaff jaws close to the mast • Beads allow the line to easily slide down the mast

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