Types of Rigs Rigs and Rigging Sloop Ketch Yawl Gaff Cutter Schooner Toronto Brigantine Topsail Schooner Brig Brigantine Barque Barquentine Fully Rigged Ship 1 2 Gaff Rig vs Marconi (Bermuda) Rig Sloop • One mast • Fore and aft rigged • One head sail • This is the most commonly seen rig Bermuda rigged sail Gaff rigged sail these days Spray – sailed around the world in -Sail only has one halyard -Sail has a peak and a throat halyard 1895 by Joshua Slocum, who wrote - Less sail area -Greater sail area for same height “Sailing Alone Around the World” - Easier to set -Requires more people to set 3 4 Cutter Schooner • One mast • Two or more masts • Fore and aft rigged • Rigged Fore and Aft • Forward mast is shorter or • More than one headsail, usually with a equal to after mast(s) headrig as well • Can be gaff rigged – Bluenose • Can be Bermuda rig – Challenge • Grand Banks Fishing Schooner Bluenose II maiden voyage 1963 Maurice Crosby 5 6 Topsail Schooner Ketch • Two or more masts • Two masts • Gaff rigged sails on all • Fore and aft rigged lower masts, square sails on some masts • Mizzen mast forward of • A version with raked masts, the rudder post (mizzen called the Baltimore provides some drive) Clipper, was much favoured by privateersmen • Aft mast is shorter than in the War of 1812 (Pride of the forward mast Baltimore II) (compare to Schooner) Ketch in Stormy Weather V. Howes 1896 http://www.pride2.org/history/index.php 7 8 Yawl Barque • Two masts • Three or more • Fore and Aft rigged masts • Mizzen mast aft of the • All masts except rudder post (mizzen is aftermost are mostly for square rigged steering/balance) • Aft mast is shorter than the forward mast (compare to Schooner) http://joshuaslocum.net/books/sailing_alone_around_the_world/index.html Spray – re-rigged as a yawl http://radio.weblogs.com/0124811/images/2003/11/10/Picton%20Castle%20rear%20quarter.jpg by Joshua Slocum 9 10 Barquentine Brig • Three or more • Two masts masts • Both square rigged • Foremast square • US Brig Niagara – rigged, other War of 1812 (Lake masts fore and aft Erie) rigged Gazela – built in 1901 to transport Portuguese fisherman to the Grandbanks Last fishing voyage was in 1969 Now sails the eastern seaboard as an http://www.hnsa.org/ships/niagara.htm STV US Brig Niagara 11 12 Brigantine Fully Rigged Ship • Two masts • Three or more masts • Fore mast square • All masts square rigged rigged • A true “ship” • Main mast fore and aft rigged Irving Johnson Cutty Sark 13 14 Other Rigs Other Rigs • There are countless variations on these • Grand Haven Rig: – This one developed in the Great Lakes, it is a 3- basic rigs which have developed masted schooner with the Main removed, and stays’ls throughout the world. set between fore and mizzen. It resembles a large ketch, the spacing provides more space for deck cargo. www.schoonerman.com 15 16 Other Rigs Other Rigs • Bald-headed: – This can refer to Barques and Ships which do • Jackass Barque: – This term could mean many not cross Royals as well as Schooners with things and was used to refer no topmasts to rigs that didn’t fit the basic definitions. – The Olympic was one such variation, with two square rigged masts followed by two fore and aft masts Bald-headed schooner AJ Meerwald 17 18 Spars Main lower mast Main topmast Square vs Fore and Aft Sails Fore lower mast Fore topmast Bowsprit Topsail yard Square Fore and Aft Course yard Main boom • Perform best sailing • Better at sailing Gaff Mainstay sail boom downwind upwind compared to Sails • Requires many crew square sails. Why? Jib members • Requires fewer crew Jibtop Main stay sail • Designed for ocean to handle sails Main Course crossings, following • Best suited to coastal Topsail tradewinds sailing, not ocean Fisherman crossing 19 20 Standing vs. Running Rigging Jibtop stay Jib stay Fore stay • Standing Rigging Upper bob stay Lower Bob stay –lines, wires, or rods which are more or less Whisker stay Fore topmast shrouds fixed in permanent position while the boat is Fore mast shrouds Main mast shrouds under sail Spreader stay Triatic –What are some examples? Fisherman stay Main stay • Running Rigging Fore topmast capstay Main topmast capstay –lines or wires that are moved or adjusted Running backstay while under sail Baggy wrinkle –What are some examples? 21 22 4 1. Foot Tuning the Rig 2. Luff 3. Leach 3 9 4. Head 3 • All components of the rig are connected! 5. Peak 6. Throat • For the best performance under sail spars must 7. Tack 8 1 8 be sitting in the best position, and stays and 8. Clew 4 shrouds must be at the appropriate tension. 9. Bunt 5 • Start with the lower masts and work up and out towards the topmasts and bowsprit 4 2 • Rigging officer should monitor the tune of the rig 6 3 3 daily while under sail and adjust when necessary, and major rig tuning should be done 2 several times a summer 8 1 8 7 7 1 23 24 Sail Theory – How a sail works Sail Theory – How a sail works • Downwind: • Upwind: Bernoulli’s Principle -sail merely traps -Windward side = high pressure the wind -Leeward side = low pressure -boat is being • Sail is sucked towards the low pressure, pulling the boat pushed forward forward Fast Low Slow High 25 26 Sail Construction Sail Cloth Traditional • Traditional sail cloth was natural fibre – • Sail is designed by the sail maker – requires many years of experience and is considered an cotton, linen, canvas (hemp) art form - subject to mildew and rot • Sail dimensions are drawn full scale on the floor - stretches and looses shape of a loft – this is called lofting • Modern sail cloth is synthetic fibre Modern - racing boats use carbon fibre sails – very • Sail is designed and modeled on computer to get optimal performance expensive W ho m - Our Brigantines use synthetic sailcloth TB akes I’s s ails? 27 28 Sail Panel Seams and Stitching • Sailcloth comes • Sails were traditionally sewn by hand in specified • Panels sewn together using double or widths triple stitching • 23 or 24 inches 29 30 Bolt Rope Tabling • Rope sewn around the edge of the sail • Extra strip of sailcloth sewn around the - reinforces the sail edge of a sail to reinforce where the bolt - prevents it from fraying rope is attached 31 32 Grommet Cringle • A ring formed by laying up a single strand • A short piece of rope worked grommet of rope three times fashion into the bolt rope & containing a • Traditionally used to fasten the upper edge metal thimble or luff of a sail to its stay The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea 33 34 Hank Roach • The small ring, hoop or clasp of metal by • Curve in the leech or foot of a sail which the luff of a jib or staysail is bent on • Why do the square sails have a roach at to a stay the foot? • Fore and aft sails such as a gaff rigged sail can also have a roach 35 36 Tumbler Lacing • Piece of wood bolted • Line used to lash the foot, head or luff of a between the gaff jaws that rests against the sail to the boom, gaff or mast mast • Line used to lash the foot of the sail to the • Tumbler pivots between the jaws allowing the boom would be called the main foot lacing gaff to be raised (and lowered) smoothly up the mast • Allows the gaff to pivot when the gaff is peaked up 37 38 Gaskets Mitre Seam • Lines or strips of sail cloth used to secure • A seam in a sail (often a sail when furled to a yard or boom on head sails) that joins panels of cloth that are roughly perpendicular to each other • On a headsail the reinforced seam runs Mitre seam from the clew to the luff and helps to distribute the load at the clew http://www.sailingbreezes.com/Sailing_Breezes_Current/articles/July04/PanelPt1.htm 39 40 Parrel Beads • Large wooden beads threaded on line used to hold fittings or irons to the mast • Used to hold gaff jaws close to the mast • Beads allow the line to easily slide down the mast 41 42 43 44 1 2.