DOCSLIB.ORG

THE BLACK EXPERIENCE in AMERICA Published Electronically by Its Author, Norman Coombs, and Project Gutenberg

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE BLACK EXPERIENCE in AMERICA Published Electronically by Its Author, Norman Coombs, and Project Gutenberg [pg/etext93/blexp10.txt] THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA Published electronically by its author, Norman Coombs, and Project Gutenberg. (C 1993) by Norman Coombs This text is claimed under copyright to protect it's integrity, and therefore you are required to pass it on intact, but you may make changes to your own copy. This text may be shared in whole or in part so long as this header is included. It may be quoted freely so long as its othorship is properly credited. As the book is out of print, the author has chosen to make it freely available. We want to know of any mistakes you find, so we can correct them in text editions to come. Send corrections to Norman Coombs. His email addresses are: [email protected] or internet [email protected]. Neither Prof. Hart nor Project Gutenberg nor Norman Coombs has any official connection with the University of Illinois. This text is based on the original publication: THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA The Immigrant Heritage of America By Norman Coombs Publisher: Twayne, (c 1972) Contents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction (ommitted from electronic version) PART ONE From Freedom to Slavery 1. African Origins The Human Cradle West African Empires The Culture of West Africa 2, The Human Market The Slave Trade Caribbean Interlude 3. Slavery As Capitalism The Shape of American Slavery North American and South American Slavery Slavery and the Formation of Character Slave Response 4. All Men Are Created Equal Slavery and the American Revolution Slave Insurrections Growing Racism Part Two. Emancipation without Freedom 5. A Nation Divided Black Moderates and Militants White Liberals Growth of Extremism 6. From Slavery to Segregation Blue, Gray, and Black Reconstruction and Its Failure The New Racism 7. Racism and Democracy Fighting Jim Crow Making the World Safe for Democracy Urban Riots The Klan Revival Part Three. The Search For Equality 8. The Crisis of Leadership The Debate Over Means and Ends Booker T. Washington: The Trumpet of Conciliation W. E. B. DuBois: The Trumpet of Confrontation Marcus Garvey: The Trumpet of Pride A. Philip Randolph: The Trumpet of Mobilization 9. The New Negro Immigration and Migration Harlem: "The Promised Land" The Negro Renaissance Black Nationalism 10. Fighting Racism at Home and Abroad Hard Times Again The Second World War The U.S. and the U.N. 11. Civil Rights and Civil Disobedience Schools and Courts The Civil Rights Movement 12. The Black Revolt Civil Disorders Black Power Epilogue Notes and References (ommitted from electronic version) Bibliography (ommitted from electronic version) Index (ommitted from electronic version) Preface During the last several years, the study of American history has turned a new direction. Previously, it emphasized how the various immigrant groups inAmerica shed their divergent heritages and amalgamated into a new nationality. More recently, scholars and laymen alike have become more sensitive to the ways in which these newcomers have kept aspects from their past alive, and there is a new awareness of the degree to which ethnicity continues as a force within America. Most of the original settlers were British, Protestant, and white. Many of the later arrivals differed from them, in one or more ways. History books usually depicted these new waves of immigrants as assimilating almost fully into American society. However, recent writings have put more stress on the ethnic diversities which remain and on the rich variety of contributions which were made to the American scene by each new nationality. This volume depicts the immigrants from Africa as one among the many elements which created present-day America. On the one hand, they differ from the other minorities because they came involuntarily, suffered the cruelties of slavery, and were of another color. All of this made their experience unique. On the other hand, they shared much in common with the other minorities, many of whom also felt like aliens in their new land. Throughout most of American history, political power has been held tightly by the white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant majority. Historical presentations which stressed the political component, thereby tended to leave the later immigrants in the background. However, because these newcomers did not assimilate fully into the mainstream of America, they maintained some of their ethnic identity and made fresh and unique contributions to American life. A socio-cultural approach to history, through highlighting society and culture rather than politics, brings these minorities into proper focus. This study of Afro-Americans seeks to describe the character and culture which they produced for themselves in America. It also points to the many important contributions which they have made to American cultural life. The spotlight is on what they felt and thought, on the attitudes they developed, and on their increasingly vocal protests against the unfair treatment which they believed was directed at them. Besides taking a socio-cultural approach to the subject, this book is deliberately interpretive rather than being merely a narrative of events. It is reasonably brief in the hope that it will appeal to interested laymen. At the same time, it contains a number of footnotes so that either scholars or laymen, wanting to check their thoughts against the interpretation presented here, can readily use this book as a guide to further reading. (Note the footnotes are not in this electronic version.) If at times the treatment of the white majority seems harsh, it is because, in my opinion, it is still necessary for Americans to take a long, cold look at the chilling facts which have too often been ignored. Yet, times and people do change. Race relations in America are not today what they were a century ago. The progress of history may not be the wide highway moving steadily and smoothly upward as many have believed, but the racial picture in America has altered and will continue to do so- -sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse. Nevertheless, it is only by knowing ourselves that we can intelligently face our crises. I hope that this volume will assist the reader as he struggles with this difficult task. Norman Coombs September, 1971 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep appreciation to the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities and to the Rochester Institute of Technology for providing me with much of the time which made this research possible. I am also indebted to Professors Benjamin Quarles and Merle Curti for kindly reading and commenting on the manuscript. My thanks are also extended to my father, Earl Coombs, for his invaluable assistance in helping with the hours of painstaking research demanded by such a project. Miss Dorothy Ruhl provided the detailed, careful labor necessary to help prepare the manuscript for the printer, and Mrs. Doris Kist performed the demanding task of proofreading it. I also want to thank Cecyle S. Neidle, the editor of the Immigrant Heritage of America series, for her helpful supervision and advice. Finally, I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my wife, Jean, for typing the manuscript, for a host of other miscellaneous tasks and, above all, for her forbearance and encouragement. N. C. Part One From Freedom to Slavery CHAPTER 1 African Origins The Human Cradle THREE and a half centuries of immigration have injected ever-fresh doses of energy and tension into the American bloodstream. As diverse peoples learned to live together, they became a dynamo generating both creativity and conflict. One of the most diverse elements in American life was introduced when Africans were forcibly brought to the American colonies. The American experiment had begun and consisted mainly of white men with a European heritage. The African was of a different color, had a different language, a different religion, and had an entirely different world view. But perhaps the most striking contrast was that, while the European came voluntarily in search of greater individual opportunity, the African came in chains. Because the European was the master and thereby the superior in the relationship, he assumed that his heritage was also superior. However, he was mistaken, because the African had a rich heritage of importance both to himself and to mankind. When people interact intimately over a long period of time, the influences are reciprocal. This is true even when their relationship is that of master and slave. To trace the importance of the African heritage one must go back millions of years. Evidence is accumulating to the effect that Africa is the cradle of mankind. Professor Louis Leakey argues that Africa was important in the development of mankind in three ways. First, some thirty or forty million years ago, the basic stock which eventually gave rise to both man and the ape came into existence in the vicinity of the Nile Valley. Second, some twelve or fourteen million years ago, the main branch which was to lead to the development of man broke away from the branch leading to the ape. Third, about two million years ago, in the vicinity of East Africa, true man broke away from his now extinct manlike cousins. The present species of man-Homo Sapiens--developed through a complex process of natural selection from a large number of different manlike creatures-hominids. One of the most numerous of the early hominids was Australopithecus Africanus who originated in Africa. Although he also did some hunting, he lived mainly by collecting and eating vegetables. One of the things that identified him as a man was his utilization of primitive tools. He had a pointed stone which may have been used to sharpen sticks, and these sticks were probably used for digging roots to augment his food supply.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RELIGIOSITY and REFORM in OBERLIN, OHIO, 1833-1859 Matthew Inh Tz Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2012 PARADISE FOUND: RELIGIOSITY AND REFORM IN OBERLIN, OHIO, 1833-1859 Matthew inH tz Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Hintz, Matthew, "PARADISE FOUND: RELIGIOSITY AND REFORM IN OBERLIN, OHIO, 1833-1859" (2012). All Theses. 1338. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1338 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PARADISE FOUND: RELIGIOSITY AND REFORM IN OBERLIN, OHIO, 1833-1859 A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of the Arts History by Matthew David Hintz May 2012 Accepted by: H. Roger Grant, Committee Chair C. Alan Grubb Orville V. Burton ABSTRACT Founded as a quasi-utopian society by New England evangelists, Oberlin became the central hub of extreme social reform in Ohio’s Western Reserve. Scholars have looked at Oberlin from political and cultural perspectives, but have placed little emphasis on religion. That is to say, although religion is a major highlight of secondary scholarship, few have placed the community appropriately in the dynamic of the East and West social reform movement. Historians have often ignored, or glossed over this important element and how it represented the divergence between traditional orthodoxy in New England and Middle-Atlantic states, and the new religious hybrids found in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • The Second Raid on Harpers Ferry, July 29, 1899
    THE SECOND RAID ON HARPERS FERRY, JULY 29, 1899: THE OTHER BODIES THAT LAY A'MOULDERING IN THEIR GRAVES Gordon L. Iseminger University of North Dakota he first raid on Harpers Ferry, launched by John Brown and twenty-one men on October 16, 1859, ended in failure. The sec- ond raid on Harpers Ferry, a signal success and the subject of this article, was carried out by three men on July 29, 1899.' Many people have heard of the first raid and are aware of its significance in our nation's history. Perhaps as many are familiar with the words and tune of "John Brown's Body," the song that became popular in the North shortly after Brown was hanged in 1859 and that memorialized him as a martyr for the abolitionist cause. Few people have heard about the second raid on Harpers Ferry. Nor do many know why the raid was carried out, and why it, too, reflects significantly on American history. Bordering Virginia, where Harpers Ferry was located, Pennsylvania and Maryland figured in both the first and second raids. The abolitionist movement was strong in Pennsylvania, and Brown had many supporters among its members. Once tend- ing to the Democratic Party because of the democratic nature of PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY: A JOURNAL OF MID-ATLANTIC STUDIES, VOL. 7 1, NO. 2, 2004. Copyright © 2004 The Pennsylvania Historical Association PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY the state's western and immigrant citizens, Pennsylvania slowly gravitated toward the Republican Party as antislavery sentiment became stronger, and the state voted the Lincoln ticket in i 86o.
    [Show full text]
  • John Anderson Copeland, Jr
    GO TO LIST OF PEOPLE INVOLVED IN HARPERS FERRY VARIOUS PERSONAGES INVOLVED IN THE FOMENTING OF RACE WAR (RATHER THAN CIVIL WAR) IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HDT WHAT? INDEX RACE WAR NOT CIVIL WAR John Anderson Copeland, Jr. was trapped along with his uncle Lewis Sheridan Leary and John Henry Kagi in “Hall’s Rifle Works” at the Harpers Ferry armory. When the three men made a run for the Shenandoah River they were trapped in a crossfire, but after Kagi had been killed and Leary had been shot several times and placed under arrest, Copeland was able to surrender without having been wounded. He refused to speak during his trial and was hanged with too short a drop and thus strangled slowly. On December 29, when a crowd of 3,000 would attend his funeral in his hometown of Oberlin, Ohio, there would be no body to bury, for after his cadaver had been temporarily interred in Charles Town it had been dug up and was in service in the instruction of students at the medical college in Winchester, Virginia. A monument was erected by the citizens of Oberlin in honor of their three fallen free citizens of color, Copeland, Leary, and Shields Green (the 8-foot marble monument would be moved to Vine Street Park in 1971). Judge Parker stated in his story of the trials (St. Louis Globe Democrat, April 8, 1888) that Copeland had been “the prisoner who impressed me best. He was a free negro. He had been educated, and there was a dignity about him that I could not help liking.
    [Show full text]
  • Oberlin and the Fight to End Slavery, 1833-1863
    "Be not conformed to this world": Oberlin and the Fight to End Slavery, 1833-1863 by Joseph Brent Morris This thesis/dissertation document has been electronically approved by the following individuals: Baptist,Edward Eugene (Chairperson) Bensel,Richard F (Minor Member) Parmenter,Jon W (Minor Member) “BE NOT CONFORMED TO THIS WORLD”: OBERLIN AND THE FIGHT TO END SLAVERY, 1833-1863 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Joseph Brent Morris August 2010 © 2010 Joseph Brent Morris “BE NOT CONFORMED TO THIS WORLD”: OBERLIN AND THE FIGHT TO END SLAVERY, 1833-1863 Joseph Brent Morris, Ph. D. Cornell University 2010 This dissertation examines the role of Oberlin (the northern Ohio town and its organically connected college of the same name) in the antislavery struggle. It traces the antislavery origins and development of this Western “hot-bed of abolitionism,” and establishes Oberlin—the community, faculty, students, and alumni—as comprising the core of the antislavery movement in the West and one of the most influential and successful groups of abolitionists in antebellum America. Within two years of its founding, Oberlin’s founders had created a teachers’ college and adopted nearly the entire student body of Lane Seminary, who had been dismissed for their advocacy of immediate abolition. Oberlin became the first institute of higher learning to admit men and women of all races. America's most famous revivalist (Charles Grandison Finney) was among its new faculty as were a host of outspoken proponents of immediate emancipation and social reform.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2017 Christopher A. Howard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    © 2017 Christopher A. Howard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BLACK INSURGENCY: THE BLACK CONVENTION MOVEMENT IN THE ANTEBELLUM UNITED STATES, 1830 – 1865 A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Christopher A. Howard August 2017 BLACK INSURGENCY: THE BLACK CONVENTION MOVEMENT IN THE ANTEBELLUM UNITED STATES, 1830 – 1865 Christopher A. Howard Dissertation Approved: Accepted: _________________________________ _________________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Walter Hixson Dr. Martin Wainwright _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Dr. Elizabeth Mancke Dr. John C. Green _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Executive Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Zachery Williams Dr. Chand Midha _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Kevin Kern _________________________________ Committee Member Dr. Daniel Coffey ii ABSTRACT During the antebellum era, black activists organized themselves into insurgent networks, with the goal of achieving political and racial equality for all black inhabitants of the United States. The Negro Convention Movement, herein referred to as the Black Convention Movement, functioned on state and national levels, as the chief black insurgent network. As radical black rights groups continue to rise in the contemporary era, it is necessary to mine the historical origins that influence these bodies, and provide contexts for understanding their social critiques. This dissertation centers on the agency of the participants, and reveals a black insurgent network seeking its own narrative of liberation through tactics and rhetorical weapons. This study follows in the footing of Dr. Howard Holman Bell, who produced bodies of work detailing the antebellum Negro conventions published in the 1950s and 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • Harriet Tubman to Obtain Her Participation in the Raid on the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry
    GO TO LIST OF PEOPLE INVOLVED IN HARPERS FERRY “HE HARIET IS THE MOST OF A MAN NATURALLY; THAT I EVER MET WITH.”1 “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY 1. Comment by John Brown. HDT WHAT? INDEX RACE WAR NOT CIVIL WAR BORN 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 DIED John Brown negotiated with Harriet Tubman to obtain her participation in the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. She mistrusted these men and had persistent dreams in which Brown and his sons appeared as serpents. The attack had been scheduled to occur on the 4th of July, symbolic of national birth. At the last moment she alleged she was ill, and for this reason as well as delays in the deliveries of supplies, the attack needed to be postponed for months. On the day of the actual attack she had a premonition that it was going to fail. HDT WHAT? INDEX RACE WAR NOT CIVIL WAR THOSE INVOLVED, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY SECRET “SIX” Person’s Name On Raid? Shot Dead? Hanged? His Function Age Race Charles Francis Adams, Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • John Brown Sparked the Civil War in Kansas
    John Brown Sparked the Civil War in Kansas by Napoleon Crews, Published: 2004 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Chapter 1 … thru … Chapter 40 J J J J J I I I I I Chapter 1 June 1855 North Elba, New York John Brown’s thin, gnarled fingers gripped the letter from John Jr. as he read. The communication from Kansas Territory ignited a yearning in the pit of his stomach. His little grandson Austin had died of the cholera on the trip out to Kansas. His son John Brown Jr. now requested a shipment of guns for the purpose of defending the Kansas Browns against marauding pro-slavers and Missouri ruffians. What the letter didn’t tell John is what disturbed him most. From between the written lines, he gleaned that pro-slavers recruited from all areas of the South and Missouri ruffians had the Free-State Kansas supporters on their knees in a fight to the death over the slavery question. In spite of abundant timber, the pro-slavers had prevented the Kansas Browns from building suitable cabins, forcing them to live in tents. Defending their settlement against the pro-slavers did not leave time for bringing in their crops and they were starving. The money that had been set aside to sustain them in lean times was gone. Rampant sickness and depression had taken its toll. The final insult came when pro-slavers threatened to drive the Kansas Browns from their settlement and kill them. John Jr. had recently migrated to Kansas with his wife Wealthy, John’s other sons Frederick, Salmon, Owen, Jason, and Jason’s wife Ellen.
    [Show full text]
  • Joshua Fahler History “Holding
    JOSHUA FAHLER HISTORY “HOLDING UP THE LIGHT OF HEAVEN”: PRESBYTERIAN AND CONGREGATIONAL REFORM MOVEMENTS IN LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO, 1824- 1859 (202 pp.) Advisors: David Odell-Scott and Guy Wells During the uneasy years predating the American Civil War, self-proclaimed prophets and messengers of God traveled the frontier proclaiming their interpretations of truth as revealed through Protestant Christianity. As they attempted to convert the nation, they conceived American utopias which, constructed within a sacred history of Christianity, played an important role in redefining the religion in North America. As part of the process of establishing these utopias, individuals interested in the conversion of society utilized and revised the “New Haven” theology of Yale College, from which would emerge a reconstructed concept of “sanctification” in Oberlin, Ohio. These individuals would use this theology to form the basis for their attempts to reform society, applying religious meaning to social action. In Lorain County, Ohio, we can observe these changes in religious thought and practice as numerous “religious virtuosi” carried out social action which they considered to be bound to a sacred history. In tandem with social action would come ecclesiastical conflict, tearing the New England Plan of Union asunder. This thesis is interested in how reformers’ attempts to create heaven on earth would result in conflict highlighted by a series of events which would ultimately change the religious landscape of the county as it contributed to and reflected the changing face of religion in America. “HOLDING UP THE LIGHT OF HEAVEN”: PRESBYTERIAN AND CONGREGATIONAL REFORM MOVEMENTS IN LORAIN COUNTY, OHIO, 1824-1859 A thesis submitted to the Kent State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors by Joshua D.
    [Show full text]
  • The 23Rd ANNUAL Booklet Corrected
    The 23rd ANNUAL Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. HOLIDAY in Hawai’I 2011, International Year for People of African Descent Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition-Hawaii www.mlk-hawaii.com 1988-2011 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition – Hawai`i 2011 Officers: Patricia Anthony . .President Lee Gordon . 1st Vice President Juliet Begley . Secretary William Rushing . Treasure Co-Sponsor: City & County of Honolulu, Event Chairs: Candlelight Bell Ringing Ceremony: Marsha Joyner & Rev. Charlene Zuill Parade Chairs: William Rushing & Pat Anthony Unity Rally: Jewell McDonald Vendors: Juliet Begley Webmaster : Lee Gordon Coalition Support Groups: African American Association Hawaii Government Employees Association Hawaii National Guard Hawaii State AFL-CIO Hawaiian National Communications Corporation Headquarters US Pacific Command ‘Olelo: The Corporation for Community Television Kapa Alpha Phi Fraternity State of Hawai`i United Nations Association of Hawaii – Hawaii Division United States Military University of Hawaii Professional Assembly Booklet Editor: Marsha Joyner Copyright: Hawaiian National Communications Corporation, 2011. All rights reserved. Message from Mayor 2 Mayor’s Message 3 Table of Contents Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition – Hawai`i 2011 .................................................................1 Table of Contents........................................................................................................................4 THE DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. COALITION – HAWAI’I..................................7 Remaining
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago “—Long As
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO “—LONG AS AGES STEAL!”: MILLENNIAL WHITENESS, (COUNTER) OCCASIONAL POETICS, AND ANTINOMIAN ALLEGORY, 1861-1876 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE BY JAMES BASSETT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2018 Copyright © 2018 James Bassett All rights reserved. Table of Contents List of Figures…..………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..vii Introduction: Whitman and Americanness: A Problem; or, Against 1855…..........1 Chapter 1: “But better are they in a hero grave / Than the serfs of time and breath”: Versified Journalism of the Abolition War………………..……………47 Chapter 2: “Must I Change My Triumphant Songs?”: Whitman, Melville, and the Abolition of War…………………………………………………………………98 Chapter 3: Clarel, Counter-monumentalism, and the Shadow of Allegory……157 Coda: “Ah, tread not, sweet, my father’s way”: Susan Howe, Emily Dickinson, and Antinomian Renunciation……………………………………………….…249 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………287 iii List of Figures Figure 1, “Indian Tent in the Government Building at the Centennial Exhibition” in Centennial Exhibition 1876 Philadelphia Scrapbook, Centennial Exhibition Digital Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania………………..173 Figure 2, from Susan Howe, Melville’s Marginalia……………………………267 Figure 3, from Susan Howe, Melville’s Marginalia……………………………273 iv Acknowledgments I would like to begin by expressing my deepest gratitude to my dissertation committee: Jennifer Scappettone (Chair), Eric Slauter, and Christopher Taylor. Jen’s generous mentorship and abiding encouragement has proven invaluable throughout the years since this project first began. The perspicacity of her commentary and her startling attunement to the possibilities residing within the elemental granules and airy wisps of poetic measure is strewn throughout these pages.
    [Show full text]
  • The First and the Forced
    The First and the Forced Essays on the Native American and African American Experience Edited by James N. Leiker, Kim Warren, and Barbara Watkins The First and the Forced Essays on the Native American and African American Experience Copyright 2007 by the University of Kansas, Hall Center for the Humanities This e-book is a product of the “The Shifting Borders of Race and Identity: A Research and Teaching Project on the Native American and African American Experience.” Its publication is supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Designed and produced by KLW-Webwork Title page design: Lynne Lipsey Cover credits: “Snake Bit,” Marla Jackson quilter Star quilt, Duane Dudley, Choctaw All rights reserved. This e-book may be downloaded and printed under fair-use principles. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. i The First and the Forced Essays on the Native American and African American Experience Acknowledgments iii Coeditors v Introduction―Kim Warren 1 Overview James N. Leiker, “Tangled Histories: Contemporary Research in African American/Native American Intersections” 8 Ruben Kodjo Afagla, “A Divided Horizon in Their Common Sky? Some Commonalities of African American and Native American Experiences in the United States” 55 Regional and Local Contexts Quintard Taylor, “Native Americans and African Americans: Four Intersections across Time and Space in the West” 90 Tanya Golash-Boza, “Left in the Dark: Collective Memory and Amnesia among African-descended Peruvians” 105 Contested New Identities Arica L.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn 2008 Volume 2, Number 3
    NonProfit Org U.S. Postage PAID Permit No 299 Topeka KS Autumn 2008 VOLUME 2, NUMBER 3 CONTENTS 2 In 2011 Kansas will celebrate its statehood sesquicentennial. “Countdown to A School for Kansa Students: Statehood” is a series of articles depicting key events from Kansas’ territorial days and related commemoration events sponsored by the Kansas Historical Society. Kaw Mission 6 Sisters of the Santa Fe Trail Countdown to Statehood: Governor James W. Denver resigns, 10 Autumn 1858 Riding the Range: A Kansas Cowboy The tumult surrounding Kansas Territorial politics created a frequent turnover in territorial governors . Ten different men served as governor or acting governor of Departments Kansas Territory, some multiple times, and one sitting in office less than 20 days . James W . Denver of Virginia was U .S . Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Save Our History . 4. December 1857 when President James Buchanan appointed him secretary of Real People . Real Stories . 5. Kansas Territory . He immediately took over as acting governor and took the oath of office as territorial governor on May 12, 1858 . History’s Heroes . 8. On January 4, 1858, the same day Kansas voters rejected the proslavery Meet Our Members . 9. Lecompton Constitution, Denver wrote to his wife with dreams of a quick Happening at KSHS . 12. resolution of the Kansas troubles: … I am greatly in hopes that the whole thing will be closed up in this month and let Calendar . 13. me off. If they will only let me turn over the government to some of them in four or five On the cover: Langston Hughes, poet, weeks I will give them a pledge never to put my foot inside of their Territory again.
    [Show full text]