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Chapter 2: Study Area History and Contributions

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Chapter 2: Study Area History and Contributions Chapter 2 Study Area History and Contributions For nearly two centuries, the central Great decades, Kansas became a strategic central Plains of North America has been a cross- place in the 1850s. The Mexican War of roads of exploration, settlement, and nation- 1846-1848 resulted in territorial gains that building. Beginning in 1854, the territory of increased the size of the United States by Kansas west of the great eastward bend of nearly fifty percent. Discovery of gold in the Missouri River became a center of con- California and the rapid admission of that flict that defined the era of “Bleeding new state to the Union dramatically changed Kansas” in national history. Impassioned the geo-political balance and focused new abolitionist, Free State, and proslavery set- attention on the central plains between the tlers fought over the admission of a new eastern states and the west. state to the Union. Men and women, European, African, and Native American, Because California was admitted as a free New Englander, Westerner, and Southerner, state, Southerners wanted more land for abolitionist, free-state, and proslavery settler, slavery. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise all envisioned a different future for Kansas. had determined that all land east of the Inspired by the experience of violent conflict Rockies and north of the line of 36 degrees, in “Bleeding Kansas,” Free State settlers pre- 30 minutes should become free territories. vailed to make Kansas a free state. A lasting But later, the Compromise of 1850 stated ideal of freedom and equality was articulated that the land taken from Mexico would be and forcefully defended in the making of a admitted as a state or states with or without free state in Kansas Territory. slavery as their constitutions provided. Early in 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act The conflict over whether Kansas Territory used the principle of popular sovereignty would be admitted to the Union as a slave or expressed in the 1850 Compromise to stipu- free state was the beginning of a conflict that late that the residents of these new territories culminated in the American Civil War. For would decide whether slavery would be per- more than six years, the fate of Kansas mitted. In repealing the Missouri Territory and the nation hung in the balance. Compromise, the Act declared that the intent The Kansas conflict changed the history of of Congress was “not to legislate slavery the United States of America and led to a into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it new understanding of freedom. This chapter therefrom, but to leave the people perfectly is the story of “Bleeding Kansas” and the free to form and regulate their domestic enduring struggle for freedom that followed. institutions in their own way.”1 The ques- tion of excluding slavery erupted in the con- KANSAS TERRITORY: GEOGRAPHY OF flict of “Bleeding Kansas.” RIVERS, TRAILS, AND RAILROAD DEVELOPMENT Kansas Territory, the same land that some would later call “Bleeding Kansas” was part After being ignored by European Americans of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Within a as part of the “Great American Desert” for few decades, much of this vast addition to 11 1 Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier 5th Ed. (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982), 536-537. the United States was explored. The Lewis Lyon counties to Council Grove, and then and Clark expedition first reached the con- southwest across the plains to northern New fluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers on Mexico. In the Mexican War, the trail June 26, 1804. Later, they celebrated the served as a road for military expeditions and first Fourth of July in Kansas on the army later established forts near the trail Independence Creek. By July 12, Lewis and to protect travelers and to maintain peace. Clark moved northward up the Missouri This trail also was used by emigrants to the beyond the present boundary of Kansas. southwest, especially after the United States They crossed the plains and the Rocky acquired the territory from Mexico in 1848. Mountains to the sea. Returning from the Pacific Ocean with an unprecedented knowl- For western emigrants, the most popular edge of the West, Lewis and Clark reached route was the Oregon and California Trail. the mouth of the Kansas River again on This was not a single trail, but a series of September 15, 1806. Their descriptions and alternate routes that began at Independence maps first located Kansas in the national or Westport, Missouri, and extended for consciousness of the West. approximately 200 miles through Kansas. Extending to Oregon or California, it was Reports of the Lewis and Clark expedition the longest of the overland trails. In Kansas encouraged even more government explo- the major routes began with the Santa Fe ration. In 1806 Zebulon Pike led a small Trail, diverged near Gardner, and went up group of soldiers along the Osage to the the Kansas River valley past Lawrence turn- source of the Arkansas River. Pike traveled ing northwest to pass through Uniontown, north to visit the Pawnees, then south to the St. Marys Mission, Red Vermillion Crossing, Arkansas, and west past the present border Scott Springs, Alcove Springs, and of Kansas. Later in 1817, Major Stephen Independence Crossing on the Blue River, Long went to the mouth of the Kansas River, and then on into Nebraska. Traversing the met with the Kansa Indians, and then counties of Johnson, Douglas, Shawnee, crossed Nebraska to the mountains, and Pottawatomie, Marshall, and Washington, returned to Fort Smith, Arkansas. Long the Oregon Trail passed through or near the became most famous for his map of the present towns of Olathe, Gardner, Eudora, Plains which he named the “Great American Lawrence, Big Springs, Topeka, Silver Lake, Desert.”2 Rossville, St. Marys, and Westmoreland, Blue Rapids, and Marysville. The opening of trade between Santa Fe and Missouri in 1821 made the Santa Fe Trail the From the 1840s through the 1860s, more principal commercial overland route to the than 250,000 emigrants, prospectors, traders, southwest. Promoted by Missouri Senator and travelers used this trail to reach the Thomas Hart Benton, Congress in 1825 Rocky Mountains, Utah, Oregon, and authorized the President to commission a California. Fur traders established the route, survey of a road from Missouri to New Mormons followed the trail to Utah in the Mexico and to negotiate with the Plains late 1840s, and the discovery of gold greatly Indians for safe passage through the area. increased travel on this route. Overland The Santa Fe Trail entered Kansas in what is travel on the trails declined and ended as the now Johnson County and followed a route railroads built across the West in the 1860s through Douglas, Osage, Wabaunsee, and 12 2 William F. Zornow, Kansas: A History of the Jayhawk State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1957), 34-42. Figure 2-1, Territorial Kansas Trails and 1870s.3 (See Figure 2-1, Territorial report to Congress, he recommended the Kansas Trails.) southernmost route.4 Between 1845 and 1852, members of both But the Secretary’s position had already been houses of Congress attempted to enact legis- undermined by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and lation for the construction of a transcontinen- the controversy over slavery in Kansas. tal railroad. Several routes were promoted. With the organization of the territory in the In 1853 Congress allocated $150,000 for a Great Plains, that obstacle to a central route government survey of the potential routes for was removed. Allowing the extension of a transcontinental railroad. Topographical slavery and thereby increasing the political engineers from the War Department, super- power of the South in Congress, however, vised by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, threatened the North and Northern politi- carried out the surveys. The four major cians refused to support the building of a routes were: a northern route between St. transcontinental railroad that would link the Paul, Minnesota, and Puget Sound in riches of California and the West to the Washington Territory, a central route along South. Congress did not resolve the debate the 38th parallel linking St. Louis, Missouri, over the transcontinental railroad route until and San Francisco, and two southern after the southern states seceded in 1861. routes—one along the 35th parallel between Without southern opposition, the central Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Los Angeles, route easily won approval in 1862. California, and another from central Texas to San Diego. As a southerner, Secretary Davis In Kansas itself, the internal transportation strongly supported the selection of a route system used the transcontinental east-west that would favor the South. In his 1855 trade and emigration routes. The United 13 3 This description of the trails is based on information from the "Kansas Preservation Plan: Study Unit on the Period of Exploration and Settlement," (Topeka, KS: Historic Preservation Department, Kansas State Historical Society, 1987), 8-13. 4 Alan Wexler, Atlas of Westward Expansion (New York: Facts on File, 1995), 137-142. States military pioneered in the development River. They first lived along the Missouri of north-south routes. A north-south River, then later moved west to the Big Blue Military Road in Kansas led from Fort River along the upper Kansas River near Leavenworth (established 1827 to protect the present-day Manhattan, and then moved to growing trade on the Santa Fe Trail) south to the lower Mission Creek and the middle Fort Coffey in western Arkansas in 1837. reaches of the Kansas River. As a result of The military road branched from Fort Scott treaties initiated by the United States govern- (established 1842-48) to Fort Gibson in ment, the Kansa accepted a much diminished Indian Territory in 1843.
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