The Influence of Jacob Portman's Personality On
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THE MEANINGS OF THE METAPHORS FOUND IN THE FIVE SELECTED SONG LYRICS OF TAYLOR SWIFT’S RED ALBUM
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By:
By
Putri Melati Tri Santoso
Student Number: 131214158
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE MEANINGS OF THE METAPHORS FOUND IN THE FIVE SELECTED SONG LYRICS OF TAYLOR SWIFT’S RED ALBUM
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By:
By
Putri Melati Tri Santoso
Student Number: 131214158
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018
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“I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us”~ Romans 8:18.
This thesis is dedicated to:
Jesus Christ Mother Mary () My Grandmother My Family My Son My Husband
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ABSTRACT
Santoso, Putri Melati Tri. (2018). The Meanings of The Metaphors Found in The Five Selected Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This research was done to analyse the selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. There are five selected songs which are State of Grace, Red, Treacherous, All too Well, and 22. Those songs are included in the Taylor Swift‟s fourth album “Red.” They were chosen based on their purposes which have metaphors. There are two research questions which have been formulated as follows: 1) “What are the metaphors found in five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album?” and 2) “What are the meanings of those metaphors?” The method of this research is library research. This method has two sources, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. Then, the secondary sources are theories and information about metaphor, connotation and denotation meaning, song lyrics and formalist approach. The results of this research show that there are 14 metaphors found on the five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. There are 6 metaphors in State of Grace, 3 metaphors in Red, 3 metaphors in Treacherous, 1 metaphor in All too Well, and 1 metaphors in 22. The meanings of the metaphors in the first song, State of Grace, is that in a strong and divine relationship, there is a couple who work the relationship good and right by are in the form of good communication, trust, and a weakness. In the second song, Red, the metaphors mean as all the emotions that someone feels when working on a relationship. In the third song, Treacherous, the metaphors mean some characteristics of a dangerous love. In the fourth song entitled All too Well, the metaphor “a crumbled up piece of paper” represents a heart break whenever someone remembers all the good and bad memory. In the last song, 22, the metaphor “22” has a meaning as an age where someone feels joyful, energetic, enthusiastic and fun.
Keywords: Metaphor, song lyrics, Red Album
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ABSTRAK
Santoso, Putri Melati Tri, (2017). The Meanings of Metaphors Found in The Five Selected Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis lirik lagu yang dipilih dari Album Red Taylor Swift. Ada lima lagu terpilih yaitu State of Grace, Red, Treacherous, All Too Well, dan 22. Lagu-lagu tersebut termasuk dalam album keempat Taylor Swift "Red." Lagu – lagu tersebut dipilih berdasarkan tujuan mereka yang memiliki metafora. Ada dua pertanyaan penelitian yang telah dirumuskan sebagai berikut: 1) “Apa metafora yang ditemukan dalam lima lirik lagu yang dipilih dari Album Red Taylor Swift?” dan 2) “Apa arti metafora itu?” Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Metode ini memiliki dua sumber, yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber utama adalah lima lirik lagu yang dipilih dari Album Red Taylor Swift. Kemudian, sumber sekundernya adalah teori dan informasi tentang makna metafora, konotasi dan denotasi, lirik lagu dan pendekatan formalis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 14 metafora yang ditemukan pada lima lirik lagu yang dipilih dari Red Album Taylor Swift. Ada 6 metafora dalam lirik lagu “State of Grace”, 3 metafora dalam lirik lagu “Red”, 3 metafora dalam lirik lagu “Treacherous”, 1 metafora dalam “All too Well”, dan 1 metafora di lirik lagu “22”. Makna metafora dalam lagu pertama, “State of Grace”, adalah bahwa dalam hubungan yang kuat dan ilahi, ada pasangan yang menjalin hubungan yang baik dan benar, cara yang baik dan benar ini dalam bentuk komunikasi, kepercayaan, dan kelemahan yang mampu memperkuat hubungan. Dalam lagu kedua, “Red”, metafora - metafora yang di temukan merepresentasikan semua emosi yang dirasakan seseorang ketika sedang menjalani suatu hubungan. Di lagu ketiga, “Treacherous”, metafora – metafora yang ditemukan menggambarkan beberapa karakteristik cinta yang berbahaya. Dalam lagu keempat yang berjudul “All too Well”, metafora yang ditemukan menggambarkan betapa remuk hati seseorang saat mengingat semua kenangan yang baik dan buruk dalam hubungannya yang lalu. Dalam lagu terakhir, “22”, metafora "22" memiliki arti sebagai usia di mana seseorang merasa gembira, energik, antusias, dan senang.
Kata kunci: Metaphor, Song lyrics, Red Album
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I send my deepest gratefulness to Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for the never ending love and blessing. I thank Jesus and Mother Mary for the hope and guidance in finishing this thesis. However, I thank Jesus because He has given me a family and friends who always support me in every situation I have.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Y., M.Hum., for understanding my difficulties, guiding me patiently, and giving me courage to finish this thesis. I would also like to thank my academic advisor, Markus Budiraharjo, M.Ed., Ed.D., who always help, motivates and encourage me in his unique way to finish my study in this department. For me, it is an honor to be one of this st7udents. I also give my appreciation to all
PBI lecturers for giving me experiences and precious knowledge during my study in PBI.
My deepest gratitude is sent to my beloved grandmother, Maria Anna
Kamini for the life lessons, never ending support and patience in raising me so that I can motivate myself to finish this thesis. I also thank my parents for the prayer and patience in waiting for me to finish my study. I also thank my extended family members, especially my inspirational uncles, Papi Wawan, papi Nunuk, om Bimo, om Nanok and om Hanlik, for supporting me emotionally and financially, giving me hope and courage to face difficulties, and giving their best effort to my future. I would never finish this thesis without their sincere love.
I send my gratitude to all my very lovely best friends Wawan Yashika,
Wawan Debi, and Winny for always supporting and encouraging each other to
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finish the study even though we are apart. My special gratitude goes to PBI F class batch 2013 and Irianto Family, especially Indah, Sari, Caci, Tiwi, Rinda,
Agnes, Cikwul, Gaurine, Pablo, Nabil, Jeta, and Jen for never ending jokes, helps, gossips, and another amusement stuff which cheer me up when I felt down and difficult to finish my thesis. I thank them all for the joy and happiness they bring, for being such a great family during my study in PBI.
My sincere gratitude goes to my husband, Dismas Raditya Diandra and my beloved son Louis Damario Putra Diandra. I am so grateful that they are always by my side when I went through hard times and always give me the ears to listen to all my problems. Their support and encouragement help me to finish my study. Their love is the one that keeps me strong and inspires me to be a better person in the future.
Moreover, my gratitude and appreciation go to those who I cannot mention by names for the prayers and supports for me in the process of writing this thesis.
Putri Melati Tri Santoso
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page TITLE PAGE ...... i PAGES OF APPROVAL ...... ii PAGE OF DEDICATION...... iv STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY ...... v PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xii LIST OF TABLES ...... xvi LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xvii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulations ...... 4 C. Significance of the Study...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Theory of Song Lyrics ...... 9 2. Theory of Metaphor ...... 10 3. Theory of Types of Metaphor ...... 11 a) Dead Metaphor ...... 11 b) Cliché Metaphor ...... 12 c) Stock Metaphor ...... 12
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d) Recent Metaphor ...... 12 e) Original Metaphor ...... 13 4. Theory of Connotation and Denotation meanings ...... 13 5. Theory of Formalist Approach ...... 14 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 15
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ...... 17 B. Approach of the Study ...... 18
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Metaphors Found in Five Selected Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album ...... 21 1. The Metaphors in State of Grace ...... 21 a) Twin Fire Signs ...... 22 b) Four Blue Eyes ...... 23 c) Mosaic Broken Hearts ...... 24 d) Ruthless Game ...... 25 e) The Hands of Faith ...... 25 f) Achilles Heel ...... 26 2. The Metaphors in Red...... 27 a) Blue ...... 28 b) Dark Grey ...... 28 c) Red ...... 29 3. The Metaphors in Treacherous...... 30 a) Quick Sand ...... 31 b) Skin and Bone ...... 32 c) Friction ...... 32 4. The Metaphors in All too Well ...... 33 a) A Crumbled up Piece of Paper ...... 34 5 The Metaphors in 22 ...... 35
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b) 22 ...... 36
B. The Meanings of Metaphors in The Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Album ...... 37 1. The Meanings of Metaphors in State of Grace ...... 37 a) Twin Fire Signs ...... 38 b) Four Blue Eyes...... 39 c) Mosaic Broken Hearts ...... 40 d) Ruthless Game ...... 41 e) The Hands of Faith ...... 42 f) Achilles Heel ...... 43 2. The Meanings of Metaphors in Red ...... 45 a) Blue ...... 45 b) Dark Grey ...... 46 c) Red ...... 47 3. The Meanings of Metaphors in Treacherous ...... 48 a) Quick Sand ...... 48 b) Skin and Bone ...... 49 c) Friction...... 51 4. The Meanings of Metaphors in All too Well ...... 52 a) A Crumbled up Piece of Paper ...... 52 5. The Meanings of Metaphors in 22 ...... 54 a) 22 ...... 54
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ...... 56 B. Implications ...... 59 C. Suggestions ...... 61
REFERENCES ...... 62 APPENDICES ...... 64
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LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page Table 1. Taylor Swift‟s Songs List ...... 17 Table 2. The Result of The Study ...... 64
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Page Appendix I The Result of The Study ...... 64 Appendix II Biography of Taylor Swift ...... 66 Appendix II The Five Selected Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album ... 68
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, there are four things that will be presented related to general explanation of this research. First is background of the study which contains the issues that make the writer conduct the study. Second is research question which contains two main problems that need to be analysed in this research. Third is significance of the study which contains of the contribution of this research for parties and the development of knowledge. Then, the last thing that will be presented in this chapter is the definition of term which explains the important terms mentioned in the title of this research to help the reader in understanding this research.
A. Background of the Study
Music is known by people in every country and it will be hard to separate music from them. In other words, music cannot be separated from people‟s daily life. People mostly listen to music during their activity such as when they are cooking, reading, taking shower or even when they are having their meal. In fact, people all around the world love music. The main reason why they love music is because it represents human feelings. Each feeling and each state of mind has its own inherent sound and rhythm, and these have their objective counterpart in music. In addition, music contains several properties such as
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2 rhythm, melody, tone and song lyrics. Song lyrics are the most important things that can attract the listener to listen to the songs.
Song lyric is one of poetry types. In other words, song lyric is also a part of literary works. Kennedy and Gioia (1999) explain that song lyrics and poetry have the same typography in their elements such as stanza, verse, rime, scheme and refrain (p.789). Beautiful words used in the song can affect the listener to imagine the story behind the song. Sometimes it also touches listeners‟ feeling because most song lyrics and poetry are written in order to express thought and feelings. Vendler (2010) adds that lyric is the genre of private life; it is what we say to ourselves when we are alone (p.xl). This is directed to the language that a song writer and poet create on his work.
Like literature in general, song lyrics often reflect the times in which they were written. Sieber (2017) explains although the melodies of many songs have been lost and most of the lyrics have survived, these lyrics can help us understand a diversity in a different time and give an insight into a medieval diversity that is seemingly understated. By studying lyrics there is a distinct picture of the different people present and influential.
Musicians have an important role in composing good songs and song lyrics. There are so many music genres which are familiar worldwide such as pop, blues, jazz, rock and others. Every musician has also different styles in writing a song so that those genres are existing. Taylor Swift is one of country musicians.
Taylor Swift is an American singer and song writer from the United States.
She started her career when she was 14 years old in Nashville and carries country
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3 music in her existence. So, Taylor Swift is well-known for her country music genre but now she moves her bow to pop and pop rock. After her long journey to the top surface level, she has become famous and now she has released 5 albums.
As a famous musician, Taylor Swift has received many award and honours, including Grammy Awards, American Music Awards, Country Music Association
Awards, Academy of Country Music Awards, Billboard Music Awards, Brit
Awards and Amy. Taylor swift is also the second most awarded artist at the Teen
Choice Awards, with 25 awards. As a songwriter, she has been honoured by the
Nashville Songwriters Association and the Song Writers Hall of Fame.
As the one of the most famous and successful musicians, she has her own strategies to attract her listeners. One of her strategies is to compose an easy- listening melody and super attracting song lyrics of her songs. She also uses many metaphors in her songs. Those metaphors help her to make the song lyrics become more poetic as a literary work.
Metaphor is one of figurative language that is linked to poetic language.
There are also any other figurative languages usually used by the author such as simile, personification, symbol and others. Metaphor is not only used in literary works but also in everyday conversation. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) state that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (p.3). Metaphor can be defined as an indirect comparison between two or more apparently unrelated things or subjects. Newmark (1988) adds the point of similarity „may be physical but often it is chosen for its connotations‟ (p.85).
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In addition, every metaphor that is used by an author has their meaning and should be understood by the reader. As Taylor Swift has used many metaphors in her songs, sometimes those metaphors create confusion to define the meaning of the songs. It is true that her song lyrics are very amazing and have attracted people to listen to her songs but somehow they are still confusing.
Swift‟s songs have a good lesson for listeners‟ life but it will be difficult for the listeners to understand the meaning or the message that is being delivered through the songs with a lot of metaphors. Thus, how listeners find difficulties to understand the meaning or the message of Taylor Swift‟s songs containing metaphors has led the researcher to conduct this research.
B. Problem Formulation
Based to the background of the study, the researcher formulates the research questions as follows:
1. What metaphors are found in the 5 selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s
“Red” Album?
2. What are the meanings of those metaphors?
C. Significance of the Studies
The aim of this study is to answer the questions formulated in problem formulation. The first research question is to identify the metaphor in selected
Taylor Swift‟s song lyrics. The answer will help the reader and the listener to
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5 recognize kinds of metaphor on those selected songs. The second research question is to understand the meaning in Taylor Swift‟s metaphors. It will help the reader and the listener to understand what the meaning of those metaphors and the meaning of those songs. In addition, this study can also be used as a reference for those who are going to make a research about poetry, especially in translating metaphors of poetry.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Metaphor
Metaphor is a word or phrases used to describe subject/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two different things have the same qualities and to make a description more powerful (Parera,
2004). It is used as a device to seeing something in terms of something else.
2. Song Lyrics
Song lyric is one of many types of poetry. Moreover, Myers and Simms
(1989) say that it is poetry meant to be sung with music. It is used to express some deeply felt emotion, states of mind, statements of moral, philosophical, or ethical values, and systems of thought (p.97).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, there are three things that will be presented. First, it is about a review of related studies. This part contains the review of previously studies done on the same topic. Second is a review of related theories. This part contains theories which are used in this study. Third, it is about theoretical framework that explains the contributions of those theories and reviews in solving the problem. The source of related studies and theories are taken from books or journal that useful to conduct this research. The theoretical framework itself contains some theories that have been mentioned in the review of related theory to solve the problem. Hopefully, this research can be done well with these theories.
A. Review of related Studies
In order to conduct this research more accurate and reliable, the researcher considers that this research cannot stand without any references. This consideration has brought the researcher to gather several theses and journals which are related to this study. The related studies are presented one by one.
The first is “The Interpretation of Metaphor Found in 20 Songs of Taylor
Swift” conducted by Desriani (2015), the student of University of Sumatera Utara.
The researcher analysed types of figurative language in the form of simile, personification and hyperbole contained in Taylor Swift‟s song lyrics. According
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7 to Desriani (2015), in 20 of Taylor Swift‟s songs, there were 29 metaphors, 13 similes, 4 personifications, and 9 hyperboles.
The second is “The Metaphor Analysis of Selected Eminem‟s Rap Song
Lyrics” conducted by Rettob (2015), the student of English Language Education
Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. She found, there were 17 metaphors on the four selected Eminem‟s rap song lyrics.
The third is “Meaning Analysis Of Metaphors Found In The Cinderella
Short Fairy Story By Brother Grimm 1884 As A Resource Of Teaching Material” by Purbaningdyah (2004), a student of IKIP PGRI Semarang. The researcher found the story consisted of 35% Epithet, 15% Allegoy and Hyperbola, 10% Dead
Metaphor, 9% Personification, 5% Metonymy and Extended Metaphor, 4%
Synecdoche, 1% oxymoron and eponym in “The Cinderella Short Fairy Story.”
There are also some criticique on Taylor Swift‟s song writing skill. The first criticism was written by Coyne. It was written on October 3rd 2011. Coyne analyzed a song in Taylor Swift‟s Speak Now album entitled “Mean”. This song was inspired by those who have criticized Taylor Swift‟s talent and work. Taylor
Swift has given a message through this song, to those who will put people down and may have power over them now, but it is limited by time, place, and your own self-awareness. Coyne (2011) said that he is glad that this song exists. He thinks that there is not nearly enough civility and kindness in this world. In addition, he finds that some people that he met are just mean. In his opinion, this song articulates the distinction between honesty and cruelty so well. He adds “It does it in a very adolescent way, with a healthy dose of snark-ridden contempt, but since
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8 mean people usually haven‟t evolved beyond adolescence in the first place, such an approach seems wickedly appropriate.”
(http://www.countryuniverse.net/2011/03/10/single-review-taylor-swift-mean/)
The second criticique was written by Alexis Petridis. It was written on
November 10th 2017. Petridis analysed how Swift wrote her sixth album which is
Reputation. In his opinion, Swift is a smart cookie which means smart to write lyrics and far better than the average pop fare. He found that Swift inverted the cliché of the loving and leaving someone. a smart cookie. Petridis adds “At the heart of Reputation lies a sequence of songs that chart the rise, fall and fallout of a fleeting relationship and offer a masterclass in pop songwriting along the way.”
(https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/nov/10/taylor-swift-reputation-review- superb-songcraft-meets-extreme-drama)
The third critique was written by Michael Robbins. It was written on
October 25th 2012. Robbins reviewed Swift‟s fourth album which is Red. He said
“Swift‟s too smart and tuneful to condescend to her contradictions.” He found that every song in this album describes every experience that Swift had in a creative way, especially how Swift makes a unique title and how it connected to every experience she had. (https://www.spin.com/2012/10/taylor-swift-red-big- machine/)
In this study, the researcher analyses the meaning of metaphors in the song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album. This study has differences from previous researches. The researcher classifies not only the types of metaphor but also
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9 finding the meaning of those metaphors, both the connotation and denotation meaning.
B. Review of related theory
In conducting a research, researcher needs some theories. There are some theories from some experts, books, journals, and websites which have been chosen by the writer. Of course, the theories that have been chosen are useful for this research.
1. Song Lyrics
Lyrics derives from the Greek word which is lyrikos, meaning “singing to the lyre.” It is used to expresses some deeply felt emotion, states of mind, statements of moral, philosophical, or ethical values, and systems of thought
(Myers and Simms, 1989). Abrams (1981) adds Greek writer identified the lyric as a song rendered to accompaniment of a lyre (p.99). However, now the term is used for any fairly short, non-narrative poem presenting a single speaker who expresses a state of mind.
A lyric poem is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view. In another words, lyric poem may be simply a brief expression of a mood or state of feeling. However, a song lyric is usually short and it is accompanied with music or musical instruments. It has a simple, direct and conventional writing, so as not to compete with the music that is accompanying. It usually connotes messages and they can either be explicit or implied through metaphor. In a lyric of a song,
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10 there should be a message. The listeners often sing the song lyrics without knowing what the message that the song writer tries to deliver.
2. Theory of Metaphor
Metaphor is identifying one thing with another which is completely different. It can be in the form of a word or phrase. Parera (2004) adds metaphor is a word or phrases used to describe subject/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make a description more powerful. Kennedy (1979) says that metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which is in a literal sense, it is not (p.490). In another word, metaphor is a word or phrase to identify something with something else which is completely different. Metaphor is not only used in literature or linguistic, but also daily life. Metaphor can be detected in daily life conversation even though metaphor is a thing that cannot be seen or realized. Many people have used metaphor in papers, in speeches, and in every day conversations. Here are some examples of metaphors. The first example is taken from a song entitled Sparks Fly from Taylor Swift‟s Sparks Fly Album. The second example is taken from a song entitled You are My Sunshine by Pine ridge boys (1939):
1. “I am a house of card” – Sparks Fly by Taylor Swift (2010)
2. “You are my sunshine” – You are My Sunshine by Pine Ridge Boys (1939)
The first example is the phrase house of card. House of card is a structure built out of playing cards precariously balanced together. However if the phrase
“house of card” are used in the lyric “I‟m a house of cards,” a new meaning will
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11 be formed. It means that she is as fragile as a house of cards. In addition, in the second example, the word “sunshine” denotes as the light comes from the sun that brightens the earth. However, in this context, the word “sunshine” has a function to show that someone always brightens someone else‟s days. That is why the word “you” is compared to “sunshine”.
3. Types of Metaphor
According to Newmark (1988b), there are five types of metaphors. They are: dead metaphor, cliché metaphor, stock metaphor, recent metaphor and original metaphor. a. Dead Metaphor
This type of metaphor loses its connotative meanings and is used like ordinary words, but the image cannot be recognized by the reader or listener. A dead metaphor usually occurs where the image is no longer understood or being lost. In another word, it is a metaphor that has lost its connotative value due to overusing an image that does not exist anymore. Tajali (2003) explains dead metaphor is often used to describe the time and space, geographical objects and activities of people, the main parts of the body (p.108).
There are three types of dead metaphor. The first are those which have a little metaphorical imagery. For instance, the word “reflect” denotes as “shiny” and connoted as “superiority”. The second group is usually called as metonymies which come instead of objects and things. For example, “crown, worm, and fork.”
The third group is a non-technically word such as “mouth and foot” that used
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12 metaphorically when combined with other words. For instance, “the arm of the chair” and “an arm of the heat.” b. Cliché Metaphor
This kind of metaphor is also overused so much that is cannot convey any connotative meaning. Newmark (1988b) adds “It is used as a subtitle for clear thought, often emotively, but without corresponding to the facts of the matter”
(p.107.) In another word, cliché metaphor has lost their aesthetic sense and is used only in connotative function, in order to express thoughts more clearly often with a larger share of emotions. Moreover, this kind of metaphor has an indication that tells the reader the word or expression is not an ordinary one. Such as, “a transparent lie” and “stick out a smile.” c. Stock Metaphor
This kind of metaphor is a metaphor which is effective for describing concrete or abstract concepts, and which has an emotional impact on the reader and it has an active aesthetic function. Newmark (1988b) said “a stock metaphor has certain emotional warmth-and which is not deadened by overuse.” (p.108).
For example, “she sees fear in my heart” and “to throw light on.” d. Recent Metaphor
Newmark (1998b) considers recent metaphor as metaphorical neologism which represents a new concept or known as “anonymous” and is widely spread in the original language. This kind of metaphor includes more colloquial and informal words. For instance, “with it/in it” in the meaning of “fashionable” and
“pissed” in the meaning of “drunk”.
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13 e. Original metaphor
Original metaphor is kind of alive metaphor that arises writer or speaker‟s personal thoughts. It is not fixed in the language and is new and fresh for sure. For instance “I hear the sound of gardens breathing” and “I am close to the wet loneliness of grass.”
4. Connotation and Denotation
Metaphor has relation with finding its meanings. In order to analyze metaphor, the writer has to understand the theory of meaning which are connotation and denotation. In analyzing the meaning of metaphor, the writer has to find the original meaning of the metaphor. Then, by considering the original meaning, the writer can find the connotation meaning of the metaphor.
Linguists and literature experts have developed many theories of meaning.
There are two basic theories of meaning, denotation and connotation meaning.
Parera (2004) explains that denotation is a natural and original meaning, which comes out first and based on the context (p.97). Chandler (2003) adds that denotation describes as a divisional, literal, obvious or common sense meaning of a sign (P.140). In another words, denotation meaning is a literal meaning or a meaning as described in dictionary.
In addition, Parera (2004) classifies that connotation is a denotation meaning which is given a certain emotion, value, and character (p.98). Hence, it is rare to find connotation meanings in dictionary because it should be understood by the reader. Chandler (2002) adds that the term connotation is used to refer to a social cultural and personal association of the sign as considered ideologically and
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14 emotionally (p.140). In another word, connotation refers to the associations that are connected to the emotional suggestions related to that word.
Arp and Johnson (2009) give an example of the word “Home”. By denotation it means as a place where one lives but by connotation it suggests security, love, comfort and family (p. 674). Moreover, the word “chair” denotes as a wooden thing used to sit on by people. In another hand, it connotes as a position of functionary.
5. Formalist Approach
This study used formalist approach. The formalist approach focuses on the form of literary work such as plot, character, setting, diction, imagery, structure, and point of view especially in finding its meaning. The proper concern in this approach is with the work itself and the central meaning is discovered only through the text. This approach can help the reader to understand works or literature well. Because the formalist approach relates to the form which builds a literary work, the reader will connect the structure of literary work. It also sees a poem or a story not primarily a social, historical, or biographical document; it is more like a literary work which can be understood only by reference to its intrinsic literary features that are found in the text itself. The primary method of formalism is a close reading of the text, with an emphasis on metaphor/simile/irony or the patterns of image and action.
Tyson (2011) says that literary text is a complex art object made of language. Therefore, to understand it, we need to understand the complex working of the unique combination of words, the literary devices or the techniques. In
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15 addition, he also explains that when we use this approach, we can begin with question like “What does the text mean?” In this approach, the only source that we can use to find its meaning is the text itself.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this part, the writer presents the contribution of the theories mentioned in this chapter in order to answer the research problems in previous chapter. There are two research problems to analyse in this research. The first problem is focused on the metaphor on the song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red album. Meanwhile, the second problem concerns with meanings of each metaphor found on the song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red album.
Furthermore, in order to analyse the first research problem, the researcher applies the formalist approach and theory of metaphor. The answer can be seen through formalist approach and theory of metaphor. When the researcher is analysing the text, the researcher can find out the metaphor which is used in the song lyrics by close reading method. The researcher does the process of identifying the metaphor by applying the theory of metaphor. After finding the metaphor, the theory of metaphor types are applied. Then, classify the metaphors found based on the theory of metaphor types which contains of five types of metaphors.
Further, in order to analyse the second research problem, the researcher applies the formalist approach and the connotation and denotation theory. The researcher is going to analyse the meanings of the metaphors based on the
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16 metaphors found. There are some elements that helps the researcher find the meaning of the metaphors; the imagery of the metaphor, the function of the metaphor on its position and the relation between the metaphors, its meanings, with the main idea of the title of the songs.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there are two things that will be presented. First is object of the study which explains the general idea about the work that is researched.
Second is the approach of the study, which contains explanation about approach that will be used in the work and the reason why the approach is chosen.
A. Object of the Study
In this research, the researcher has chosen to use five selected song lyrics in Taylor Swift‟s Red album. They are:
Table 1. Taylor Swift’s Songs List No Title Introduction 1 State of Grace A song about how a girl falls in love with someone strongly. 2 Red A song that shows about colors in relation to someone‟s emotions about a relationship. 3 Treacherous A song about when a girl is falling for someone but she knows and realizes that it could be dangerous. She realizes that the relationship would not workout but she keeps going with it anyway. 4 All Too Well A song about how someone‟s last relationship goes well. Somehow, it leaves a heartbreak. 5 22 A song about how someone loves at being 22. It is a favourite age because someone feels it has been so much fun.
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All the selected songs which are found in Red album are closely related with Taylor Swift personal experiences. All the different emotions that are found on Swift‟s Red Album are about the kind of tumultuous, crazy, insane, intense, semi-toxic relationships that Swift had experienced in 2010-2012. Taylor Swift
(2012) adds that all those emotions have spanned intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, confusion, all of that in her mind, and all those emotions are red.
Red Album is Taylor Swift‟s fourth album which was launched on October
22, 2012. The reason why Taylor Swift named her fourth album “Red” is because she was experiencing a relationship that caused her to be upset while she was working on this album. In other words, Red is representing Taylor Swift‟s feeling.
B. Approach of Study
In literature research, an approach is really important. There are five kinds of critical approaches such as: formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. Every reader and researcher can use one or more approaches to analyze the works of literature. In this study, the researcher applies the formalist approach.
The formalist approach focuses on the form of literary work such as plot, character, setting, diction, imagery, structure, and point of view especially in finding its meaning. Tyson (2011) explains that when we use formalist approach, our mind will start to ask some questions like “What does the text mean?” (p.39).
The proper concern in this approach is with the work itself and the central meaning is discovered only through the text. The primary method of formalism is
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19 a close reading of the text, with an emphasis on metaphor/simile/irony or the patterns of image and action.
This approach is used to find out the use of figurative language and its meaning in Taylor Swift‟s Red album. In this research, the researcher will only focus to find out a certain figurative language, metaphor. It means that the formalist approach leads the researcher to find out the metaphor and its meaning in Taylor Swift‟s Red album.
There are some steps in analyzing the object of the study. Firstly, the researcher reads through the song lyrics to get a better comprehension about the text. It is important to read through a poem slowly to begin with before starting any serious analysis. While reading the song lyrics, the researcher notes some difficult words. Then, the researcher looks up for the literal meaning of those difficult words to understand the song lyrics as a whole.
Secondly, the researcher analyzes the theme of the song lyric by looking at the title. In order to find the theme, the researcher analyzes the main idea of the title by looking up the meaning of the title, the information that the title gives, and what expectation the title gives. After the researcher finds the main idea, the researcher connects the main idea with a suitable theme.
Thirdly, the researcher identifies the figurative language, metaphor from the song lyrics by applying the theory of metaphor. After finding the metaphors, the researcher classifies those metaphors by analyzing the imagery that is drawn in the metaphors.
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20
Fourthly, in order to find the meanings of the metaphors found in the five selected song lyrics, the researcher looks up for the denotation and connotation meaning of each metaphor found. After that, the researcher analyzes the function of each metaphor on each position and relates it with the structure of the song lyric.
Finally, the researcher concludes the meanings of the metaphors by correlating the connotation meaning of the metaphors, the function of the metaphors on its position with the structure of the song lyrics with the theme of the song. Then, the meanings of the metaphors found in the five selected song lyrics are found.
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part contains the analysis of the research as the answer of the first research question. Then, the second part explains the relation between the applied theories and the analysis.
A. The Metaphors Found in the Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift’s Red Album
The researcher analyses five selected songs in Taylor Swift‟s Red album.
The analysis has shown that Taylor Swift has used some metaphors in her song lyrics. All the metaphors help her to beautify and accentuate the message she delivers through her songs. There are 14 metaphors that have been found in those five songs. There are six metaphors in State of Grace, three metaphors in Red, three metaphors in Treacherous, one metaphor in All too Well, and one metaphor in 22.
1. The Metaphors in State of Grace
[Verse 1] I'm walking fast through the traffic lights Busy streets and busy lives And all we know is touch and go We are alone with our changing minds We fall in love 'til it hurts or bleeds or fades in time
[Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same
[Verse 2] You come around and the armor falls
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Pierce the room like a cannon ball Now all we know is don't let go We are in love just you and me Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes So you were never a saint and I loved in all shades of wrong We learn to live with the pain Mosaic broken hearts But this love is brave and wild
[Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same
[Bridge] This is a state of grace This is the worthwhile fight Love is a ruthless game Unless you play it good and right These are the hands of faith You're my Achilles heel This is the golden age of something good and right and real
[Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same This is a state of grace This is the worthwhile fight Love is a ruthless game Unless you play it good and right a. Twin Fire Signs
Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes [Verse 2, Line 5 & 6]
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 6. In those lines, the phrase
“our slates” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “twin fire sign” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). This metaphor is called as a metaphor
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23 because those phrases are compared to each other. The phrase “twin fire signs” describes the phrase “our slates”. In fact, those two phrases are completely different and have no relation. Literary, the word “slate” means a rectangular piece of rock, usually in a wooden frame, used for writing on, especially by children. The word “twin” means two children born at the same birth, while the word “fire” means combustion and the word “signs” is an object whose occurrence indicates the probable occurrence of something else. The phrase “our slates” is identified as “twin fire-signs”. Besides, the imagery of this metaphor in its line is seeing imagery because it images that draw mental pictures of a couple.
In fact, it is a stock metaphor because it effectively describes an abstract thing and this metaphor will not deadened by overuse. It means the denotation meaning of this metaphor will always be written as today and forever. b. Four Blue Eyes
Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes [Verse 2, Line 5 & 6]
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 6. In those lines, the phrase “our slates” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “four blue eyes” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). This is called as a metaphor because he phrase “our slates” is identified as “four blue eyes”. In fact, the phrase “our slate” and “four blue eyes” have completely different meaning and those meaning has no relation to each other. How Swift compares those phrases shows the researcher that she uses a metaphor. These words have their own literal meanings. The word
“slate” means rectangular piece of rock, usually in a wooden frame, used for
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24 writing, especially by children, the word “four” is equivalent to the product of two and two. Whereas, the word “blue” is a colour. Then, “eyes” means globular organs in the head for seeing. Besides, the imagery of this metaphor is a seeing imagery because it images that draw mental picture. In fact, it is a stock metaphor because it effectively describes a concrete thing and this metaphor will not deadened by overuse. c. Mosaic Broken Hearts
We learn to live with the pain Mosaic broken hearts [Verse 2, line 9 & 10]
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 10. The phrase “live with the pain” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “mosaic broken heart” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). This is called as a metaphor because the phrase “live with the pain” is identified as the phrase “mosaic broken heart”.
Meanwhile, those phrases have no coherence to be correlated especially in their literal meaning. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. In fact, it is a
Cliché metaphor because it is a subtitle for a clear thought or emotion but it does not to correspond the facts. The meaning the word “mosaic” has no relation with
“the heart”. Thus, it shows an expression that is not ordinary. It is seen through how Taylor Swift picks the word “mosaic”.
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25 d. Ruthless Game
Love is a ruthless game [Bridge, line 3]
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 3. The word “love” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “a ruthless game” is labelled as the B
(secondary subject). This phrase is called as a metaphor because the word “love” is compared to the phrase “a ruthless game”. Meanwhile, those things are clearly different and their literal meaning cannot be used to describe one to another.
Those two have their own literal meanings. The word “love” denotes intense feeling of deep affection, and the word “ruthless” means having no pity or compassion for others and the word “game” means a form of an ordinary play.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. In fact, it is a cliché metaphor because it shows a clear thought about a relationship but it does not correspond to the facts of the matter. It is seen through the using of words “ruthless” and “game” which have no relation. e. The hands of Faith
These are the hands of faith [Bridge, line 5]
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 5. In this line, the word “these” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “the hands of faith” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). The word “these” which means the games is compared to the phrase “the hands of faith”. This comparison shows that the
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26 phrase “the hands of faith” is a metaphor because it describes different thing which is the word “game”. Every word in this metaphor has literal meaning. The word “the hands” means a part of the body which is usually used to grab and touch. Moreover, “faith” is a complete trust or confidence in someone or something. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is a stock metaphor because it describes an abstract thing effectively, which is love.
Moreover, it also gives an emotional impact to the reader and not deadened by overuse. f. Achilles Heel
You're my Achilles heel [Bridge, line 6]
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 6. In this line, the word “you” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “Achilles heel” is labelled as the
B (secondary subject). This phrase is called as a metaphor because the word “you” is identified as “Achilles heel”. In fact, the word “you” and the phrase “Achilles heel” are completely different. The word “you” is a person and the phrase
“Achiless heel” is a part of someone‟s body. It is impossible to identified a person with part of body based on their literal meaning. Literary, the word “Achilles” is a hero of the Trojan War and “heel” is the back part of the foot below the ankle.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery that take you to an imaginary world of sensations. Further, this metaphor is an original metaphor because it describes Taylor Swift‟s personal thought about how she feels on her lover.
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2. The Metaphors in Red
[Verse 1] Loving him is like driving a new Maserati down a dead end street Faster than the wind Passionate as sin, ended so suddenly Loving him is like trying to change your mind Once you‟re already flying through the free fall Like the colors in autumn So bright just before they lose it all
[Chorus] Losing him was blue like I‟ve never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met But loving him was red Loving him was red
[Verse 2] Touching him is like realizing all you ever wanted was right there in front of you Memorizing him was as easy as knowing all the words to your old favorite song Fighting with him was like trying to solve a crossword and realizing there‟s no right answer Regretting him was like wishing you never found out that love could be that strong
[Chorus] Losing him was blue like I‟d never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met But loving him was red Oh red burning red
[Bridge] Remembering him comes in flashbacks and echoes Tell myself it‟s time now, gotta let go But moving on from him is impossible When I still see it all in my head Burning red! Loving him was red!
[Chorus] Oh, losing him was blue like I‟d never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met
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Cause loving him was red yeah yeah red We're burning red
[Outro] And that's why he's spinning round in my head Comes back to me burning red Yeah yeah Cause love was like driving a new Maserati down a dead end street a. Blue
Losing him was blue like I‟ve never known [Chorus, line 1]
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 1. In this line, the phrase “losing him” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the word “blue” is labelled as the B
(secondary subject). This is clearly a metaphor, it is shown when the phrase
“loosing him” is identified as “blue”. Those things are completely different.
Loosing someone cannot be compared by a color. The literal meaning is found in the word “blue” as a color intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is a stock metaphor because it effectively describes an abstract thing which is losing someone. Meanwhile, losing someone is has no relation to colors in the real life, but it is not deadened by overuse. b. Dark grey
Missing him was dark grey all alone [Chorus, line 2]
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 2. In this line, the phrase
“missing him” is labeled as the A (primary subject) and phrase “dark grey” is labeled as the B (secondary subject). This phrase is called as a metaphor becauase
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29 the phrase “missing him” is identified as “dark grey”. Meanwhile, it is ridiculous to compare missing someone to a color. Literary, the word “dark grey” is defined as a color intermediate between black and white, as of ashes or an overcast sky.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory metaphor which images that take you to an imaginary world of sensations. In fact, Taylor Swift uses another meaning of this word to be shown in this song. This metaphor is a stock metaphor because it effectively describes an abstract thing which is missing someone.
However, “dark grey” has no relation to “missing someone” in real life, but it will not be deadened by overuse. c. Red
But loving him was red [Chorus, line 4]
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 4. In this line, the phrase “loving him” is labeled as the A (primary subject) and the word “red” is labeled as the B
(secondary subject). By seeing the phrase “loving him” is identified as “red”, it is clear that the word “red” is a metaphor. Loving someone cannot be compared to a color based on their literal meaning. The literal meaning of “red” is a color at the end of the spectrum next to orange and the opposite of violet, as of blood, fire, or rubies. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is a stock metaphor because it effectively describes an abstract thing which is loving someone. Meanwhile, color “red” has no relation to “loving someone” in the real life, but this metaphor will be dead by overuse.
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3. The Metaphors in Treacherous
[Verse 1] Put your lips close to mine As long as they don't touch Out of focus, eye to eye Till the gravity's too much And ill do anything you say If you say it with your hands And I'd be smart to walk away But you're quick sand
[Chorus] This slope is Treacherous This path is reckless This slope is Treacherous And I I I like it
[Verse 2] I can't decide if it's a choice Getting swept away I hear the sound of my own voice Asking you to stay And all we are is skin and bone trained to get along Forever going with the flow but you're friction
[Chorus] This slope is Treacherous This path is reckless This slope is Treacherous I I I like it
[Bridge] Two headlights shine through the sleepless night And I will get you get you alone Your name has echoed through my mind And I just think you should think you should know That nothing safe is worth the drive And I will follow you follow you home, follow you follow you home
[Chorus] This hope is Treacherous This day dream is dangerous This hope is Treacherous I I I , I I I, I I I
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[Bridge] Two headlights shine through the sleepless night And I will get you get you alone Your name has echoed through my mind And I just think you should think you should know That nothing safe is worth the drive And I will follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home
[Chorus] This slope is Treacherous I I I like it a. Quick Sand
But you're quick sand [Verse 1, line 8]
This metaphor is found in the verse 1, line 8. In this line, the word “you” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “quick sand” is labelled as the B
(secondary subject). This phrase is called as a metaphor because the word “you” is identified as “quick sand”. Meanwhile, those things are different. Human cannot be compared to a sand considering to their literal meaning. They have their own literal meanings. The word “quick” means moving fast , then “sand” means a major constituent of beaches. In fact, it is sand that can absorb anything. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This is an original metaphor because it shows taylor‟s personal thought and it shows comparison of different things which is a human and a thing.
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32 b. Skin and Bone
And all we are is skin and bone trained to get along [Verse 2, line 5]
This metaphor is found in verse 2, line 5. In this line, the word “we” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “skin and bone” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). This is a metaphor because the word “we” is identified as “skin and bone”. Meanwhile, it is impossible to compare human to part of body. Every word in this metaphor has literal meaning. The word “Skin” means the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal and the word “bone” is any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. Taylor swift uses these words to image another meaning. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is an original metaphor. It arises Swift‟s personal thought and shows comparison of human body part with person. c. Friction
Forever going with the flow but you're friction [verse 2, line 6]
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 6. In this line, the word “you” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the word “friction” is labelled as the B
(secondary subject). This word is considered as a metaphor as shown when the word “you” is identified as “friction”. Meanwhile, the word “Friction” means the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another. So, it is ridiculous to compare human to a resistance. Those things are completely
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33 different. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is a dead metaphor because it looks like an ordinary word and it is almost unrecognized as a metaphor.
4. The Metaphors in All too Well
[Verse 1] I walked through the door with you The air was cold but something 'bout it felt like home somehow and I Left my scarf there at your sister's house And you still got it in your drawer even now Oh, your sweet disposition And my wide-eyed gaze We're singing in a car getting lost Upstate The autumn leaves falling down like pieces into place And I can picture it after all these days
[Pre-Chorus] And I know it's long gone, and that magic´s not here no more And it might be okay, but I'm not fine at all
[Chorus] Cause here we are again on that little town street You almost ran the red cause you were looking over at me Wind in my hair, I was there, I remember it all too well
[Verse 2] Photo album on the counter Your cheeks were turning red You used to be a little kid with glasses in a twin-sized bed And your mother's telling stories 'bout you on the t-ball team You tell me about your past thinking your future was me
[Pre-Chorus] And I know it's long gone, and there was nothing else I could do And I forget about you long enough to forget why I needed to
[Chorus] Cause here we are again in the middle of the night We're dancing round the kitchen in the refrigerator light
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Down the stairs, I was there, I remember it all too well Yeah
[Bridge] And maybe we got lost in translation Maybe I asked for too much But maybe this thing was a masterpiece ´til you tore it all up Running scared, I was there, I remember it all too well Hey you called me up again just to break me like a promise So casually cruel in the name of being honest I'm a crumbled up piece of paper lying here Cause I remember it all all all too well
[Verse 3] Time won't fly it's like I'm paralyzed by it I´d like to be my old self again But I'm still trying to find it After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me your own Now you mail back my things and I walk home alone But you keep my old scarf from that very first week Cause it reminds you of innocence and it smells like me You can't get rid of it, cause you remember it all too well Yeah
[Chorus] Cause there we are again when I loved you so Back before you lost the one real thing you've ever known It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well
[Outro] Wind in my hair, you were there, you remember it all Down the stairs, you were there, you remember it all It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well a. A crumbled up Piece of Paper
I'm a crumbled up piece of paper lying here [Bridge, line 8]
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 8. In this line, the word “I” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the phrase “a crumbled up piece of paper” is labelled as the B (secondary subject). This phrase is clearly a metaphor as seen when the word “I” is identified as “a crumbled up piece of paper”. Every word in
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35 this metaphor has literal meaning. The word “crumbled up” is to break or fall apart into small fragments. The phrase “piece of paper” means a thin sheet from the pulp of wood used for writing, drawing, or printing on. So, those things are completely different. By considering the literal meaning of those things, it is impossible to compare human with an un-used paper. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This metaphor is an original metaphor because it arises Swift‟s personal thought about herself. It is clear that this metaphor shows comparison between a person and a thing.
5. The Metaphors in 22
[Verse 1] It feels like a perfect night to dress up like hipsters And make fun of our exes, uh uh uh uh It feels like a perfect night for breakfast at midnight To fall in love with strangers uh uh uh uh
[Pre-Chorus] Yeaaaah we're happy free confused and lonely at the same time It's miserable and magical oh yeah Tonight's the night when we forget about the deadlines, it's time uh uh
[Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22
[Verse 2] It seems like one of those nights This place is too crowded too many cool kids It seems like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene and end up dreaming instead of sleeping
[Pre-Chorus] Yeaaaah we're happy free confused and lonely in the best way
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It's miserable and magical oh yeah Tonight's the night when we forget about the heartbreaks, it's time uh uh
[Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22 I don't know about you, 22, 22
[Bridge] It feels like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene It feels like one of those nights We won't be sleeping It feels like one of those nights You look like bad news I gotta have you, I gotta have you
[Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22 Dancing like 22, yeah, 22, yeah yeah
[Outro] It feels like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene It feels like one of those nights We won't be sleeping It feels like one of those nights You look like bad news I gotta have you, I gotta have you
There is only one metaphor found in this song.
Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22
[Chorus, line 4]
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 4. In this line, the word “We” is labelled as the A (primary subject) and the number “22” is labelled as the B
(secondary subject). This is clearly a metaphor as seen when the word “we” which
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37 means some people is identified as the number “22”. The literal meaning of “22” is a number equivalent to the product of eleven times two. Those things are different. It is impossible to compare human with a number. The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. This is a recent metaphor, because it represents a new concept. In addition, this metaphor includes informal words.
B. The Meanings of the Metaphors in the Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift’s
Red Album
In finding out the meanings of the metaphors, there are two principal methods in order to describe the meanings of words. First is the denotation meaning, it simply refers to the literal meanings of the words. Second is a connotation meaning, and it relates to the outside meaning of that word which refers to the relations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. Moreover, the researcher identifies the A as the primary subject and the B as the secondary subject.
In addition, since the researcher also uses the formalist approach, the deeper meaning of the metaphors will also be analysed through the diction, the function of the metaphor on its position and the relation between the metaphors found with the main idea of the title of the song, especially the theme of the song.
1. The Meanings of Metaphors in State of Grace
According to Christian theology, the “state of grace” is one where people are under divine influence, sanctified from normal earthly form. In another
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38 words it is a condition when people feel free from sin. The main idea of “State of
Grace” tends to be someone‟s feeling of love which is so strong and good that is almost spiritual and divine. The title describes a personal feeling, even though someone feels pain in her/his love relationship, she/he still loves her/his lover. So, the theme of this song is a strong and divine love. a. Twin Fire Signs
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 5 and 6 “Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes” (verse 2, line 5 and 6). In this metaphor, the subject “our slates” is identified as another subject which is
“twin fire signs”. The literal meaning of “slates” is a rectangular piece of rock, usually in a wooden frame, used for writing on, especially by children.
Meanwhile, the connotation meaning of “our slates” in these lyrics is seen as the relationship between someone with her/his lover. In other word, those persons are the children who write on the slate.
On the other hand, the phrase “twin fire signs” has a literal meaning. The word “twin” means human or animal that comes from the same birth, “fire” means combustion, and “signs” means something whose occurrence indicates the probable occurrence of something else. So, “twin fire signs” can be denoted as an image of two signs of fire that sticks together.
In fact, this phrase has a connotation meaning in this song. “Twin fire signs” connotes as a soul mate or person who suites to another as a couple. The word “twin” suggests two people, while “fire” means the feeling of love that the couple feels, and “signs” suggest how “twin” and “fire” are connected. So, this
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39 metaphor describes the participants in a relationship are loving each other. In another word, a love relationship only consists of two people with a high spirit of love.
The imagery of this metaphor is a seeing imagery which draws a mental picture. The mental picture that draws in this metaphor is a couple. The function of this metaphor in verse 2 is to emphasize that the participant on that relationship is only two people or a couple. As seen in line 5: “Up in your room and our slates are clean,” the phrase “our slates” which is someone‟s relationship is described so clean. Then, in line 6, the phrase “just twin fire signs” adds that there is a participant in a relationship, which is a couple. So, the relation between this metaphor with the main idea and the theme of the title of the song, “State of
Grace”, is also to explain that the participant in a strong and divine love is only a couple. b. Four Blue Eyes
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 5 and 6 “Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes”. In this metaphor, the subject “our slates” is identified as another subject which is “four blue eyes”. As the researcher has described the meaning of the word “slates” in these lyrics, it has a meaning as a relationship.
The metaphor “four blue eyes” has a literal meaning as four eyes that are colored blue. However, it connotes two persons who are in love and look at each other doing a serious conversation through an eye contact. Thus, this metaphor
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40 explains that in a love relationship, when a couple has a conversation they are looking at each other and has a deep eye contact.
The imagery of this metaphor is a seeing imagery that draws mental pictures, seeing at each other when having a conversation. The function of this metaphor in verse 2 is to emphasize the activity that a couple usually does in a relationship. As seen in line 5: “Up in your room and our slates are clean,” the phrase “our slates” which is someone‟s relationship is described so clean. Then, in line 6: “Just twin fire signs. Four blue eyes,” the phrase “just twin fire signs” adds that there is a participant in a relationship, which is a couple. In the same line, the phrase “four blue eyes” explains the activity that the couple does, which is a conversation. The relation between this metaphor with the title and the theme of the song is that a conversation can be one of other factors to communicate love to each other. c. Mosaic Broken Hearts
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 9 and 10 “We learn to live with the pain, mosaic broken hearts”. In this metaphor, the situation “live with the pain” is identified as another situation which is “mosaic broken heart”. The main focus in this metaphor is in the word “mosaic”. It has both a literal and connotation meaning. The literal meaning is a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material. Whereas, when the word
“mosaic” is added to the words “broken heart”, it forms a new meaning which is a broken heart that is decorated by beautiful memories or past event the couple had had.
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The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation that is drawn in this metaphor is the beautiful memory that is painful. The function of this metaphor in verse 2 is to explain the big risk of loving someone and keeping a relationship. As seen in line 9: “We learn to live with the pain,” describes that a couple learns to work in a relationship that sometimes gives some painful experiences. In line 10, where the metaphor found, the metaphor “mosaic broken heart” clarifies the previous line. In other words, by experiencing a beautifully broken heart in their relationship, a couple can finally learn to live with the pain and keep the relationship going well. Finally, line 11: “But this love is brave and wild” clarifies that brave and wild love can make a couple keeps the relationship goes well no matter how painful it is. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of this song is that to have a strong love can also give some pain.
Somehow, the strong love can also give a lot of beautiful memory in it that can keep the relationship goes well. d. Ruthless Game
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 3 “Love is a ruthless game”. In this metaphor, the subject “love” is identified as another subject, which is “a ruthless game”. The metaphor “ruthless game” has a both literal and connotation meaning. The literal meaning of “ruthless” is having no pity for others and
“game” is a form of play. On the other hand, the word “game” connotes as a relationship. So, they form a different meaning when they are gathered. The connotation meaning of “ruthless game” is a cruel relationship.
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So, this metaphor describes the cruelness of love that someone feels. In another word, love does not always mean happiness but love can also means sadness and cruelness. Thus, love means sacrificing, because when someone is in love, he/she will suffer sooner or later.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is cruelness in a relationship. The function of this metaphor in the bridge is to emphasize that love can hurt anybody if people cannot play it good and right. As seen in line 3: “Love is a ruthless game,” this line clearly explains that love is a cruel thing. Furthermore, line 4: “Unless you play it good and right,” clarifies how to work in a relationship. If a couple can work a relationship good and right, it will not be a cruel game for a couple. The relation between this metaphor with the title and the theme of the song is that cruelness in a relationship is common, but a strong and divine love can help a couple to work a relationship good and right so that the relationship will go well. e. The Hands of Faith
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 5 “These are the hands of faith”.
The subject “these” is identified as another subject which is “the hands of faith”.
The word “these” in these lyrics is seen as someone‟s love relationship.
The metaphor “the hands of faith” has both a literal and connotation meaning. “The hands” denotes a part of body that usually used to grab or touch. In addition, “faith” denotes a completely trust on something. When they are gathered together, they form a new meaning. In this matter, the connotation meaning of this
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43 metaphor is a hope and a trust for the relationship. Thus, if there is a trust between a couple in a love relationship, there is always a hope for a love relationship.
Although a relationship can be broken, every couple also has a hope to fix it. A love relationship can be retained if the couple trusts each other.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation in this metaphor is trust. The function of this metaphor in the bridge is to emphasize the key to make the relationship goes well or to prevent the cruelness of a relationship. As seen in line 3 and 4 that explain if a couple can work a relationship good and right, it will not be a cruel game for a couple. Line 5:
“These are the hands of faith” emphasizes that it is a couple‟s faith which can strengthen love. So, this is one of other ways to work a relationship good and right. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that a strong feeling of love can be built through trustworthy in a relationship. f. Achilles Heel
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 5 “You‟re my Achilles heel”.
The subject “you” is compared to another subject which is “Achilles heel”. It will be confusing to identify the connotation meaning of the metaphor “Achilles heel”.
“Achilles” was a hero of the Trojan war and “heel” is the back part of the foot below the ankle.
The connotation meaning of these words could be found through the story of Achilles. Achilles was invulnerable because his mother dipped him into the river Styx. Unfortunately, his heel was not covered by the water of the river. So,
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44 the only spot that can be attacked in his body was only his heel. Considering the history of Achilles heel above, the connotation meaning of the word “Achilles heel” in these lyrics is a weak spot. In another word, the subject “you” in this song makes her/his lover feels weak. So, this metaphor explains that someone can be weak because of loving somebody else. This also means that because of her lover, someone can be vulnerable.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image presented takes us to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation here is described as a weakness. The function of this metaphor on the bridge is to emphasize that it is someone‟s lover who makes her/him feel weak and wants to do anything for him in order to preserve the relationship. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that this metaphor shows that the only person who makes someone has a strong love is her/his lover.
As there are 6 (six) metaphors found in “State of Grace” song lyrics, the main idea of “State of Grace” in this album is someone‟s feeling of the love which is so strong and good that is almost spiritual and divine. The title describes someone‟s feeling that even though she/he feels painful in her love relationship, she/he keeps loving her lover. So, the theme of this song is a strong and divine love. There are some relations between the metaphors found with the theme of the song. The first metaphor found in this song lyric is “Twin Fire Signs” which represents the participant in a strong and divine love. Then, the second metaphor is “Four Blue Eyes” that represents the activity the participant does in the relationship, which is a conversation. The third metaphor is “Mosaic Broken
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Heart” that represents the painfully beautiful journey that a couple experience in keeping a relationship. Next, the fourth metaphor is “Ruthless Game” that represents as a reminder for lovers to keep their love stronger. The fifth metaphor is “The Hands of Faith” representing the key of a successful relationship which is trust at each other. The last metaphor is “Achiless Heel” representing a weakness that can make someone‟s love stronger which is her lover.
In a nutshell, in a relationship which contains of strong and divine love, there are only two participants namely the couple itself. Although there is a risk in loving someone, but there are some keys to keep the relationship well which is work the relationship good and right in the form of a good communication in a conversation, trust to each other, and a weakness that can push someone to do anything in order to preserve a relationship.
2. The Meanings of the Metaphors Found in Red
“Red” song is a song that shows colours in relation to someone‟s emotions about her/his relationship. All those emotions are intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, and confusion. When all of those emotions are gathered at the same box, its colour is red. The theme of this song is colors of love. a. Blue
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 1 “Losing him was blue”. The situation “losing him” is identified as a color which is “blue”. This metaphor has both a literal and connotation meaning. The literal meaning of “blue” is a color intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day.
Meanwhile, the connotation meaning of “blue” is a sad feeling.
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Hence, the meaning of “blue” in these lyrics is that losing someone we love makes people feeling sad. In other word, loving someone makes someone else‟s life full of sadness. She/he feels that she/he can just loose him anytime he likes.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the sad feeling. The function of this metaphor in the chorus is to emphasize the precise emotion when losing someone. As seen in line 1: “losing him was blue like I‟ve never known,” the phrase “losing him was blue” which means that losing someone can make someone else feels sad is parable to the phrase “like I‟ve never known” which means that she/he never predicts that she/he will lose her/his lover so that will make her/him very sad. Losing someone is one of other emotions when a couple works on a relationship. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that this metaphor describes one of other feelings that someone feels when she/he loves someone, which is sadness. b. Dark Grey
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 2 “Missing him was dark grey all alone”. The situation “missing him” is identified as a color “dark grey”. The words “dark grey” denote a color intermediate between black and white, as of ashes or an overcast sky. In another word, it can be connoted as confusion or the moment when someone looses her/his identity. Thus, this metaphor describes that missing someone we love can make us loose our identity or even feel confused of what we have to do.
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The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the confusion. The function of this metaphor in the chorus is to emphasize the precise emotion when missing someone. As seen in line 2: “missing him was dark grey all alone,” the phrase “missing him was grey” which means that missing someone can make someone else loses her/his identity or even feel confused of what she/he has to do is parable to the phrase “all alone” which means that she/he has nobody to lean on. Missing someone is one of other emotions when a couple works on a relationship. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that this metaphor describes one of other feelings that someone feels when she/he loves someone, which is confusion. c. Red
This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 4 “but loving him was red”. The situation “loving him” is identified as a color which is “red”. The word “red” has a lot of meanings. It denotes a color at the end of the spectrum next to orange and opposite violet, as of fire. Because “red” describes the color of fire, it can also suggest a spirit. Hence, in this song, the metaphor “red” explains that people love their lover so much. In other words, loving someone can also enhance someone else‟s life spirit. Life can be full of spirit when we are in love.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is a spirit. The function of this metaphor in the chorus is to emphasize the precise emotion when loving someone. As seen in chorus, there are sadness and
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48 confusion, but the spirit of love that someone has when she/he loves his/her lover can neutral other emotions. In order to emphasize the spirit of love that can defeat other emotions, the word “red” is mentioned twice in the chorus. Loving someone is one of other emotions when a couple works on a relationship. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that this metaphor describes one of other feelings that someone feels when she/he loves someone, which is a spirit of love.
In a nutshell, there are 3 (three) metaphors found in Red song lyrics. The main idea of the title itself is all of the emotions that someone feels about her/his relationship. So, the theme of this song is the colors of love. There are relations between those metaphors with the theme of the song. Those three metaphors represent all the emotions that someone feels when working on a relationship. The sad feeling, the confusion and the spirit are gathered into one color which is red.
3. The Meanings of the Metaphors in Treacherous
The meaning of the word “Treacherous” is presenting hidden or unpredictable dangers. This song tells when someone is falling for someone else and she/he realizes that it could be dangerous, but she/he keeps going with it anyway. The theme of this song is a dangerous love. a. Quick Sand
This metaphor is found in the verse 1, line 8 “You‟re quick sand”. The subject “you” is compared to another thing which is “quick sand”. The phrase
“quick sand” has two meanings, a denotation and connotation meanings. The literal meaning of “quick sand” is wet sand that yields easily to pressure and
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49 absorb in anything resting on or falling into it. Meanwhile, the man in the song is identified with quick sand. The characteristic of the quick sand is to absorb anything into it, so, the “quick sand” in this song connotes that her/his lover always makes her/him feels absorbed because he always enchants her/him and makes her/him think of anything, especially her dream of him. So, this metaphor explains that people can be fooled and stuck when they are in love with someone.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the enchanting. The function of this metaphor in the verse 1 is to emphasize the first factor that can make one relationship becomes dangerous; a person who can enchant someone else deeply will make people fool. As seen in line 7, the phrase
“And I‟d be smart to walk away,” explains that she/he can actually leave her/his lover. The metaphor in line 8, “but you‟re quick sand,” emphasizes that she/he cannot leave his/her lover because his/her lover keeps enchanting her/him. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that this metaphor gives a first factor that can bring someone to a dangerous love, which is someone who can enchants someone else too deeply . b. Skin and Bone
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 5 “And all we are is skin and bone trained to get along”. The subject “all we are” is identified as another subject: “skin and bone”. Each word in the phrase “skin and bone” has a literal meaning. The word “skin” means the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal. Meanwhile, the word “bone” means
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50 any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans. The characteristic of skin and bone is always stuck together and cannot be separated.
Hence, the connotation meaning of “skin and bone” in this song is elaborated through the characteristic of skin and bone which is un-separated. So, it means that Swift and her lover are un-separated. This metaphor explains that a couple that love each other will always be un-separated because they need and love each other.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the un-separated relationship. The function of this metaphor in the verse 2 is to explain the characteristic of the couple which always get along together even though both of them know that their relationship is dangerous. As seen in line 3 and 4: “I hear the sound of my own voice, asking you to stay,” this phrase explains how she/he always want to be together with his/her lover. In addition, the metaphor in line 5: “And all we are skin and bone trained to get along,” supports the explanation on line 3 and 4. By having a desire to always be together will automatically make them be un-separated like skin and bone which is trained to get along. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that sometimes that kind of characteristics which are always want to be together and un-separated can be one of other factors that can make a dangerous relationship.
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51 c. Friction
This metaphor is found in the verse 2, line 6 “Forever going with the flow but you're friction”. The subject “you” is identified as another thing which is
“friction”.
The word “Friction” has a literal meaning as the resistance. In “you are friction”, the word “you” is identified as “friction”. The “friction” connotes as a refusal or a conflict. In this song, it means that someone‟s lover has an opposite will and aims if compared to her/him. In another word, a couple sometimes has a conflict.
So, this metaphor describes that a couple does not always have the same thought and opinion in their relationship. We also need a conflict in a love relationship so that it will be a good reflection for everyone.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which the image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the conflict that can happen in a relationship. The function of this metaphor in the verse 2 is to explain that even though a couple of lover loves each other but there will always be a conflict appears in their relationship. As seen in the explanation about the metaphor “skin and bone,” above that this couple is always want to be together, but in line 6, the metaphor “friction” gives another clue that sometimes human‟s expectation opposes the reality. It is seem when someone expects to always be together with his/her lover, but his/her lover has different aims compare to his/him. This difference can be identified as a conflict. The relation between
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52 this metaphor, the title and the theme of the song is that a conflict can be one of other clues of dangerous relationship.
In a nutshell, there are 3 (three) metaphors found in the Treacherous song lyrics which are “Quick Sand”, “Skin and Bone”, and “friction”. The main idea of the title itself is how dangerous a relationship is. Meanwhile, the theme of this song is a dangerous love. The relation between the metaphors found with the theme of the song is that the 3 (three) metaphors are some characteristics of a dangerous love. Someone who can enchant his/her lover deeply can fool him/her so that she/she will do anything to make the relationship keep going. In addition, how a couple gets too close at each other can also stuck them into a dangerous or unhealthy relationship. Furthermore, different aims or a conflict in a relationship can also trigger a dangerous love. So, those metaphors clearly give some clues of how a dangerous love is.
4. The Meanings of Metaphors in All too Well
The phrase “All too Well” means when people know something/someone too much that they cannot forget or un-see it. The main idea of this song is all about the memory about someone‟s last relationship that goes too well so she/he cannot forget it. Meanwhile, the theme of this song is heartbreak.
In this song, there is only one metaphor: “a crumbled up piece of paper”.
This metaphor is found in the bridge, line 8 “I‟m a crumbled up piece of paper”.
The subject “I‟ is identified as another thing which is “a crumbled up piece of paper.”
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The word “I” is clearly seen as a character in the song. Meanwhile, the phrase “a crumpled up of paper” has a literal meaning as an unused sheet of paper that has been squeezed and thrown away. In the phrase “I‟m a crumbled up piece of paper” connotes a useless broken trash. The meaning of this metaphor in these lyrics is someone‟s feeling of being a trash for her/his lover. She/he feels that she/he is nothing compares to her/his lover. So, this metaphor explains that someone can be thrown away and feels that she/he is a trash when she/he loves someone too much.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which takes us to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is a feeling of fragile.
The function of this metaphor in the bridge is to explain someone‟s feeling when she/he can only keep remembering her/his memory. Verse 1 and 2 explain the beautiful memories that someone has. As seen as in verse 1 line 7: “We‟re singing in a car getting lost Upstate,” this line shows one of beautiful memories which is doing something fun. In verse 2, line 5: “You tell me about your past thinking your future was me,” also gives one of other beautiful memories that she/he experiences in the relationship. Meanwhile, line 6 and 7: “Hey you called me up again just to break me like a promise. So casually cruel in the name of being honest,” explain how someone hurts someone else by being honest, but that honesty is painful. Furthermore, line 8 and 9: “I‟m a crumbled up piece of paper, cause I remember it all too well,” explain how broken she/he is whenever she/he remembers all the memories. The relation between this metaphor, the title and the
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54 theme of the song is that when we have a relationship that goes too well, it can weaken you as the time and your lover goes by.
In a nutshell, there is a metaphor found in the All too Well song lyrics. The main idea of the title itself is all about someone‟s relationship that goes too well so that she/he cannot forget it. Meanwhile, the theme of this song is heartbreak.
The metaphor “A crumbled up piece of paper” has a relation with the theme of the song. This metaphor represents a heart break whenever she/he remembers all the memory about her/his relationship that goes too well.
5. The Meanings of Metaphors in 22
This song tells about how someone loves at being 22. It is someone‟s favourite age because she/he feels that it has been so much fun. So, the main idea of the title of this song is an age which describes every good experiences that can be learned. Meanwhile, the theme of this song is a coming age.
There is only one metaphor in this song: 22. This metaphor is found in the chorus, line 4 “Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we‟re 22”.
The subject “we” is compared to a number which is “22”. The word “we” is identified as the number 22.
The word “we” is seen as a character in the song and her/his lover.
Meanwhile, the number “22” has two meanings, a denotation and a connotation meaning. Literally, the number “22” is the number equivalent to the product of two times twelve. The number here shows an age. The connotation meaning of
“22” is how happy someone is at 22, because it is an age where she/he feels so energetic, creative, and has found that life is full of fun. At such an age, she/he has
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55 a lot of energy and enjoys her/his life. She/he is also in her/his peak. So, this metaphor explains that 22 is a middle-young phase where people find so much fun.
The imagery of this metaphor is an extrasensory imagery by which that image takes you to an imaginary world of sensations. The sensation itself is the age when people feel so much happiness. The function of this metaphor in the chorus is to emphasize all the emotions of being at the age of 22 (twenty-two). As seen in pre-chorus, line 1 and 2: “Yeah we‟re happy free confused and lonely at the same time. It‟s miserable and magical oh yeah,” describe how pleasant and unpleasant things happen at the same time, in the age of 22 (twenty-two).
Furthermore, how fun at being 22 (twenty-two) also seen in chorus line 4,
:”Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we‟re 22,” the phrase “just keep dancing” shows people do fun thing. The relation between this metaphor and the theme of the song is that the age of 22 is a phase of life where people feel joyful, energetic, enthusiastic and fun. This is a phase of life in which people enjoying their life.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
There are three sections presented in this chapter. The first section presents the conclusions, which contains the answers to the research questions based on the data analysis. The second one presents implications, which provide what the study will contribute to education. The last section presents suggestions for future researchers who want to dig further this album.
A. Conclusions
After analysing five selected song lyrics from Taylor Swift‟s Red album, the researcher is able to draw some conclusions. This research discusses two questions. The first question is about what metaphors can be found in those songs.
The second concerns the meanings of those metaphors.
Using the theory of metaphor and its types, it is found that there are 14 metaphors that have been found in those five songs. There are six metaphors in
State of Grace, three metaphors in Red, three metaphors in Treacherous, one metaphor in All too Well, and one metaphors in 22.
The first song is “State of Grace” which tells about a strong and divine love. In this song, the researcher has found 3 (three) stock metaphors, 2 (two) cliché metaphors and 1 (one) original metaphor. Then, the second song is Red which tells about the colors of love. In this song, the researcher finds 3 (three) stock metaphors. The third song is Treacherous which tells about a dangerous
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love. In this song, there are 2 (two) original metaphors and a dead metaphor.
Then, the fourth song is All too Well which tells about heartbreak. In this song, there is one original metaphor. The last song is 22. There is one recent metaphor in this song.
In addition, the second conclusion is about the meanings of metaphors found in each song. From the first song, State of Grace, the metaphor “Twin Fire
Signs” conotes a couple who undergoes a love relationship with spirit of love that loves each other. Then, the metaphor “Four Blue Eyes” means a couple who look at each other having conversation in their love relationship. The metaphor
“Mosaic Broken Hearts” has a meaning of beautiful memories that are painful in keeping a relationship goes well. Then, the metaphor “The Hands of Faith” has a meaning of a trust or a faith that a couple must have in undergoing their love relationship. Next metaphor is “Achilles Heel” which has a meaning as a weak spot that every people who falls in love will be weak. Considering to the theme of the title of the song, there is a relation between those metaphors with the theme; in a relationship which contains of strong and divine love, there are only two participants namely the couple itself. Although there is a risk in loving someone, but there are some keys to keep the relationship well which is work the relationship good and right in the form of a good communication in a conversation, trust to each other, and a weakness that can push someone to do anything in order to preserve a relationship.
From the second song, Red, the metaphor “blue” has a meaning of a sad emotion when somebody loses his/her lover. Then, the metaphor “dark grey”
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connotes a confused emotion when a person missing his/her lover. The last metaphor from this song is “red” which has a meaning of a spirit emotion when someone loves his/her lover. Those three metaphors represent all the emotions that someone feels when working on a relationship. The sad feeling, the confusion and the spirit are gathered into one color which is red.
From the third song, Treacherous, the metaphor “Quick sand” has a meaning of how someone can make his/her lover feels absorb to think of them.
Then, the metaphor “skin and bone” has a meaning of how a couple cannot be separated. The last metaphor from this song is “friction” which means a conflict that a couple will always have in their love relationship. The relation between the metaphors found with the theme of the song is that the 3 (three) metaphors are some characteristics of a dangerous love. Someone who can enchant his/her lover deeply can fool him/her so that she/she will do anything to make the relationship keep going. In addition, how a couple gets too close at each other can also stuck them into a dangerous or unhealthy relationship. Furthermore, different aims or a conflict in a relationship can also trigger a dangerous love. So, those metaphors clearly give some clues of how a dangerous love is.
From the fourth song entitled All too Well, the metaphor “a crumbled up piece of paper” connotes how nothing someone is compared to his/her lover. The metaphor “A crumbled up piece of paper” has a relation with the title of the song.
This metaphor represents a heart break whenever she/he remembers all the memory about her/his relationship that goes too well.
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Then, from the last song which is 22, the metaphor “22” means an age where someone feels in her/his peak. The relation between this metaphor and the theme of the song is that the age of 22 is a phase of life where people feel joyful, energetic, enthusiastic and fun. This is a phase of life in which people enjoying their life
In a nutshell, Taylor Swift has applied figurative language in her song lyrics. The figurative language that she uses is metaphor which has a function to express her feelings, experiences and thoughts. Even though her songs are sometimes difficult for the listeners to understand the messages presented, there are many precious things hidden in her song lyrics. All metaphors in five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album have their deeper meanings. They imply the meaningful values behind the confusing words. In conclusion, this research has shown that a good understanding on metaphor and its types is necessary and beneficial for people. Not only they can gain the knowledge about metaphor and its types but they can also find the deeper meaning of the metaphors so that they can understand the message that is delivers through it.
B. Implications
This section provides two implications of the study not only for English education but education in general. The first is educational in general. There are some points that can be used by teachers and students. The students can have their freedom of expression. In this case, freedom of expression has a meaning as a freedom to ask and answer in a learning process. Indeed, many students do not
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have that chance in the learning process. Some of students feel scared to ask and answer because they also feel scare to make mistakes. They do not believe in themselves. The teacher‟s role here is to help them to emerge their audacity in the learning process and life. In addition, the teachers can teach the students about awareness in love and life. Every student has her/his different background of life and characteristic which means he/she also has a different way to face every situation in their life. Therefore, the teachers can make Taylor Swift as a role- model for students. No matter how many painful and sad days that the students experience in their life, as long as they aware of them, they can also be successful like Taylor Swift.
In addition, the second implication is directed to education with specific purpose which is literature learning process. As a literary work, the five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album can be used as a teaching-learning medium, especially for adding a better understanding about poetry. These song lyrics can be used by lecturers to teach the students of English Language
Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University, specifically those who are taking Poetry. The lecturers can possible assign the students to analyse these song lyrics to find the other kinds of figurative language and their meaning.
Moreover, the unique way employed by Swift to write these song lyrics will enrich students‟ knowledge about new poetry and poetry lyrics‟ structure.
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C. Suggestions
This section proposes some suggestions for the future researchers. By analysing five selected song lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s Red Album such as State of
Grace, Red, Treacherous, All too Well and 22, the researcher has found that Swift connects her love and life experiences into her song lyrics. The researcher should understand the background of Taylor Swift. Then, the researcher should understand the function of figurative language used by Swift in her song lyrics.
Taylor Swift has used some metaphors to make her songs interesting.
Nevertheless, the researcher must think objectively that there are so many precious meanings, messages and moral values implied behind Swift‟s metaphors.
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REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H. (1981). A glossary of literary terms. Washington DC: Library of congress cataloging in publication data.
Arp, T.R., and Johnson, G. (2009). Perrine‟s literature (10th ed.): Structure, sound and sense. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Chandler. D. (2002). Pemiotics for beginner. London: Routledge.
Coyne, J. K. (2011). Single Review Taylor Swift Mean. Retrieved on 21 October, 2017, from http://www.countryuniverse.net/2011/03/10/single-review- taylor-swift-mean/.
Heny L. (2015). An analysis of figurative language found on the song lyric by t\Taylor Swift‟s “Speak Now” Album. Unpublished Thesis. Salatiga: Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga .
Kennedy, X. J. (1979). Literature: An introduction to fiction, poetry, and drama (2nd ed.). Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Myers, J., and Simms, M. (1989). The Longman dictionary of poetic terms. New York: Longman.
Newmark, P. (1988a). Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Newmark, P. (1988b). A text book of translation. London: Prentice hall International (UK) Ltd.
Parera, J. D. (2004). Semantic theory. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Petridis, A. (2017). Taylor Swift: Reputation review – superb song craft meets extreme drama, retrieved on October 25th, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/nov/10/taylor-swift-reputation- review-superb-songcraft-meets-extreme-drama.
Rettob, M. C. (2015). The metaphor analysis of selected eminem‟s rap song lyrics. Unpublished Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Robbins, M. (2012). Taylor Swift, „Red‟ (Big Machine). Retrieved on October 25th, 2017, from https://www.spin.com/2012/10/taylor-swift-red-big- machine/.
Shella, D. (2015). The interpretation of metaphor found in 20 songs of Taylor Swift. Unpublished Thesis. Sumatera Utara: University of Sumatera Utara.
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Tajalli, G. (2003). Idioms and metaphorical expressions in translation. Tehran: Samt.
Tyson, L. (2011). Using critical theory: How to read and write about literature. Abingdon: Routledge.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1
THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
Table 2. The Result of The Study
No Song Lyrics Type of Meanings Metaphor 1. State of Grace Up in your room and Stock A couple or soul our slates are clean Metaphor mate. Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes [Verse 2, Line 5 & 6] 2. State of Grace Up in your room and Stock A conversation. our slates are clean Metaphor Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes [Verse 2, Line 5 & 6] 3. State of Grace We learn to live with Cliché Beautiful memory the pain Metaphor which is painful. Mosaic broken hearts [Verse 2, line 9 & 10] 4. State of Grace Love is a ruthless Cliché A cruel game Metaphor relationship.
[Bridge, line 3] 5. State of Grace These are the hands of Stock A trust or hope. faith Metaphor
[Bridge, line 5] 6. State of Grace You're my Achilles Original A weakness. heel Metaphor
[Bridge, line 6] 7 Red Losing him was blue Stock Sad feeling. like I‟ve never known Metaphor [Chorus, line 1] 8. Red Missing him was dark Stock Confused feeling. grey all alone Metaphor [Chorus, line 2] 9. Red But loving him was Stock Spirit of love. red Metaphor [Chorus, line 4] 10. Treacherous But you're quick sand Original Someone who is [Verse 1, line 8] Metaphor able to make his/her
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lover loves him/her to the death. 11. Treacherous And all we are is skin Original Un-separated and bone trained to Metaphor get along [Verse 2, line 5] 12. Treacherous Forever going with the Dead A conflict. flow but you're Metaphor friction [verse 2, line 6] 13. All too Well I'm a crumbled up Original Fragile. piece of paper lying Metaphor here [Bridge, line 8] 14. 22 Everything will be Recent Happy and fun. alright if we just keep Metaphor dancing like we're 22, 22 [Chorus, line 4]
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APPENDIX II
TAYLOR SWIFT BIOGRAPHY
Taylor Alison Swift was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, on 13th December 1989. Nashville was the place where she sent her first demo. She was eleven and continued traveling back and forth to Music City for three years. Swift and her family moved to the Nashville Hendersonville suburb, Tennessee, at her fourteen. Her performance at the famed Bluebird Café attracted Scott Borchetta, who afterward signed her to his new label, Big Machine Records.
Fearless, her first album, contained hits like "Love Story";"White Horse"; "You Belong with Me"; and "Fifteen" make Billboard‟s Top Pop Artist of 2009 was granted to Swift. She would never stop with that as she also reached 22 Top 40 singles in the 2000s. Remarkably no other singer has ever reached Swift‟s record as she start her debut in 2006.
November 2009 was the time when Swift took home four Country Music Association awards such like, Album of the Year (Fearless album ), Music Video of the Year ("Love Story"), Female Vocalist of the Year, and Entertainer of the Year. The same year, she won American Music Awards for Artist of The Year, Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist, Favorite Country Female Artist, Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist and Favorite Country Album (Fearless album). Swift began embracing her ever untold talent in theatrics and drama inspired from her own songwriting in 2010. The identical vengeful, bewitching and romantic from Speak Now album which is her second album are leading her into acting and increasing tabloid presence.
Swift switched her iconic country-pop to an experimental pop genre, dubstep and Americana on her third album Red in 2012. "We Are Never Ever Getting Back
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Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble" have proved as massive radio breakout as it solidifies her new direction and vision.
Her fourth album, a synth-pop smash, 1989, is a love letter for her new home New York. Several hits like "Shake It Off, " "Blank Space" and "Bad Blood," featuring Kendrick Lamar, have succeeded her world tour.
Adapted from: https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/the-very - perfect-life-of-taylor-swift/.
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APPENDIX III THE FIVE SELECTED SONG LYRICS OF TAYLOR SWIFT’S RED ALBUM 1) State of Grace
[Verse 1] I'm walking fast through the traffic lights Busy streets and busy lives And all we know is touch and go We are alone with our changing minds We fall in love 'til it hurts or bleeds or fades in time [Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same [Verse 2] You come around and the armor falls Pierce the room like a cannon ball Now all we know is don't let go We are in love just you and me Up in your room and our slates are clean Just twin fire signs, four blue eyes So you were never a saint and I loved in all shades of wrong We learn to live with the pain Mosaic broken hearts But this love is brave and wild [Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same [Bridge] This is a state of grace This is the worthwhile fight Love is a ruthless game Unless you play it good and right These are the hands of faith You're my Achilles heel This is the golden age of something good and right and real [Chorus] And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same And I never saw you coming And I'll never be the same This is a state of grace This is the worthwhile fight
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Love is a ruthless game Unless you play it good and right
2) Red
[Verse 1] Loving him is like driving a new Maserati down a dead end street Faster than the wind Passionate as sin, ended so suddenly Loving him is like trying to change your mind Once you‟re already flying through the free fall Like the colors in autumn So bright just before they lose it all [Chorus] Losing him was blue like I‟ve never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met But loving him was red Loving him was red [Verse 2] Touching him is like realizing all you ever wanted was right there in front of you Memorizing him was as easy as knowing all the words to your old favorite song Fighting with him was like trying to solve a crossword and realizing there‟s no right answer Regretting him was like wishing you never found out that love could be that strong |[Chorus] Losing him was blue like I‟d never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met But loving him was red Oh red burning red [Bridge] Remembering him comes in flashbacks and echoes Tell myself it‟s time now, gotta let go But moving on from him is impossible When I still see it all in my head Burning red! Loving him was red! [Chorus] Oh, losing him was blue like I‟d never known Missing him was dark grey all alone Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you've never met Cause loving him was red yeah yeah red We're burning red
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[Outro] And that's why he's spinning round in my head Comes back to me burning red Yeah yeah Cause love was like driving a new Maserati down a dead end street
3) Treacherous
[Verse 1] Put your lips close to mine As long as they don't touch Out of focus, eye to eye Till the gravity's too much And ill do anything you say If you say it with your hands And I'd be smart to walk away But you're quick sand [Chorus] This slope is Treacherous This path is reckless This slope is Treacherous And I I I like it [Verse 2] I can't decide if it's a choice Getting swept away I hear the sound of my own voice Asking you to stay And all we are is skin and bone trained to get along Forever going with the flow but you're friction [Chorus] This slope is Treacherous This path is reckless This slope is Treacherous I I I like it [Bridge] Two headlights shine through the sleepless night And I will get you get you alone Your name has echoed through my mind And I just think you should think you should know That nothing safe is worth the drive And I will follow you follow you home, follow you follow you home [Chorus] This hope is Treacherous This day dream is dangerous This hope is Treacherous I I I , I I I, I I I
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[Bridge] Two headlights shine through the sleepless night And I will get you get you alone Your name has echoed through my mind And I just think you should think you should know That nothing safe is worth the drive And I will follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home I'll follow you follow you home [Chorus] This slope is Treacherous I I I like it
4) All too Well
[Verse 1] I walked through the door with you The air was cold but something 'bout it felt like home somehow and I Left my scarf there at your sister's house And you still got it in your drawer even now Oh, your sweet disposition And my wide-eyed gaze We're singing in a car getting lost Upstate The autumn leaves falling down like pieces into place And I can picture it after all these days [Pre-Chorus] And I know it's long gone, and that magic´s not here no more And it might be okay, but I'm not fine at all [Chorus] Cause here we are again on that little town street You almost ran the red cause you were looking over at me Wind in my hair, I was there, I remember it all too well [Verse 2] Photo album on the counter Your cheeks were turning red You used to be a little kid with glasses in a twin-sized bed And your mother's telling stories 'bout you on the t-ball team You tell me about your past thinking your future was me [Pre-Chorus] And I know it's long gone, and there was nothing else I could do And I forget about you long enough to forget why I needed to [Chorus] Cause here we are again in the middle of the night We're dancing round the kitchen in the refrigerator light
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Down the stairs, I was there, I remember it all too well Yeah [Bridge] And maybe we got lost in translation Maybe I asked for too much But maybe this thing was a masterpiece ´til you tore it all up Running scared, I was there, I remember it all too well Hey you called me up again just to break me like a promise So casually cruel in the name of being honest I'm a crumbled up piece of paper lying here Cause I remember it all all all too well [Verse 3] Time won't fly it's like I'm paralyzed by it I´d like to be my old self again But I'm still trying to find it After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me your own Now you mail back my things and I walk home alone But you keep my old scarf from that very first week Cause it reminds you of innocence and it smells like me You can't get rid of it, cause you remember it all too well Yeah [Chorus] Cause there we are again when I loved you so Back before you lost the one real thing you've ever known It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well [Outro] Wind in my hair, you were there, you remember it all Down the stairs, you were there, you remember it all It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well
5) 22
[Verse 1] It feels like a perfect night to dress up like hipsters And make fun of our exes, uh uh uh uh It feels like a perfect night for breakfast at midnight To fall in love with strangers uh uh uh uh [Pre-Chorus] Yeaaaah we're happy free confused and lonely at the same time It's miserable and magical oh yeah Tonight's the night when we forget about the deadlines, it's time uh uh [Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22
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[Verse 2] It seems like one of those nights This place is too crowded too many cool kids It seems like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene and end up dreaming instead of sleeping [Pre-Chorus] Yeaaaah we're happy free confused and lonely in the best way It's miserable and magical oh yeah Tonight's the night when we forget about the heartbreaks, it's time uh uh [Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22 I don't know about you, 22, 22 [Bridge] It feels like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene It feels like one of those nights We won't be sleeping It feels like one of those nights You look like bad news I gotta have you, I gotta have you [Chorus] I don't know about you but im feeling 22 Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you You don't know about me but I bet you want to Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22, 22 Dancing like 22, yeah, 22, yeah yeah [Outro] It feels like one of those nights We ditch the whole scene It feels like one of those nights We won't be sleeping It feels like one of those nights You look like bad news I gotta have you, I gotta have you
Taken from: http://www.metrolyrics.com/red/album/version/lyrics/taylor/swift.html.